Acacia Mangium

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Small volumes of timber are now being produced from Acacia mangium plantations in Indonesia. These trees require pruning and thinning to increase the strength and appearance of the wood. However, cut surfaces from pruning are potential infection courts for the entry of decay-causing fungi like heart rot. This study investigated the effects of pruning on stem form and the incidence of heart rot in an 18-month-old plantation of Acacia mangium in South Sumatra. The objectives were to assess whether pruning is associated with an increase in the incidence of heart rot and whether form pruning compared to lift pruning reduced the incidence of heart rot and improved stem form. Form pruning removed 25% of leaf area by removing large branches and those subtending a narrow angle with the stem up to 3 m height, and lift pruning removed 25% of crown length from below. Trees in these treatments were singled before pruning. The third treatment, a control, was not singled and was used to assess base levels of heart rot.

Some Acacia mangium Willd. plantations in Asia grow poorly due to low soil fertility and the absence of compatible mycorrhizal fungi. This legume tree can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi but inoculation is not routinely practiced. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of AM fungi and four isolates of the ECM fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch (Pt) in promoting growth of A. mangium seedlings under glasshouse conditions. AM inoculants were: Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, G. macrocarpum and Gigaspora margarita and mixed species extracted from rhizosphere soil of a Populus stand in Suwon (AMKFRI), and Carex (AMM6) and Populus (AMM7) growing in mine tailings in Korea. Pisolithus isolates were from Philippines (PtPhil) and Korea (PtKFRI, PtMKACC, PtKACC). Generally, ECM fungi promoted height and diameter growth of A. mangium more than the AM inoculants. The Korean Pisolithus increased plant dry weight by 122-145%, mixed AM inoculants by 61-97%, and Glomus and Gigaspora by 45-72% over the control. PtKACC gave the highest root colonization and promoted the highest growth and concentration of most nutrients. Mycorrhizal root colonization was positively correlated with plant dry weight, Na, Fe and Cu concentrations and N, P, K, Ca, Na, Fe and Cu contents. In conclusion, the results provide strong evidence for benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation on A. mangium seedlings under glasshouse conditions. The Korean Pisolithus isolates (particularly PtKACC), and two AM fungi (AMKFRI and AMM6) are potential mycorrhizal inoculants but their effectiveness and persistence should be determined on degraded lands in tropical countries where A. mangium is being planted for rehabilitation.

Survival and growth data (ages 0-5 years) are presented for two timber species (Acacia mangium, Cordia alliodora) planted in monocultures or in association with a sequence of agricultural crops Zea mays, Zingiber officinale and Eugenia stipitata (a fruit shrub) in the tropical humid Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. Average annual height and diameter growth rates were 3.2 m and 4.0 cm (C. alliodora), 3.5 m and 3.8 cm (A. mangium). C. alliodora associated with crops gave the greatest productivity with an average total stem volume increment of 19 m 3 ha-~ yr-~. Root rot of A. mangium (mainly Rosellinia sp.), leading to tree mortality, was greater in pure plots compared to associated plots. A. mangium can not be recommended for similar sites because of this problem.

The development of plantation forests in Indonesia is an ongoing activity, with planting of fast-growing species, such as Paraserianthes falcataria and Acacia mangium. The establishment of exotic fast-growing trees is one way of rehabilitating unproductive forest lands, which are usually covered by bushes, weeds or alang-alang grass (Imperata cylindrica). This paper explores the carbon-sequestration potential of two tree species. This is achieved by estimating their growth rates and performing economic analysis when carbon-credit payments are available. The effect of different carbon-accounting methods on the economic performance of plantation forests is analysed. The paper shows that carbon-credit payments may increase the net present value of a plantation by 11% to 20 % above the timber value alone. Discount rates are shown to have an important effect on economic performance of plantation forests, the effects of carbon prices and baseline settings are not as important.

Acacia mangium is a fast-growing tree species. It is mainly planted in large monocultures for pulpwood in South-East Asia. Root rot has become the most economically damaging disease of this species with high tree mortality rates observed during second and third rotations. Two main types of root rots have been found in A. mangium, viz. brown root-rot and red-root disease caused by Phellinus spp. and Ganoderma spp., respectively. To assess the future management options for root rot of A. mangium, we review past and current disease-management strategies for root rot in different temperate and tropical industrial tree crops. The efficacies of a wide range of silvicultural, chemical and biological options are detailed, and their potential utilization in managing root rot of A. mangium is discussed. We conclude that the current gaps in knowledge regarding identification, biology and disease epidemiology of the root-rot pathogens will need to be addressed so that effective management options can be developed.

Kerja Praktik Industri (KPI) merupakan kegiatan pendidikan, pelatihan dan pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan di industri yang bertujuan untuk melihat proses industri secara aktual. Di PT Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper yang terletak di Pangkalan Kerinci, memiliki beberapa Business Unit diantaranya; Riau Fiber dan PTSI, Riau Pulp, Riau Paper, Riau Power, APR dan APY. Pada Business Unit Riau Pulp terdapat Departemen Production Admin yang berfungsi untuk menangani berbagai macam hal yang berkaitan dengan administrasi di BU Riaupulp (RPL). Departemen ini terbagi menjadi 2 bagian yaitu business continues improvement department (BCID), dan production planning and inventory control (PPIC). Tugas dari BCID adalah melakukan improvement, salah satunya dengan kegiatan kaizen yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas (quality), produktivitas (productivity), dan menurunkan biaya (cost) yang dikeluarkan. Pada laporan ini, penulis melakukan analisa terhadap performa salah satu kaizen utility reduction yang berjudul “Reduce Total Steam Consumption in Pulp Dryer 3 from 0,96 to 0,90 ton/adt”. Analisa ini dilakukan terhadap data konsumsi steam yang ada di pulp dryer 3, dan terhadap alat proses yang berkaitan dengan konsumsi steam di pulp dryer 3 yang berfokus pada area drying section. Analisa performa kaizen dilakukan dengan melihat data hasil kaizen baik dari A3 form, data Plant Information (PI), progress monthly report maupun diskusi dengan mentor. Dari hasil analisa dapat diketahui bahwa kenaikan konsumsi steam terjadi karena banyaknya proses start dan stop, sheet break dan delete product di area. Penurunan konsumsi steam berada diantara target dan baseline yaitu 0,94 ton/adt selama 16 bulan sehingga berhasil mengurangi biaya produksi sebanyak 6.187,311 USD selama kegiatan kaizen pada bulan Agustus 2019 hingga bulan November 2020. Performa kaizen terbaik berada pada bulan Juni 2020 yang mencapai 0,87 ton/adt.

Kata kunci: kerja praktik industri, production admin, kaizen, utility , steam

Agroforestry, the purposeful growing of trees and crops in interacting combinations, began to attain prominence in the late 1970s, when the international scientific community embraced its potentials in the tropics and recognized it as a practice in search of science. During the 1990s, the relevance of agroforestry for solving problems related to deterioration of family farms, increased soil erosion, surface and ground water pollution, and decreased biodiversity was recognized in the industrialized nations too. Thus, agroforestry is now receiving increasing attention as a sustainable land-management option the world over because of its ecological, economic, and social attributes. Consequently, the knowledge-base of agroforestry is being expanded at a rapid rate as illustrated by the increasing number and quality of scientific publications of various forms on different aspects of agroforestry.

No dia 18 de Maio de 2001, nascia para o mundo maçônico, aquela semente que daria forma a uma bela e frondosa Acácia e que orgulhosa da terra onde sepultou suas raízes, acolheu o sobrenome de Pantaneira. 59ª filha da GUMEMS recebeu de suas lojas irmãs o carinho dispensado dentro da família maior da Ordem.

Basado en la tesis: Bolívar V, Diana. 1998. Contribución de Acacia mangium al mejoramiento de la calidad forrajera de Brachiaria humidicola y la fertilidad de un suelo ácido en el trópico húmedo. Tesis Magister Scientae. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 105 p.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência da podridão-do-lenho em plantios homogêneos de Acacia mangium no Estado de Roraima. A observação dos sintomas iniciais em ferimentos de poda indica que a desrama artificial é um fator de predisposição. Estimativas realizadas em dois talhões comerciais constataram cerca de 8 e 39% de incidência da doença em árvores de três anos. Isolamentos a partir de árvores sintomáticas e testes de patogenicidade demonstram que Lasiodiplodia theobromae pode contribuir no processo de podridão. Este é o primeiro relato da podridão-do-lenho em A. mangium no Brasil, o que pode limitar sua exploração comercial.

spatial analysis of root rot of Acacia mangium in Indonesia. Root rot caused by Ganoderma spp. is a serious concern in commercial plantations of Acacia mangium in Indonesia. This study surveyed root rot incidence and spatial arrangement in commercial plantations and trials. In second rotation commercial plantations in Sumatra and Kalimantan, root rot incidence was recorded between 3 and 28% in trees aged from three to five years old. The compartments surveyed in Riau province and East Kalimantan had significantly higher root rot than South Sumatra. In a progeny trial of A. mangium in Java, root rot incidence was surveyed twice, when trees were eight and again at nine years old. Root rot incidence was about 7 and 13% respectively. Spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) revealed that infected trees were randomly distributed at the first time point but tended to become aggregated by the time of the second survey. This highlights the probability of vegetative spread of the fungus after initial introduction to the site. Assessment of root rot incidence on the basis of A. mangium provenance did not reveal any statistically significant differences. . Insidens dan analisis ruangan bagi reput akar Acacia mangium di Indonesia. Reput akar yang diakibatkan oleh Ganoderma spp. merupakan masalah serius di ladang komersial Acacia mangium di Indonesia. Kajian ini meninjau insidens serta susunan ruangan reput akar di ladang komersial serta tapak ujian. Di ladang komersial pusingan kedua di Sumatra dan Kalimantan, insidens reput akar pada pokok berusia tiga tahun hingga lima tahun adalah sebanyak 3% hingga 28%. Kompartmen yang ditinjau di daerah Riau dan Kalimantan Timur menunjukkan kejadian reput akar yang lebih tinggi daripada Sumatra Selatan. Dalam ujian progeni A. mangium di Jawa, tinjauan untuk insidens reput akar dilakukan sebanyak dua kali iaitu ketika pokok berusia lapan tahun dan sembilan tahun. Insidens reput akar yang dicerap dalam tinjauan tersebut masing-masing adalah sebanyak 7% dan 13%. Analisis ruangan melalui indeks jarak (SADIE) menunjukkan bahawa pokok yang dijangkiti bertabur secara rawak pada tinjauan pertama namun menjadi teragregat pada tinjauan kedua. Ini menunjukkan kulat mungkin tersebar secara vegetatif selepas muncul pertama kali di tapak. Penilaian insidens reput akar atas dasar provenans A. mangium tidak menunjukkan sebarang perubahan signifikan.

Field trials testing a total of 27 clones of the interspecific hybrid Acacia mangium × A. auriculiformis and seedling controls of the parental species were established at Ba Vi and Yen Thanh in the north of Vietnam and Long Thanh in the south. At both Ba Vi and Yen Thanh there were significant (P < 0.001) differences in height and diameter at breast height (DBH) among 22 tested clones at 4 years. At Long Thanh, twelve hybrid clones did not differ significantly in DBH at age 3 years, but did (P < 0.001) at age 5 years. At the two northern sites the acacia hybrid clones had significantly greater DBH than control seedlots of the parental species. At Long Thanh, DBH of the hybrid clones and A. mangium was similar, with a genetically improved seedlot of A. mangium displaying the best DBH. Mean wood basic density at breast height of the acacia hybrid clones was 539 kg m−3 at Yen Thanh at age 8 years, and 473 kg m−3 at Long Thanh at age 5 years; density for A. mangium at Long Thanh was only slightly lower than the hybrid clones at 461 kg m−3. Linear regressions of Pilodyn penetration (PP) at breast height on wood basic density explained 60% of the variance in density of treatments (clones and control seedlots) at Yen Thanh and 36% at Long Thanh. There were significant differences between hybrid clones in PP at all three trial sites. Clonal DBH performance was not strongly correlated across the three trial sites; Pearson correlations of clone mean DBH between pairs of sites ranged from −0.47 to 0.20. Clonal rankings for PP were more stable, with Pearson correlations between pairs of sites ranging from r = 0.71 to 0.78.

Aeroponics, a soilless plant culture method, was used to produce Acacia mangium saplings associated with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi. A. mangium seedlings were ®rst grown in multipots and inoculated with Endorize, a commercial AM fungal inoculum. They were then, either transferred to aeroponic systems or to soil. Aeroponics was found to be a better system than soil, allowing the production of tree saplings twice as high as those grown in soil. Moreover, compared to plants grown in soil, aeroponically grown saplings inoculated with AM fungal inoculum exhibited signi®cantly different rates of mycorrhization, resulting in an increase in phosphorus and chlorophyll in plant tissues. Our results suggest that the aeroponic system is an innovative and appropriate technology which has the potential to produce in large quantities, tree saplings associated with soil micro-organisms, such as AM fungi, for reforestation of degraded land in the humid tropics. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Plants are frequently moved around the world, creating new regional landscapes and environmental imaginaries. Building on previous work in environmental history and geography, we develop a three-part approach to analyzing plant movements and apply it to trees from the Acacia genus (sens. lat.) exchanged between Australia and the rest of the world. First, we investigate the agents, circuits, and frequencies of acacia movements, including transoceanic transfers, regional diffusion, and ecological dispersal. Second, we trace bundles of knowledge or technology that accompany the acacias, highlighting how they help shape regional biogeographies. Finally, we analyze how different societies, with distinct economies, politics, and environmental sensibilities, receive introduced plants. This approach allows us to see transferred plants as active agents in region-forming processes, and to avoid normative tropes like 'miracle plants' or 'alien invasives'. The highlighted species include Acacia colei, Acacia melanoxylon, Acacia mearnsii, Acacia farnesiana, Acacia nilotica, Acacia mangium, and their close relatives.

Should policymakers -or anyone else -care about millions of ha of Imperata grasslands? The answer depends on the balance between costs of conversion to other uses and the net benefits produced in economic growth, poverty alleviation, and protection of the environment. The first section on Imperata economics sets up the analytical framework to address this question and draws on the wider development economics literature to consider whether growth and poverty alleviation are conflicting or complementary objectives. Although evidence is limited, it suggests smallholder-based agroforestry could provide the same economic growth with greater poverty alleviation than large-scale forestry estates. There is, however, no substitute for project appraisal for specific settings. The second section on lmperata policy reviews whether policy distortions and market failures provide a sufficient rationale for direct policy intervention to promote tree planting on Imperata grasslands. Estimates of imputed values of carbon sequestration to alleviate global wanning are presented for Acacia mangium and rubber agroforestry. The conclusion summarizes the policy research agenda and examines the desirability and feasibility of policy intervention to promote carbon sequestration through Imperata grassland conversion to tree-based systems.

Fungal sporocarps and cultures associated with signs and symptoms of root-rot disease were collected from Acacia mangium and other tropical hardwood species. The collections were identified by either morphological characters and/or by phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences as Ganoderma philippii, G. mastoporum, G. aff. steyaertanum, G. australe and Amauroderma rugosum. Phylogenetic analysis unequivocally placed in the G. philippii clade four sequences amplified from A. mangium root and butt tissue showing clear signs of red root-rot disease (roots are covered by a red rhizomorphic skin). Whereas G. philippii was the most frequently encountered fungal species in A. mangium with red root-rot disease, this study indicates that other fungal species related to G. mastoporum may cause root-rot disease with very similar symptoms. An isolate (FRIM 138) that had caused red root-rot disease in artificial inoculations carried out before this study and was presumed to be G. philippii, is here determined to be closely related to G. mastoporum, G. cupreum and G. sinense. A Ganoderma species associated with a yellow-brown root-rot disease killing trees in an A. mangium plantation in Central Java, previously identified as G. lucidum, is shown by phylogenetic analysis to be closely related to G. steyaertanum, though some morphological characters vary from the original description of that species.

Plantations of exotic trees for industrial and agricultural purposes are burgeoning in the tropics, and some of them offer the opportunity to study community ecology of animals in a simplified forest setting. We examined bird community assembly in different aged groves of the industrial tree mangium (Acacia mangium) at two plantations in Malaysian Borneo: Sabah Softwoods near Tawau, Sabah, and the Planted Forest Project, near Bintulu, Sarawak. Bird communities were compared among three agegroups of mangium (2-, 5-, and 7-years old) and logged native forest. Mangium rapidly developed into a secondary forest consisting of a wide diversity of understory trees and shrubs. The bird community correspondingly increased in species richness and diversity, and we were able to relate these increases specifically to canopy height, secondary canopy development, and shrub cover. Species of common, small bodied frugivores, nectarivores, and insectivores were diverse in older plantation groves, as were common mid-sized insectivores. However, large, specialized, and normally uncommon taxa (e.g., galliforms, pigeons, hornbills, barbets, midsized woodpeckers, muscicapine flycatchers, and wren babblers) were rare or nonexistent in the plantations. Because we lacked species-specific data on foraging, nesting, and other behaviors of most groups of birds, it was difficult to explain the precise causes of seral diversification in any group except woodpeckers, which have been well studied in Southeast Asia. Thus, in future, particular emphasis needs to be placed on obtaining such data. Industrial plantations, by virtue of their simple structure, variably aged groves, and bird community richness, are good places to gather such data.

To elucidate whether dipterocarp species, dominant late-successional species of tropical forests in Southeast Asia, actually have a disadvantage when planted on open site in terms of their photosynthetic characteristics, we investigated photosynthesis in dipterocarp seedlings planted in the open on degraded sandy soils in southern Thailand. These species were compared with seedlings of Acacia mangium Willd., a fast-growing tropical leguminous tree, which is often planted on degraded open site in Southeast Asia. The dipterocarp seedlings had an irradiance-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P N ), stomatal conductance (g s ), carboxylation efficiency, and photosynthetic capacity comparable to or superior to those of A. mangium. In particular, seedlings of Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. showed an irradiance-saturated P N of 21 µmol m -2 s -1 , a value higher than any previously reported for a dipterocarp species, accompanied by high g s (0.7 mol m -2 s -1 ) and high photosynthetic capacity. Thus dipterocarp species do not necessarily have a disadvantage in terms of their photosynthetic characteristics on open sites with degraded sandy soils. Abbrevations: C i -internal CO 2 concentration; Chl -chlorophyll; g s -stomatal conductance; P N -net photosynthetic rate; PPFDphotosynthetic photon flux density; PS2 -photosystem 2; R D -dark respiration rate.

Estimation of the magnitude of sinks and sources of carbon requires reliable estimates of the biomass of forests and of individual trees. Equations for predicting tree biomass have been developed using secondary data involving destructive sampling in plantations (mostly less than 10 years of age) in several localities in the Philippines. These equations allow estimates of carbon sequestration to be made at much lower cost than would be incurred if detailed stand inventories were undertaken. The species included in the study reported here include Gmelina arborea Roxb., Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen Swietenia macrophylla King and Dipterocarp species in Mindanao, and Leucaena leucocephala de Wit from Laguna, Antique, Cebu, Iloilo, Rizal, and Ilocos Sur. Non-linear regression was used to derive speciesspecific, site-specific and generic equations between yield and diameter of the form y
= αDβ . Equations were evaluated based on the correlation coefficient, standard error of estimate and residual plots. Regressions resulted in high r values (>0.90). In some cases, non-homogeneous variance was encountered. The generic equation improved estimates compared with models used in previous studies.

To reduce the levels of chlorine-based chemicals in Acacia kraft pulp, we sought to isolate white rot fungus strains that could be used for biobleaching. For this purpose, we collected 600 fungal sources from Indonesia and subjected them to a three-step screening method. The first step involved culturing the strains on Acacia mangium wood powder, guaiacol and agar (WGA) medium. Of the 600 sources, 258 strains grew on WGA medium and generated a red color. The second step revealed that 31 of the 258 strains could degrade extractive-free A. mangium wood powder. The third step examined the ability of the strains to bleach A. mangium oxygen-delignified kraft pulp (A-OKP) under various pH conditions and showed that five strains could biobleach A-OKP at pH 5, 6, and 8. In contrast, the biobleaching abilities of Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which served as standards, were much lower than those of the five new strains, particularly at pH 8. These five strains may be useful for biobleaching of A-OKP.

Reforestation of degraded tropical sites is often hampered by soils of high acidity, high aluminum saturation, and low fertility. To evaluate the possibility of cultivating Acacia species on such soils, a study was conducted at Waiawa, HI, to test growth under conditions of (1) high acidity (primarily aluminum) and nutrient stress, and (2) no acidity stress and high nutrient availability. Twelve Acacia species, including the important native Hawaiian species Acacia koa, were established on a Ustic Kanhaplohumult soil. The experimental design was a split plot with two fertility treatments as the main plots and the 12 Acacia species as subplots. The treatments were: low fertility (F0; 143 kg ha−1 14-14-14 plus micronutrients) and high fertility (F1; 8 Mg ha−1 lime, 143 kg ha−1 14-14-14 plus micronutrients, 200 kg P ha−1, and 77 kg K ha−1). Acacia angustissima, Acacia aulacocarpa, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia cincinnata, Acacia crassicarpa, Acacia implexa, Acacia koa, and Acacia mangi...

Fungal sporocarps and cultures associated with signs and symptoms of root-rot disease were collected from Acacia mangium and other tropical hardwood species. The collections were identified by either morphological characters and/or by phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences as Ganoderma philippii, G. mastoporum, G. aff. steyaertanum, G. australe and Amauroderma rugosum. Phylogenetic analysis unequivocally placed in the G. philippii clade four sequences amplified from A. mangium root and butt tissue showing clear signs of red root-rot disease (roots are covered by a red rhizomorphic skin). Whereas G. philippii was the most frequently encountered fungal species in A. mangium with red root-rot disease, this study indicates that other fungal species related to G. mastoporum may cause root-rot disease with very similar symptoms. An isolate (FRIM 138) that had caused red root-rot disease in artificial inoculations carried out before this study and was presumed to be G. philippii, is here determined to be closely related to G. mastoporum, G. cupreum and G. sinense. A Ganoderma species associated with a yellow-brown root-rot disease killing trees in an A. mangium plantation in Central Java, previously identified as G. lucidum, is shown by phylogenetic analysis to be closely related to G. steyaertanum, though some morphological characters vary from the original description of that species.

Basado en la tesis: Bolívar V, Diana. 1998. Contribución de Acacia mangium al mejoramiento de la calidad forrajera de Brachiaria humidicola y la fertilidad de un suelo ácido en el trópico húmedo. Tesis Magister Scientae. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 105 p. 2 Mg. MSc. Sistemas Agroforestales. Investigadora proyecto CONISILVO. 3 Profesor Investigador, CATIE, Costa Rica. Palabras claves: digestibilidad, lignina, pared celular, suelo ácido, valor nutritivo.

Charred bark of Acacia mangium (bark charcoal), which is made of wood waste from pulp production, was applied as soil amendment for the cultivation of maize, cowpea and peanut to examine its effects on crop yield and soil chemical properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia. The yields of maize and peanut significantly increased after the application of bark charcoal under a fertilized condition in an infertile soil environment. In addition, increases in the root amount and colonization rate of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi after bark charcoal application were also observed in maize. In general, the application of bark charcoal induced changes in soil chemical properties by increasing the pH value, total N and available P2O5 contents, cation exchange capacity, amounts of exchangeable cations and base saturation, and by decreasing the content of exchangeable Al3+. The amelioration of the soil chemical properties could be effective in highly weathered infertile tropical soils. The application of charcoal in agriculture is expected to lead to the formation of a carbon sink in soil and to increase crop yield because it has been suggested that charcoal is highly resistant to abiotic and biotic degradation, even in a soil environment.

Acacia mangium grown in aeroponic culture was co-inoculated with selected strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. and Glomus intraradices. A single-step technique using alginate as an embedding and sticking agent for an inoculum composed of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)-infected sheared roots was used to infect plants. This method resulted in the successful establishment of AM in 100% of the inoculated plants after 7 weeks. The results indicated that dual microbial inoculation with Glomus intraradices strain S-043 and Bradyrhizobium strain AUST 13C stimulated the growth of A. mangium in aeroponic culture. The effects of single and dual microbial inoculations were also evaluated at two levels of P in the nutrient medium. A concentration of 5 mg P kg −1 stimulated the development of AM without affecting plant development or establishment of Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. In contrast, saplings supplemented with a higher concentration of P (25 mg kg −1 ) alone or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium had lower AM frequencies.

To provide sustainable income from forestlands, large areas in the tropics are planted with ''agricultural'' trees, such as oil palm and rubber, and ''industrial'' trees, such as Acacia mangium and Gmelina arborea. To examine how native forest birds use such plantations, we surveyed in 2005 the avifauna at Sabah Softwoods, a plantation in southeastern Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We focused on A. mangium, Albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), and logged native forest, and compared our results to those of a study conducted at the same plantation in 1982. The number of forest species in the industrial groves did not change dramatically between 1982 and 2005, even though the trees had been cropped several times and the plantation was, by 2005, completely surrounded by cleared land and far removed from primary forest. However, as is common in logged or isolated forests throughout the world, certain primary forest groups (e.g., muscicapine flycatchers) have been extirpated from the entire plantation area. The industrial groves also lacked some larger species of kingfisher, woodpeckers, and canopy frugivores. Nevertheless, numerous primary forest taxa (ca. 50% of species) were found in mature industrial tree groves. Albizia attracted the most species of birds, followed closely by Acacia. Both tree types underpinned relatively complex secondary forests that attracted forest birds. In contrast, younger groves of Acacia and Albizia held mainly open country and scrub species. Oil palm, as a remarkably simple and unusual habitat, attracted few bird species. Sustained occurrence of forest birds in all groves of exotic trees at Sabah Softwoods was substantially enhanced by the relatively rich avifauna of the logged native forest remaining in substantial stands throughout the plantation.

Smallholder rubber plantations in Indonesia, representing more than 80% of the total rubber areas, are very unique in the world. Most smallholder rubber areas are multi-strata in nature. Rubber is not the only perennial crop in that area, but also mixed with timber trees (forest re-growth), fruit trees, and different annual crops. Scientists identified these multistrata systems or called "Jungle Rubber" have multiple functions such as main income source for many farmers; keeping certain level of the forest biodiversity; Carbon sequestration; soil and water conservation. Many efforts have been done by the Indonesian Government to improve the productivity of jungle rubber through monocuture system such as Nucleolus Estate for Smallholding (NES); Project Management Unit (PMU); and Partial System. However, the rate of rubber replanting through those specific projects are too small compared to the total rubber areas in Indonesia. Taking into account the positive aspects of the Rubber Based Agroforestry Systems (RAS), ICRAF, CIRAD and IRRI worked jointly to implement various RAS systems in order to provide farmers better technological options for managing their farms. Results presented in this paper are collected from both onstation and on-farm research. At on-station, rubber planted at a double rows spacing (6m x 2m x 14m) with and without perennial intercrops was monitored and compared to that of the normal spacing (6mx3m). Rubber girth with double row spacing reached tappable size at five years after planting and similar to that planted with normal spacing. Rubber growth at the plot planted with Acacia mangium a very fast growing tree, at the same time with rubber, was very slow: a haft of that of the other treatments. If the fast growing trees are planted two years after rubber planting, then rubber growth is similar to that of normal spacing. Three types of RAS were tested at farmers' plots (RAS1, RAS2, and RAS3). The total number of participants is about 150 farmers, in 100 ha plots, distributed in Jambi, West Kalimantan, West Sumatra and South Sumatra. Results of clone comparison in RAS 1 type of trial (maintenance only on rubber rows) showed that rubber growth variability was more due to the variability of farmers' plots and frequencies of weeding. Rubber clones such as PB 260; RRIC 100 and BPM1 planted under RAS 1 can adapt the RAS conditions and can be tapped at 5-7 years after planting. These findings provide farmers alternatives to develop more environmentally friendly and divers systems in their farms, compared to that of monoculture system. This paper presents also various results related to more intensive RAS (RAS1 and RAS 3).

Small volumes of timber are now being produced from Acacia mangium plantations in Indonesia. These trees require pruning and thinning to increase the strength and appearance of the wood. However, cut surfaces from pruning are potential infection courts for the entry of decay-causing fungi like heart rot. This study investigated the effects of pruning on stem form and the incidence of heart rot in an 18-month-old plantation of Acacia mangium in South Sumatra. The objectives were to assess whether pruning is associated with an increase in the incidence of heart rot and whether form pruning compared to lift pruning reduced the incidence of heart rot and improved stem form. Form pruning removed 25% of leaf area by removing large branches and those subtending a narrow angle with the stem up to 3 m height, and lift pruning removed 25% of crown length from below. Trees in these treatments were singled before pruning. The third treatment, a control, was not singled and was used to assess base levels of heart rot. No significant difference in diameter increment between the two pruning treatments was found. There was strong evidence that form pruning was associated with better form 18 months after treatment. Trees in this treatment had a reduced number of branches >30 mm diameter and improved stem straightness (reduced kink). Lift pruning reduced average branch size but did not improve stem straightness. No heart rot was detected in any treatment. The results showed that form pruning is likely to have positive benefits on stem straightness and is likely to be effective to any selected pruning height. However a subsequent lift pruning is still considered a requirement. While wounds created from pruning and singling are assumed to have a large impact on the incidence of heart rot, this may not be an issue unless there is a sufficient source of fungi present in the environment to invade the wounds.

The role of different plantation tree species in soil nutrient cycling is of great importance for the restoration of degraded lands. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of N-fixing and non-N-fixing tree species to recuperate degraded land in southern China. The soil properties and N transformations in six forest types (two N-fixing plantations, three non-N-fixing plantations and a secondary shrubland) established in 1984 were compared. The N-fixing forests had 40–50% higher soil organic matter and 20–50% higher total nitrogen concentration in the 0–5 cm soils than the non-N-fixing forests. Soil inorganic N was highest under the secondary shrubland. The N-fixing Acacia auriculiformis plantation had the highest soil available P. There were no significant differences in soil N mineralization and nitrification among the forest types, but seasonal variation in these N processes was highly significant. In the rainy season, the rates of N mineralization (7.41–11.3 kg N ha−1 month−1) were similar to values found in regional climax forests, indicating that soil N availability has been well recovered in these forest types. These results suggest that N-fixing species, particularly Acacia mangium, are more efficient in re-establishing the C and N cycling processes in degraded land in southern China. Moreover, the N-fixing species A. auriculiformis performed better than other species in improving soil P availability.

A growth model consisting of a polymorphic site index equation, a reciprocal equation for the diameter-density effect, and a self-thinning equation was presented to predict the course of stand development of Acacia mangium. This model firstly predicts height growth with the polymorphic site index equation, and then density-related growth and mortality, that is, diameter and stand density, are calculated to satisfy the mathematical relationship for the reciprocal and self-thinning equations. The latter equation relates the rate of reduction in stand density to the diameter increment derived from a fitted trend of the distance from the maximum size-density line. The cumulative predictions, starting with stands 3 years after planting and continuing until they were 9 years old, agreed well with observations of group-age means of measurements calculated for the three levels of initial density. Contrasting height diameter relationships among the three levels of initial density were described reasonably well with this model, and the predicted basal area growth was found to agree well with observations. This indicated a good potential for its use in yield prediction. Simulations for stand growth under different spacing and thinning options were demonstrated in a stand density control diagram, which suggested a reasonable flexibility for practical application. #

An introduced plantation tree species, Acacia mangium Willd., is becoming invasive in the Brunei region of Borneo. To examine its invasive potential, a greenhouse, additive series experiment (target-neighbour) involving seedlings of A. mangium and those of a common native heath-forest (kerangas), Melastoma beccarianum Cogn. was carried out under low and high light regimes in intra-and interspecific combinations over a 6-month period. Significant variations in growth parameters (other than biomass allocation patterns) existed amongst seedlings from different treatments. A major part of this variation in growth could be attributed to the main factors of target species, neighbour species, and competition (seedling density). For the growth variables examined, the target-species response was not consistent across light regimes. Under high light conditions, Acacia was the better competitor; the Lotka-Volterra competition coefficient effect of Melastoma on Acacia was lower (a=0.30) than the effect of Acacia on Melastoma (b=0.54). However, the reverse occurred under low light conditions with Melastoma gaining the upper hand (a=1.45 and b=0.44). These results show that light (and hence disturbance) can strongly influence the pattern and intensity of both intra-and interspecific competition between invasive and local flora species. Relatively intact forest is unlikely to be invaded by Acacia trees (as they are poor competitors under this scenario). On the other hand, the Acacia trees can easily invade disturbed forests, especially those prone to recurring drought and fire, and over time convert the habitats to nearly monospecific stands, as is presently being observed in Brunei.

An in vitro propagation of a tropical leguminous tree, Acacia mangium, has been established. Induction of bud sprout was obtained from mature nodal explants of 10-years-old tree of Acacia mangium on Murashige and Skoog (MS) [10] basal medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1.0 mg/L), gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) 1.0 mg/L and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 0.05 mg/L. The rate of multiplication was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L BAP, 0.05 mg/L IAA and 100 mg/L adenine sulfate (Ads). The multiplication rate varied from 1 to 8 depending on the growth regulators used. Excised shoots were rooted on half-strength MS basal salts supplemented with 0.5 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 20 g/L (w/v) sucrose after 13-14 days of culture. The micropropagated plantlets have been acclimatized and successfully transferred to soil. The micropropagated plantlets appeared morphologically similar to the mother plant. No variation was detected among the micropropagated plants by the use of Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.

Imperata cylindrica ((L.) Beauv.) is a problem weed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a major impediment to reforestation efforts in Southeast Asia. When rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is planted in areas invaded with Imperata, this aggressive light-demanding weed very much delays the growth of young rubber trees through competition (Mulyoutami et al., this workshop) and may even threaten their survival through its combustibility in the dry season. As Imperata extends the unproductive period of the rubber plantation, its control is a major concern for the smallholder.

CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT SECONDARY FUNGI ISOLATED FROM HEART ROT Acacia mangium Willd.

Nine types of fungus were isolated from heart rot of Acacia mangium sampled from SAFODA, Kinarut, Sabah. These fungus were characterized according to macro~ and micro~scopic and coded as MSK-SP1, MSK-SP2,MSK-SP3,MSK-SP4,MSK-SP5,MSK-SP6,MSK-SP7,MSK-SP8,dan MSK-SP9. Fungi isolate MSK-SP1 was the fastest growth which is took only 6 days to grow, fungi isolate MSK-SP8 was the second fastest which is 10 days to fulfill the Petri dish, 11 days for fungi isolate MSK-SP2 and MSK-SP7, 12 days for fungi isolate MSK-SP6 and fungi isolate MSK-SP9, 14 days for fungi isolate MSK-SP3, and more than 14 days for fungi isolate MSK-SP4 and MSK-SP5. Macros~ and micro~scopic classification of those fungi shown that its respectively in the genera of Basipetospora (MSK-SP1 and MSK-SP8), Sclerotium (MSK-SP2), Oidiodendron (MSK-SP3 and MSK-SP5),Cephalosporium (MSK-SP6), Aspergillus (MSK-SP7), and Botryoderma (MSK-SP9). Only one fungi isolate cannot be determined which is MSK-SP4 due to blur image of conidia under all magnification of light microscope. ANOVA for those nine species shows they are different types of fungus (P=0.000). This research showed that habitation of more than one fungi species that interact with each other living as a community on the heart rot of Acacia mangium.

Incidence and spatial analysis of root rot of Acacia mangium in Indonesia. Root rot caused by Ganoderma spp. is a serious concern in commercial plantations of Acacia mangium in Indonesia. This study surveyed root rot incidence and spatial arrangement in commercial plantations and trials. In second rotation commercial plantations in Sumatra and Kalimantan, root rot incidence was recorded between 3 and 28% in trees aged from three to five years old. The compartments surveyed in Riau province and East Kalimantan had significantly higher root rot than South Sumatra. In a progeny trial of A. mangium in Java, root rot incidence was surveyed twice, when trees were eight and again at nine years old. Root rot incidence was about 7 and 13% respectively. Spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) revealed that infected trees were randomly distributed at the first time point but tended to become aggregated by the time of the second survey. This highlights the probability of vegetative spread of the fungus after initial introduction to the site. Assessment of root rot incidence on the basis of A. mangium provenance did not reveal any statistically significant differences.

Decades of deforestation and unsustainable land use have created large expanses of degraded lands across Central America. Reforestation may offer one means of mitigating these processes of degradation while sustaining resident human communities. However, a lack of information regarding tree species performance has been identified as an important limitation on the success and adoption of diversified reforestation strategies. We analyzed the initial growth of 22 native and 2 exotic tree species planted at three sites across a precipitation gradient in the Republic of Panama (1100-2200 mm year À1 ), and identify promising species for use in forest restoration, timber production and on-farm systems.

This manuscript focuses on the effects of above-ground earthworm casts on water runoff and soil erosion in steep-slope ecosystems in Northern Vietnam. We investigated the effects of Amynthas khami, an anecic species producing above-ground casts of prominent size, on water infiltration and soil detachment along a land-use intensification gradient: a cultivation of cassava (Mahinot esculenta; CAS), a plantation of Bracharia (Bracharia ruzziziensis; BRA), a fallow (FAL), a fallow after a forest of Eucalyptus sp. (EUC) and a plantation of trees (Acacia mangium and Venicia Montana; FOR). Two scales of studies were considered: (i) at the structure scale (cm2), a water runoff simulation was used to differentiate the effects of casts, free biogenic aggregates that previously belong to casts, and free physicogenic aggregates; (ii) at the station levels, 1-m2 plots were used to determine runoff and soil detachment rates during the rainy season in 2005.A. khami was sensitive to land-use management. Earthworm density was low in all the fields (0–1 ind m− 2). The highest densities were found in EUC and FOR and no individual was found in CAS. As a consequence, soil surface in EUC and FOR was covered with casts and free biogenic aggregates (approximately 22 and 8 kg m− 2, respectively). In FAL and BRA, casts covered the soil only sparsely with < 3 kg m− 2. In CAS, soil surface was characterized by free physicogenic aggregates that might be produced by human activity or endogeic earthworms through tillage (approximately 1 kg m− 2). Water runoff simulation clearly showed an enhancement of water infiltration with earthworm casting activity. Water runoff was more decreased with casts (R2 = 0.26) than free biogenic aggregates (R2 = 0.49). Conversely, physicogenic aggregates were not associated with higher water infiltration. Analyses of runoff and soil detachment rates during the rainy season underlined that the more land-use type have aggregates on soil surface and the less important is surface runoff (R2 = 0.922). Conversely, no relation occurred between aggregates and soil detachment rate. While above-ground casting activity decreased surface runoff, they were not involved in soil detachment, and therefore soil erosion.

This study is a comparison of the holorganic horizons (L and F) and hemiorganic horizons (A 11 and A 12 ) of 7-years-old stands of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium, in the region of the Tabuleiro Forest, in Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil. In the soil under A. mangium, the stocks of organic matter in the L and F horizons were higher, and the C/N ratio was lower, due to the high nitrogen content of the leaf material. The same was observed for the A horizon chemical properties: the C and nutrients concentrations of the soil fine fraction were higher under A. mangium. The comparison of the C and nutrient concentrations between the A 11 and A 12 horizons and between the aggregate fraction and fine fraction showed similar trends in both sites. In both plantations, the C and nutrient concentrations were higher in A 11 than in A 12 horizons, and the soil aggregate fraction had higher concentration of nutrients than the soil fine fraction. Nevertheless, the percentage of aggregates in the soil matrix was much higher in A. mangium than in E. grandis. These results show that in this superficially sandy soil (Argissolo Amarelo Distrófico -Ultisol), the organic matter is the most important way of keeping nutrients, and that the aggregate fraction can be the most effective way of avoiding nutrient loss to the deeper soil horizons. In this context, A. mangium provides better conditions for restoring the soil fertility and soil biodiversity, thus providing better sustainability of the cropping systems than E. grandis.