Otolaryngology

Attention! The related software (PANM script) can be downloaded from here:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B4QKykn2bzqQa0JQRTZtU08yZWs?resourcekey=0-kYz6XS59uRJCKj4YuhaqhQ
Background: This study aimed to introduce a low-cost system measuring nasalance, which can often be performed with high-cost systems, and to present the normative nasalance values for adults using this system.
Materials and Methods: This study included 96 standard native Turkish-speaking literate volunteers who had no hearing and speech problems or nasal obstruction. Nasalance values were measured using the system developed by the principal author, which is called the Praat-Assisted Nasalance Meter, using speech materials and related methods.
Results: The participants were 18-65 (average, 33.7) years old. They were divided into three groups according to their age: 18-25, 26-40, and 41-65. A significant difference was found in the nasalance values between the genders. For nearly all speech materials, higher nasalance values were measured in women than in men.
Conclusion: There is no generally accepted rule to ascertain if a speaker’s resonance is abnormal according to nasalance values. Therefore, the proposed threshold values should not be considered absolute values but should be decided with perceptual evaluation.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, genellikle yüksek maliyetli sistemlerle gerçekleştirilebilen nazalans parametresi ölçümü için kullanılabilecek kendi geliştirdiğimiz düşük maliyetli bir sistemi tanıtmak ve bu sistem kullanılarak erişkinler için belirlenen normatif nazalans değerlerini sunmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Standart Türkiye Türkçesi konuşan ve okuma yazma bilen 96 gönüllü çalışmaya dahil edildi. Deneklerin işitme ve konuşma problemi, burun tıkanıklığı yapan herhangi bir hastalığının olmamasına dikkat edildi. Birinci yazar tarafından geliştirilen ve Praat Yardımlı Nazalans Ölçer (PYNÖ) adı verilen sistem yardımıyla aşağıda belirtilen konuşma malzemesi ve yöntem kullanılarak nazalans ölçümü yapıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 96 konuşmacının yaşları 18 ile 65 arasında değişiyordu (ortalama 33,7 yıl). Katılımcılar yaşlarına göre 18-25, 26-40 ve 41-65 şeklinde üç gruba ayrılarak incelendi. Elde edilen değerler cinsiyet grubuna göre karşılaştırıldığında aradaki farkların istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu görüldü. Hemen her konuşma malzemesi için kadınlarda erkeklerden daha yüksek nazalans değerleri elde edildi.
Sonuç: Bir konuşmacı üzerinde ölçülen nazalans ölçüm sonuçlarının anormal olduğunu söylemek için genel kabul gören bir kural yoktur. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada önerilen eşik değerler mutlak değerler olarak düşünülmemeli, algısal değerlendirmeyle birlikte karar verilmelidir.

Lingual frenotomy has become an increasingly common surgical procedure, performed for a broad range of indications from birth through adulthood. This study utilizes histology to define the structure and tissue composition of the lingual frenulum and floor of mouth (FOM) fascia. En bloc specimens of anterior tongue, lingual frenulum, and FOM tissues were harvested from ten embalmed adult cadavers. An additional three fresh tissue cadaveric specimens were frozen with the tongue supported in an elevated position, to enable harvesting and paraffin embedding of the elevated lingual frenulum as a discrete specimen. All 13 specimens were prepared as ten-micron coronal sections using stains to determine the general morphology of the lingual frenulum, its relationship to neighbouring structures (Mason’s Trichrome), presence of elastin fibers (Verhoeff-van Gieson), and collagen typing (Picrosirius Red). Our results have shown a submucosal layer of fascia spanning horizontally across the FOM w...

Dental laboratory technicians may be exposed to metal alloys that are used in the production of crowns, bridges and removable partial dentures. These alloys consist of 35-65% cobalt, 20-30% chromium, 0-30% nickel, and small amounts of molybdenum, silica, beryllium, boron and carbon. The aim of this study was to assess whether dental technicians are occupationally exposed to chromium, cobalt and nickel, by analyzing urinary excretion levels of these metals and to investigate the genotoxic effects of occupational exposure associated with dental prostheses production operations by analyzing cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CB-MN) frequencies in peripheral lymphocytes and micronucleus (MN) frequencies in exfoliated nasal cells from 27 dental laboratory technicians and 15 control subjects. The differences in the urinary excretion of metals between technicians and controls were statistically significant. The mean (±S.D.) CB-MN frequencies (‰) in peripheral lymphocytes were 4.00 (±2.98) among the dental technicians and 1.40 (±1.30) among the controls, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.005). The mean (±S.D.) MN frequencies (‰) in nasal cells were 3.50 (±1.80) among the dental technicians and 1.19 (±0.53) among the controls, which was also a statistically significant difference (P < 0.005). There was a significant correlation between duration of exposure and MN frequencies in lymphocytes (r = 0.642, P < 0.01), but not in nasal cells of technicians. Our data reveal that in vivo exposure to chromium, nickel and cobalt metals is evident and that this occupational exposure may contribute to the observed genotoxic damage in two types of cells, e.g. lymphocytes and exfoliated nasal cells. However, it cannot be determined which compound(s) are responsible for the genotoxic damage observed in this study.

Follow-up program in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck district is crucial to detect locoregional recurrence and second primary tumors and to manage treatment toxicities. The choice of the appropriate frequency of visits and imaging modality can be troublesome. Details of timing surveillance and type of diagnostic procedure are still not well defined. This review highlights the problem from a clinician’s point of view.

Isam Alobid, MD, PhD(1) , Nithin D. Adappa, MD(2) , Henry P. Barham, MD(3) , Thiago Bezerra, MD(4) , Nadieska Caballero, MD(5) , Eugene G. Chang, MD(6) , Gaurav Chawdhary, MD(7) , Philip Chen, MD(8) , John P. Dahl, MD, PhD(9) , Anthony Del Signore, MD(10) , Carrie Flanagan, MD(11) , Daniel N. Frank, PhD(12) , Kai Fruth, MD, PhD(13) , Anne Getz, MD(14) , Samuel Greig, MD(15) , Elisa A. Illing, MD(16) , David W. Jang, MD(17) , Yong Gi Jung, MD(18) , Sammy Khalili, MD, MSc(19) , Cristobal Langdon, MD(20) , Kent Lam, MD(21) , Stella Lee, MD(22) , Seth Lieberman, MD(23) , Patricia Loftus, MD(24) , Luis Macias-Valle, MD(25) , R. Peter Manes, MD(26) , Jill Mazza, MD(27) , Leandra Mfuna, MD(28) , David Morrissey, MD(29) , Sue Jean Mun, MD(30) , Jonathan B. Overdevest, MD, PhD(31) , Jayant M. Pinto, MD(32) , Jain Ravi, MD(33) , Douglas Reh, MD(34) , Peta L. Sacks, MD(35) , Michael H. Saste, MD(36) , John Schneider, MD, MA(37) , Ahmad R. Sedaghat, MD, PhD(38) , Zachary M. Soler, MD(39) , Nevi...

Context: Although, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is a standard procedure, in the hands of inexperienced trainees it may involve risks for the patients. Objective: To assess the surgical skills to perform ESS of Otolaryngology residents by year, in a tertiary referral center. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. After designing an ad hoc tool of 9 items, with a 3 point Likert rating scale, 2 faculty rhinologists scored the performance of 35 residents during the first six months of their training year in a standard program. Results: The assessment tool showed good internal consistency and construct validity, discriminating among residents by year of training (ANOVA, p <0.05), with good reliability (Chronbach alpha 0.85, p <0.05) and correlation among the items (Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin test 0.66, p <0.05), and two dimensions: the first one including the skills to manipulate the instruments, and to perform nasal exploration and preparation for surgery, uncinectomy, maxillary antrostomy and anterior ethmoidectomy; the second one to perform posterior ethmoidectomy, sphenoidostomy and frontal sinusotomy. Basic skills were achieved by 100% of the residents at the beginning of the 3rd year of training. The ability to perform uncinectomy, maxillary antrostomy and anterior ethmoidectomy was observed in 100% of the residents at the 4th year of training. However, performance of the most challenging procedures was broadly variable among senior residents. Conclusion: The assessment of skills of residents to perform ESS should be done systematically in order to provide individual feedback and to update training programs, within the context in which each program is executed.

The technique of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing disorders (FEES), and a comparison of its utility with that of videofluoroscopic examination in patients with dysphagia, was presented in a workshop session. Viewpoints were expressed by two speech pathologists and an otolaryngologist experienced in assessment and treatment of patients with dysphagia, and representative cases, illustrated with videotaped FEES and videofluoroscopic studies, were discussed. Some of the major advantages and disadvantages of each of these modalities are discussed in the following three articles.

Introduction. Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common childhood disorder. Adenoid plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME). The aim of this study is to critically appraise the tympanometric finding among children with adenoid hypertrophy in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Methodology. A Prospective, controlled study carried out among newly diagnosed cases of adenoid hypertrophy at the ENT clinic of the UPTH, between November 2014 and June 2015. Tympanometry was done on each child and each ear was considerably studied as a single entity. Types B and C tympanograms were used as indicators of OME. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results. Sixty-eight cases of adenoid hypertrophy were seen within the study period and 136 ears were studied. Forty (29.4%) ears had type B tympanogram, while 36 (26.5%) ears had type C. The incidence of OME was 55.9%; there were 12 (17.6%) unilateral OME, while bilateral OME was 32 (47.1%). Grade 3 AH was prevalent and was statistically significant with the OME. Conclusion. This study had shown adenoidal hypertrophy as a significant risk factor for OME in children. There was more bilateral OME than unilateral. The more severe grade of AH was more prevalent and it was shown to be statistically significant with OME, thus being a significant risk factor for OME in children. This establishes the need for prompt hearing evaluation and management.

A utilização de animais em experimentos científicos é descrita desde o século V a.C. Avanços científicos na área da saúde são atribuídos a modelos animais. O status moral dos animais sempre foi debatido. Objetivos: Este artigo visa à revisão histórica e resumo da legislação atual, para orientar pesquisadores ao utilizar modelos animais na pesquisa em otorrinolaringologia. Material e Métodos: Pesquisa na base de dados Medline. Resultados: no Brasil, por muitos anos não havia regulamentação para o uso de animais em experimentação. Eram seguidas normas de organizações nacionais e internacionais. Recentemente, foi sancionada a lei nº 11.794/08, que estabelece procedimentos para o uso científico de animais. Na otorrinolaringologia, os estudos com laringe utilizaram coelho, porco, cachorro, cobaias (Cavia porcellus) e camundongo; estudos para face coelho, rato e cachorro; rinoplastia com coelho; e orelha interna com ratos e cobaias (albinas). Conclusões: Os pesquisadores envolvidos em trabalhos científicos com animais devem conhecer os princípios da lei nº 11.794/08 e pesquisar quais animais são apropriados para cada subárea estudada seus modelos com maior aplicabilidade. Os otorrinolaringologistas, especialmente aqueles que se dedicam à pesquisa, necessitam estar sempre atentos para o respeito às regras éticas de utilização de animais em seus estudos.

Authors: Skarżyński P.H., Tomanek E., Król B., Piłka A.

Nowa Audiofonologia, 2(5), 2013: 25-29, ISSN 2084-946X

Background: Zespół Ushera to choroba rzadka, charakteryzująca się rozpowszechnieniem, w zależności od populacja, na poziomie od 3,5 do 6,2 na 10.000 osób. Do najbardziej charakterystycznych cech zaliczamy: różnego rodzaju głuchotę lub częściową głuchotę, zaburzenia układu równowagi i ślepotę występującą w różnym wieku.Cel: Celem niniejszej pracy było przeanalizowanie zachowania resztek słuchowych w procedurze leczenia częściowej głuchoty (Partial Deafness Treatment). Material and Methods: Operacje wszczepienia implantu ślimakowego zostały przeprowadzone według metody 6 kroków wg. Skarżyńskiego. Insercji dokonano przez okienko okrągłe, ale w niektórych przypadkach ze względów anatomicznych, zastosowano dojście przez kochleostomię. Wyniki zachowania resztek słuchowych były porównywane na podstawie wyników badania audiometrii tonalnej. Results: W analizach badań audiometrii tonalnej, wykonanych w tych samych warunkach, przed i po zabiegu operacyjnym wykazały zachowanie słuchu w wyniku wszczepienia elektrody do ślimaka. Conclusions: Zespół Ushera charakteryzuje się, w większości przypadków, progresywnym niedosłuchem. W wyniku dalszej obserwacji pacjentów, może się okazać, że będzie potrzebna zmiana sposobu kodowania dźwięku w zależności od kanału elektrody. Rekomendowana jest głębsza insercja elektrody, w zależności od wielkości ślimaka, od 25mm do 28mm.

The arrival of a commercial surgical robotic platform at our institution has raised the question of its application and usefulness within the department of otolaryngology head and neck surgery. In order to answer this question, we sought to perform a qualitative review to examine the evolution of commercial surgical robotics and examine present and future applications of this emerging technology within our specialty. The main objective of this study is to examine the development and application of robotic surgery in otolaryngology, head and neck surgery. The study includes a qualitative systematic review. We have reviewed research papers and studies that speciWcally relate to the use of robots in otorhinolaryngology. More speciWcally, we have attempted to review those studies that have signiWcantly added to the development of this Weld. In summary, we have examined eight animal studies, six cadaveric studies, nine human trials. Robotic surgery in ENT is a safe and feasible option. In certain procedures, it oVers signiWcant beneWts over conventional surgery. Instrument and robotic arm size, and costs are limiting factors that prevent the use of robots being applied to many additional ENT procedures. We feel the development of new speciality-speciWc robots will yield a new era in the common use of robotics in ENT.

Congenital or acquired hearing loss in infants and children has been linked with lifelong deficits in speech and language acquisition, poor academic performance, personal-social maladjustments, and emotional difficulties. Identification of hearing loss through neonatal hearing screening, regular surveillance of developmental milestones, auditory skills, parental concerns, and middle-ear status and objective hearing screening of all infants and children at critical developmental stages can prevent or reduce many of these adverse consequences. This report promotes a proactive, consistent, and explicit process for the early identification of children with hearing loss in the medical home. An algorithm of the recommended approach has been developed to assist in the detection and documentation of, and intervention for, hearing loss.

Rationale: Nasal septal perforation repair presents a challenging problem to the otolaryngologist. Numerous surgical techniques for the repair of this nasal defect have been described. Although the literature describes great success using the advancement of local mucoperichondrial flaps, it is often difficult to reproduce these results, especially for the closure of larger defects.

To determine current beliefs regarding ankyloglossia and its treatment. Anonymous written survey. Otolaryngologists (OTO, n=423), pediatricians (PD, n=425), speech pathologists (SP, n=400), and lactation consultants (LC, n=350) were randomly selected from professional membership lists, with a response rate of 209 (49%), 235 (55%), 150 (37.5%), and 203 (58%), respectively. Sixty-nine percent of LCs, but a minority of physician respondents, believe tongue-tie is frequently associated with feeding problems. Sixty percent of OTOs, 50% of SPs, but only 23% of PDs believe tongue-tie is at least sometimes associated with speech difficulties. Sixty-seven percent of OTOs versus 21% of PDs believe tongue-tie is at least sometimes associated with social/mechanical issues. Surgery is recommended at least sometimes for feeding, speech, and social/mechanical issues by 53, 74, and 69% of OTOs, respectively, but by only 21%, 29%, and 19% of PDs. The significance of ankyloglossia in children remains controversial, both within, and between, specialty groups.

Obecnie wiele zagadnień dotyczących szumów usznych oraz nadwrażliwości słuchowej pozostaje niewyjaśnionych. Narzędziami pozwalającymi na lepsze ich poznanie mogą okazać się standaryzowane, powszechnie stosowane kwestionariusze. W literaturze anglojęzycznej można wyróżnić kilkanaście testów oceniających dokuczliwość szumów usznych. Mimo istniejących w Internecie tłumaczeń, żadne z zagranicznych narzędzi nie zostało zaadaptowane do języka i warunków polskich zgodnie z międzynarodowymi wytycznymi. Praca stanowi przegląd wybranych, krajowych i zagranicznych ankiet i kwestionariuszy, badających występowanie oraz charakterystykę szumów usznych i nadwrażliwości słuchowej. Każde narzędzie opisano ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przeznaczenia, budowy, zawartości i sposobu oceny wyników oraz ich korelacji z wynikami innych testów opisywanych w literaturze przedmiotu.

Introduction
Various masses arise from sinonasal tract and nasopharynx, which are embryologically distinct.
Aims and objectives
A cross-sectional study for 1 year in a tertiary care hospital was carried out.
Materials and methods
Either incisional biopsy or surgical excision sample with proper history and imaging was collaborated.
Results
The total percentage of these tumors during the 1-year period was 3.52%. A total of four
nonspecifi c lesions, 49 non-neoplastic masses, 17 benign neoplastic masses, and 24 malignant
neoplastic masses were found.
Conclusion
Non-neoplastic masses were the majority in number (52.12%). Among the neoplastic masses
(43.61%), malignant neoplasms constituted 25.53%, a vast majority being nasopharyngeal
carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry further helped to differentiate undifferentiated carcinomas
into epithelial and lymphoid malignancies.

Konuşma ve dil bozuklukları, alanımızda yer alan organları ilgilendirdiği veya bu organlarla ilgili belirtiler verdiği için KBB hekimleri tarafından bilinmesi gereken problemlerdir. Dil ve konuşma terapistine yönlendirilen hastaya doğru tanı konmadığı takdirde yanlış terapi uygulanmakta bu da zaman ve emek kaybına neden olmaktadır. Bu bölümde birbiriyle karışabilen konuşma ve dil bozukluklarından bahsedilecek ve ayırıcı tanıda önemli olan noktalar üzerinde durulacaktır.

Leczenie klasycznej częściowej głuchoty stanowiło wielkie wyzwanie kliniczne. Trudność polegała na takim wszczepieniu implantu ślimakowego, aby zachować istniejące u pacjenta resztki słuchowe, a następnie połączyć słuch akustyczny ze stymulacją elektryczną zapewnianą przez implant. W szczególności dotyczyło to pacjentów, u których słuch w zakresie niskich częstotliwości był w normie i niezbędne było tylko jego elektryczne dopełnienie w zakresie średnich i wysokich częstotliwości. Przeprowadzona w 2002 roku przez H. Skarżyńskiego pierwsza w świecie operacja wszczepienia implantu osobie dorosłej z częściową głuchotą, a w 2004 r. – dziecku z takim samym uszkodzeniem słuchu wytyczyła nowy kierunek badań naukowych oraz leczenia różnych częściowych, coraz częściej spotykanych uszkodzeń słuchu. Zebranie bardzo dużego materiału, obejmującego 1965 zoperowanych uszu, oraz długi okres obserwacji pozwoliły na przedstawienie nowej koncepcji leczenia częściowej głuchoty, której istotnym elementem jest zachowanie przedoperacyjnego słuchu oraz struktur ucha wewnętrznego. Pierwsze w świecie operacje wszczepienia implantu u pacjentów z częściową głuchotą były poprzedzone kilkuletnimi badaniami nad zachowaniem
istniejących niewielkich resztek słuchowych u dorosłych i dzieci. Podjęto próby wykorzystania resztek słuchowych poprzez
ich stymulację konwencjonalnymi aparatami słuchowymi i dodatkowo pobudzenie elektryczne za pośrednictwem implantów. Wyniki tych prac, przedstawione w 2000 r. podczas konferencji ESPCI w Antwerpii i Kongresu EUFOS w Berlinie, wskazywały na potrzebę rozszerzenia pierwszych ostrożnych wskazań do stosowania implantów ślimakowych w przypadku zachowanych w różnym stopniu resztek słuchowych w zakresie niskich częstotliwości. Podczas 18 lat upowszechniania w świecie metody leczenia częściowej głuchoty udokumentowano dużą grupę zoperowanych uszu z częściową głuchotą oraz wykazano zasadność przyjętych wskazań i założeń chirurgicznych. W szczególności dotyczą one opracowania przez H. Skarżyńskiego strategii operacyjnej opartej na wykonaniu 6 zasadniczych kroków dojścia do schodów bębenka przez okienko okrągłe i wykorzystaniu niezwykle delikatnych elektrod o długości części aktywnej od 20 do 28 mm. Podsumowaniem metody leczenia częściowej głuchoty było opublikowanie w 2010 r. nowego kompleksowego podejścia do zachowania istniejącego w różnym
stopniu przedoperacyjnego słuchu oraz zachowania struktury ślimaka. Pozwoliło to na zaproponowanie przez Skarżyńskiego
i zaproszonych do współpracy ekspertów z całego świata nowej klasyfikacji przeznaczonej do oceny wyników leczenia częściowej głuchoty oraz prezentacji efektów terapii homogennych grup pacjentów. Poza opracowaniem metod chirurgicznych autor koncepcji leczenia częściowej głuchoty przyczynił się do stworzenia nowych, różnej długości niezwykle delikatnych elektrod implantów ślimakowych. Całość podjętych działań zaowocowała rozszerzeniem wskazań do leczenia za pomocą implantów ślimakowych różnych postaci częściowej głuchoty.

Enfermedad de Ménière: desde las ciencias básicas hacia la medicina clínica. Ponencia Oficial del LX Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología Enfermedad de Ménière: desde las ciencias básicas hacia la medicina clínica

Konuşma dilin işitsel dışavurumudur. İletişim kurmak isteyen kişinin ifade edici dil merkezinde (Broca alanında) kurduğu sözcenin ; premotor kortekste başlayıp motor kortekste, periferik sinirlerde ve organlarda devam eden bir dizi işlem sonucunda ağızdan ve burundan sesli uyaran olarak dışarı çıkmasına konuşma denir.
Konuşma konusunun ve dil ile bağlantısının anlaşılabilmesi, anatomisinin ve fizyolojisinin iyi bilinmesiyle mümkündür.
Baskı aşamasında olan bu bölüm KBB hekimleri için yazılmış olmakla birlikte dil-konuşma terapistlerinin, odyologların, dilbilimcilerin, dil ile ilgilenen bilim insanlarının ve bu alanlarda eğitim gören herkesin yararlanacağı bilgiler içermektedir.

Saygıdeğer KBB Hekimleri ve Dil-Konuşma Terapistleri
Kulak Burun Boğaz hastalıkları biliminin bir yan dalı olarak ses, konuşma ve dil bozukluklarıyla ilgilenen foniyatri alanında son yıllarda ülkemizde yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar artmıştır. Bu konuda uygulanan tıbbi ve cerrahi tedavilerin yanında ses tedavisi gibi yöntemler de yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Bu atılımlar, bize foniyatri terimlerini derleyerek dikkatinize sunma heyecanı ve gücü vermiştir.
Foniyatri terimleri sözlüğümüzde sözcüklerin Türkçesi, takibinde İngilizce karşılığı ve bu terimlerin açıklaması verildi. Sözcükler seçilirken ve madde olarak saptanırken Türkçe, İngilizce ve Almanca foniyatri, larengoloji ve KBB kitaplarından ve ayrıca tıp sözlüklerinden yararlanıldı. Sık kullanılan terimlerin yazılışı için eğer varsa “Güncel Türkçe Sözlük Çalışma Grubu”nun hazırladığı “TDK Türkçe Sözlük” yazılışı esas alındı. Kelimeler, mümkün olduğunca genel kullanım şekliyle ve Türkçede söyleyiş şekilleriyle yazıldı. Dilimize yeni girmekte olan foniyatri terimleri için Türkçe karşılık bulunması ve bulunan Türkçe terimlerin tutunması kolay değildir. Bu konuda kurumsal destek (TDK, KBB dernekleri, Profesyonel Ses Derneği vb.) ve geniş katılımlı tartışma ortamı gereklidir. Bazı terimler zorunlu olarak İngilizcede olduğu gibi yazıldı ve italik olarak belirtildi.
Foniyatri terimleri sözlüğümüzün bir tartışma zemini oluşturması inancıyla bir sonraki baskısının daha iyi ve kapsamlı olması için larenks, ses-konuşma-dil tedavileri ve müzik terminolojisi ile ilgili sizlerin eleştiri ve katkılarınızı bekliyoruz.
Foniyatri Terimleri sözlüğünü gündemine alarak güç ve desteğini bizden esirgemeyen, sözlük tekniği acısından eleştirilerinden yararlandığımız TIPterimleri.com Sözlük Dergisi editörü Prof. Dr. Cengiz Yardımcı’ya şükranlarımızı sunarız.

Doctor-patient communication constitutes a specific situation that requires empathy, understanding, patience and basic linguistic skills. In intercultural communication, translators/interpreters mediate patient’s complaints and, possibly, experience. On the other hand, the patient receives back the information regarding tests results, diagnosis, treatment, and other. The purpose of this talk is to present the principles of good practice of translation in medical communication (both written and oral), for instance using simple and common vocabulary, avoiding specialised terminology, being accurate, etc. Moreover, problems occurring in medical patient-doctor-translator/interpreter interaction and possible ways to resolve them will be demonstrated. The presentation will also include a list of general medical phrases in Polish, which are most common in medical translation and their English and Russian equivalents, for example: “the operation was carried out”, “the patient was discharged in good condition”, “the eardrum had no visible change” etc.

Glotik düzeyde ortaya çıkan kaynak ses, glotisten dudaklara, burun deliklerine kadar uzanan ve ses yolu adı verilen kabaca tüp şeklindeki boşlukta değişime uğrayarak bir taraftan konuşma seslerine dönüşürken diğer taraftan da kişiye özgü bir hal alır. Bir insanın (veya müzik aletinin) sesini başkasından ayıran algısal özellik olan ses rengi (İng. timbre), büyük ölçüde rezonasyon olayıyla belirlenir. Ses yolunda yer alan farengeal, oral ve nazal kaviteler rezonatör görevi görür, bu kavitelerin şekli ve boyutu, iç yüzeylerini örten mukozanın durumu, çevreleyen kasların tonusu rezonansı etkiler. Rezonans bozukluğu KBB pratiğinde çok sık karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Burunda tıkanıklığa veya mukoza ödemine neden olan her hastalık rezonansı etkiler. Tonsil ve adenoid hipertrofisi ile bunlara yönelik cerrahi girişimler de rezonans bozukluğuna veya en azından fizyolojik düzeyde rezonans değişikliğine neden olur. Rezonans bozukluklarının büyük bir kısmı medikal veya cerrahi tedavi ile düzelir, bu tür problemlerde konuşma terapisinin yeri son derece sınırlıdır. Üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu, rinosinüzit, tonsil ve adenoid hipertrofisi, ses ve konuşma bozuklukları konularıyla ilgilenen; septoplasti, rinoplasti, tonsilektomi, adenoidektomi operasyonu uygulayan her KBB hekiminin rezonans bozuklukları konusuna hakim olması gerekmektedir. Rezonans bozukluklarıyla ilgili klinik uygulamada hekimlerin en fazla karşılaştığı sorun bozukluğun algılanamaması veya yanlış algılanmasıdır. Nazal rezonans fazlalığı (hipernazalite) olan bir hastanın sorununun yanlışlıkla nazal rezonans azlığı (hiponazalite) şeklinde algılanması katastrofik sonuçlar doğurabilir. Bunun dışında, rezonans bozukluğu ile temel frekans problemi birbiriyle karıştırılabilir; tiz frekans bölgesinde rezonans artışı temel frekans yüksekliği, bu bölgede rezonans azalması temel frekans düşüklüğü olarak algılanabilir. "Tanı Yöntemleri" alt başlığı altında bahsedilen yöntemlerin kullanılması hekimin hata yapma ihtimalini azaltacaktır. Nazal, farengeal, oral kavitelerin şeklini etkileyen her cerrahi girişimin rezonansı etkileme potansiyeli vardır. Sınırda velofarengeal yetersizlik (VFY) problemi olan hastalara uygulanan tonsilektomi, adenoidektomi gibi operasyonlar veya velumu, uvulayı ilgilendiren küçük cerrahi girişimler problemin belirginleşmesine, hipernazaliteye neden olabilir.

Genel anlamıyla iletişim, iki ya da daha fazla katılımcı arasında çeşitli araçlar kullanılarak yapılan bilgi alışverişidir. Kişiler arası iletişim ise, verbal ve nonverbal kodlar kullanılarak yapılan bilgi, düşünce veya duygu alışverişidir. Kişilerin iletişim becerisinin gelişmemesine veya bozulmasına iletişim bozukluğu adı verilir.

Esistono oggi diverse evidenze a supporto della relazione tra la malattia da reflusso gastro-esofageo (MRGE)e rinite non-allergica (NAR), benché un univoco rapporto tra le due entità noseologiche non sia stato ancora accertato.
Questa tesi di laurea analizza tale relazione impiegando la pH-impedenzometria esofagea delle 24h, gold standard diagnostico per MRGE, e la citologia nasale, metodica di recente introduzione per la diagnosi differenziale tra i diversi sottotipi di rinite.