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Thomas Tomich

University of California, Davis, Agricultural Sustainability Institute, Faculty Member

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Professor Tomich has 25 years of leadership in sustainability science, integrated ecosystem assessment, and food policy. From rainforest conservation in the Amazon to economic development strategy in Tajikistan and his current role in food systems informatics, Tom brings global perspective and an innovative and pragmatic approach to sustainability. He serves as an advisor to governments, international organizations, and companies, notably 10 years as a policy advisor with the Harvard Institute for International Development. Raised on a small family farm in northern California, Tom received his BA from University of California, Davis, and his PhD in agricultural and food system economics from Stanford.

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Papers by Thomas Tomich

Land Use Practices in the Humid Tropics and Introduction to ASB Benchmark Areas

by Chimere Diaw and Thomas Tomich

Humanity stands at a defining moment in history. We are confronted with a perpetuation of dispari... more Humanity stands at a defining moment in history. We are confronted with a perpetuation of disparities between and within nations, a worsening of poverty, hunger, ill health and illiteracy, and the continuing deterioration of the ecosystems on which we depend for our well-being. However, integration of environment and development concerns and greater attention to them will lead to the fulfilment of basic needs, improved living standards for all, better protected and managed ecosystems and a safer, more prosperous future. No nation can achieve this on its own; but together we can-in a global partnership for sustainable development. Much of the international debate on natural resource management in the humid tropics revolves around forests, deforestation or forest conversion, the consequences it has and the way the process of change can be managed. These issues involve many actors and aspects, and thus can benefit from many disciplinary perspectives. Yet, no single discipline can provi...

Who Should Read This Journal?

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2013

The Annual Review of Environment and Resources provides authoritative, up-to-date reviews of key ... more The Annual Review of Environment and Resources provides authoritative, up-to-date reviews of key issues at the intersections of sustainability, science, technology, and policy. It is a useful resource for researchers and practitioners working on nature-society interactions who want and ought to know the current state of affairs on the topics reviewed. Each review offers critical synthesis of the 150 recent articles from dozens of high-impact journals that would need to be read to keep up to date. Reviews summarize what is known and unknown and identify emerging directions for future research as judged by authorities on that issue. These reviews are valuable for early career scholars in shaping their research trajectory by enabling them to learn new fields quickly and identify new areas for their research. Overall, this journal provides updates and the most recent perspectives on many of the same issues covered more generally in textbooks on environmental science and policy. In effect, the Annual Review of Environment and Resources is a rolling textbook or desk reference about environment, resources, and society for faculty and students. This journal also serves nonscientist readers professionally charged with making sense of changing environmental issues-for example, journalists, educators, legislative and agency staff, analysts in international organizations, and experts engaged in global assessments.

Chapter Four. Small Farms in a Broad-Based Agricultural Strategy

Land tenure and farm management efficiency: the case of paddy and cinnamon production in customary land areas of Sumatra

Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Sep 1, 2001

Agricultural Strategies and Agrarian Structure

Asian development review, 1985

As used here, low-income developing countries include countries classed as low-income and lower m... more

Chapter One. Poverty and the Rural Economy

Deregulating agroforestry timber to fight poverty and protect the environment

Modeling the Performance of Anaerobic Phased Solids Digester System for Biogas Energy Production

2009 Reno, Nevada, June 21 - June 24, 2009, 2009

A process model was developed to predict the mass and energy balance for a full-scale (115 t d À1... more A process model was developed to predict the mass and energy balance for a full-scale (115 t d À1) high-solids anaerobic digester using research data from lab and pilot scale (1e3000 kg d À1 wet waste) systems. Costs and revenues were estimated in consultation with industry partners and the 20-year project cash flow, net present worth (NPW), simple payback, internal rate of return, and revenue requirements were calculated. The NPW was used to compare scenarios in order to determine the financial viability of using a generator for heat and electricity or a pressure swing adsorption unit for converting biogas to compressed natural gas (CNG). The full-scale digester consisted of five 786 m 3 reactors (one biogasification reactor and four hydrolysis reactors) treating a 50:50 mix (volatile solids basis) of food and green waste, of which 17% became biogas, 32% residual solids, and 51% wastewater. The NPW of the projects were similar whether producing electricity or CNG, as long as the parasitic energy demand was satisfied with the biogas produced. When producing electricity only, the power output was 1.2 MW, 7% of which was consumed parasitically. When producing CNG, the system produced 2 hm 3 y À1 natural gas after converting 22% of the biogas to heat and electricity which supplied the parasitic energy demand. The digester system was financially viable whether producing electricity or CNG for discount rates of up to 13% y À1 without considering debt (all capital was considered equity), heat sales, feed-in tariffs or tax credits.

Agri-food systems in international research for development: Ten theses regarding impact pathways, partnerships, program design, and priority-setting for rural prosperity

Agricultural Systems, Jun 1, 2019

Drawn from numerous sources, including papers in this special issue, this concluding paper synthe... more Drawn from numerous sources, including papers in this special issue, this concluding paper synthesizes evidence on the relationship between agricultural research for development and poverty reduction, with particular emphasis on agri-food systems perspectives in shaping programs aimed at rural prosperity. Following our introduction in section 1, we revisit the ex ante set of 18 pathways in section 2 (which were laid out in our introductory paper for this SI), posing some critical questions: Can a manageable set of impact pathways be identified? How are they inter-related? Rather than independent linear pathways, is it better (both conceptually and for clarity of communication) to represent these as impact networks rather than linear pathways? These insights lead to very different and more inclusive partnerships and contain their own implications for program design in section 3. The challenges facing the world today are complex, and no single organization or sector can hope to effectively confront these issues alone. Not only is partnership increasingly seen as a multi-stakeholder phenomenon rather than a bilateral one, but there also is a discernible move towards a network framing (e.g., as "innovation systems" or "boundary spanning"). This change is driven by the progressive inclusion of agricultural research goals as part of the wider development agenda, where complexity and systemic change are central. In turn, this requires more appropriate strategies for knowledge creation, innovation, and partnership. Section 4 presents implications for program design and priority-setting that follow from foregoing insights on the interplay of pathways and partnerships.

Food and agricultural innovation pathways for prosperity

Agricultural Systems, Jun 1, 2019

This introduction to the special issue deploys a framework, inspired by realist synthesis and int... more This introduction to the special issue deploys a framework, inspired by realist synthesis and introduced in Section 1, that aims to untangle the contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes associated with investments that link poverty reduction and rural prosperity within a broad agri-food systems perspective. Section 2 considers changes in contexts: Where are agricultural research investments most likely to be an engine of poverty reduction? Over the past 25 years, there have been profound changes in the development context of most countries, necessitating an update on strategic insights for research investment priorities relevant for the economic, political, social, environmental, and structural realities of the early 21st Century. Section 2 briefly surveys changes in these structural aspects of poverty and development processes in low-income countries, with particular attention to new drivers (e.g., urbanization, climate change) that will be of increasing salience in the coming decades. In Section 3, we turn to mechanisms: What are the plausible impact pathways and what evidence exists to test their plausibility? Poor farmers in the developing world are often the stated focus of public sector agricultural research. However, farmers are not the only potential beneficiaries of agricultural research; rural landless laborers, stakeholders along food value chains, and the urban poor can also be major beneficiaries of such research. Thus, there are multiple, interacting pathways through which agricultural research can contribute to reductions in poverty and associated livelihood vulnerabilities. This paper introduces an ex ante set of 18 plausible impact pathways from agricultural research to rural prosperity outcomes, employing bibliometric methods to assess the evidence underpinning causal links. In Section 4, we revisit the concept of desired impacts: When we seek poverty reduction, what does that mean and what measures are needed to demonstrate impact? The papers in this special issue are intended to yield insights to inform improvements in agricultural research that seeks to reduce poverty. History indicates that equity of distribution of gains matters hugely, and thus the questions of "who wins?" and "who loses?" must be addressed. Moreover, our understanding(s) of "poverty" and the intended outcomes of development investments have become much richer over the past 25 years, incorporating more nuance regarding gender, community differences, and fundamental reconsideration of the meaning of poverty and prosperity that are not captured by simple head count income or even living standard measures. remains to be done in terms of international efforts to reach the target for 2030 as articulated under Sustainable Development Goal 1 (SDG 1), i.e. eradicate extreme poverty. Poverty is a multidimensional concept and poverty reduction is achieved through many routes (Alkire and Foster, 2011). No countryputting aside city stateshas achieved prosperity without growth in productivity in multiple sectors (agriculture, industry, services) and for

Sustaining agricultural development in harsh environments: Insights from private land reclamation in Egypt

World Development, Feb 1, 1992

Egyptian farm families encounter harsh conditions when they attempt to reclaim farm land from ope... more Egyptian farm families encounter harsh conditions when they attempt to reclaim farm land from open space at the fringes of the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta. This article first discusses what settlers have done and how, then turns to the broader significance of their search for sustainable techniques. These examples from the extreme circumstances of private land reclamation illustrate that both the potential complementarities between farmers' initiatives and scientific research and the problems of organizing effective interaction between farmers and scientists are amplified in heterogeneous, harsh agricultural environments.

Nitrogen fertilizer use in California: Assessing the data, trends and a way forward

California Agriculture, 2013

Nitrogen fertilizer is an indispensable input to modern agriculture, but it also has been linked ... more Nitrogen fertilizer is an indispensable input to modern agriculture, but it also has been linked to environmental degradation and human health concerns. Recognition of these trade-offs has spurred debate over its use. However, data limitations and misinformation often constrain discussion, cooperative action and the development of solutions. To help inform the dialogue, we (1) evaluate existing data on nitrogen use, (2) estimate typical nitrogen fertilization rates for common crops, (3) analyze historical trends in nitrogen use, (4) compare typical nitrogen use to research-established guidelines and (5) identify cropping systems that have significant influence on the state's nitrogen cycle. We conclude that a comprehensive grower self-monitoring system for nitrogen applications is required to improve nitrogen-use information and to better support evidence-based decision making. The discussion here presents a primer on the debate over nitrogen fertilizer use in California agriculture.

Indonesian Agricultural Development: The Awkward Case of Smallholder Tree Crops<sup>1</sup>

Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Dec 1, 1991

The problems of transforming smallholder tree crops from traditional low-yielding to modern high-... more The problems of transforming smallholder tree crops from traditional low-yielding to modern high-yielding technology are examined, using a meta production function approach to analyse the changes. The role of government in transformation is considered, and various ‘individual’ and ‘black’ improvement schemes implemented since the 1950s are analysed. Many of these schemes have not teen successful owing to poor planning and inadequate managerial and financial support, and their coverage has been small in relation to the huge areas needing improvement. The paper suggests a more modest ‘dispasal’ approach to transformation, concerned with setting up nurseries to provide better quality planting material and advice to individual fanners. But even this revised approach should be carefully planned and executed light of previous mistakes if it is to have widespread impact. The authors wish to thank the Director of the Center for Policy and Implementation Studies, Jakarta, for providing some of the facilities which enabled this paper to be written. They also acknowledge the help and advice of Chris Bennett, Sulton Mawardi, Nawir Messi, Lekir Amir Daud, and anonymous referees. An earlier version of the paper was presented at the Conference on Indonesia's New Order at the Australian National University, Canberra, in December 1989.

Transforming Agrarian Economies

Evolution of land tenure institutions and development of agroforestry: evidence from customary land areas of Sumatra

Agricultural Economics, Jun 1, 2000

It is widely believed that land tenure insecurity under a customary tenure system leads to a soci... more It is widely believed that land tenure insecurity under a customary tenure system leads to a socially inefficient resource allocation. This article demonstrates that the practice of granting secure individual ownership to tree planters spurs earlier tree planting, which is inefficient from the private point of view but could be efficient from the viewpoint of the global environment. Regression analysis, based on primary data collected in Sumatra, indicates that an expected increase in tenure security in fact led to early tree planting. It is also found that customary land tenure institutions have been evolving towards greater tenure security responding to increasing scarcity of land.

Survey of Recent Developments1

Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Dec 1, 1992

This Survey is based on interviews conducted in Indonesia during July and August and on press rep... more This Survey is based on interviews conducted in Indonesia during July and August and on press reports through to October. The author wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the staff of Bappenas, BPS, Bulog and the Department of Agriculture, and insights and comments received from colleagues in Indonesia, Australia and the US. The Survey also draws on recent studies

Chapter Three. Japan, the United States, and Structural Transformation

Chapter Two. Structural Transformation

Who Should Read This Journal?

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Nov 4, 2015

Grain in Indonesia

The Economics Division acknowledges the contribution made by the Australian International Develop... more

Land Use Practices in the Humid Tropics and Introduction to ASB Benchmark Areas

by Chimere Diaw and Thomas Tomich

Humanity stands at a defining moment in history. We are confronted with a perpetuation of dispari... more Humanity stands at a defining moment in history. We are confronted with a perpetuation of disparities between and within nations, a worsening of poverty, hunger, ill health and illiteracy, and the continuing deterioration of the ecosystems on which we depend for our well-being. However, integration of environment and development concerns and greater attention to them will lead to the fulfilment of basic needs, improved living standards for all, better protected and managed ecosystems and a safer, more prosperous future. No nation can achieve this on its own; but together we can-in a global partnership for sustainable development. Much of the international debate on natural resource management in the humid tropics revolves around forests, deforestation or forest conversion, the consequences it has and the way the process of change can be managed. These issues involve many actors and aspects, and thus can benefit from many disciplinary perspectives. Yet, no single discipline can provi...

Who Should Read This Journal?

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2013

The Annual Review of Environment and Resources provides authoritative, up-to-date reviews of key ... more The Annual Review of Environment and Resources provides authoritative, up-to-date reviews of key issues at the intersections of sustainability, science, technology, and policy. It is a useful resource for researchers and practitioners working on nature-society interactions who want and ought to know the current state of affairs on the topics reviewed. Each review offers critical synthesis of the 150 recent articles from dozens of high-impact journals that would need to be read to keep up to date. Reviews summarize what is known and unknown and identify emerging directions for future research as judged by authorities on that issue. These reviews are valuable for early career scholars in shaping their research trajectory by enabling them to learn new fields quickly and identify new areas for their research. Overall, this journal provides updates and the most recent perspectives on many of the same issues covered more generally in textbooks on environmental science and policy. In effect, the Annual Review of Environment and Resources is a rolling textbook or desk reference about environment, resources, and society for faculty and students. This journal also serves nonscientist readers professionally charged with making sense of changing environmental issues-for example, journalists, educators, legislative and agency staff, analysts in international organizations, and experts engaged in global assessments.

Chapter Four. Small Farms in a Broad-Based Agricultural Strategy

Land tenure and farm management efficiency: the case of paddy and cinnamon production in customary land areas of Sumatra

Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Sep 1, 2001

Agricultural Strategies and Agrarian Structure

Asian development review, 1985

As used here, low-income developing countries include countries classed as low-income and lower m... more

Chapter One. Poverty and the Rural Economy

Deregulating agroforestry timber to fight poverty and protect the environment

Modeling the Performance of Anaerobic Phased Solids Digester System for Biogas Energy Production

2009 Reno, Nevada, June 21 - June 24, 2009, 2009

A process model was developed to predict the mass and energy balance for a full-scale (115 t d À1... more A process model was developed to predict the mass and energy balance for a full-scale (115 t d À1) high-solids anaerobic digester using research data from lab and pilot scale (1e3000 kg d À1 wet waste) systems. Costs and revenues were estimated in consultation with industry partners and the 20-year project cash flow, net present worth (NPW), simple payback, internal rate of return, and revenue requirements were calculated. The NPW was used to compare scenarios in order to determine the financial viability of using a generator for heat and electricity or a pressure swing adsorption unit for converting biogas to compressed natural gas (CNG). The full-scale digester consisted of five 786 m 3 reactors (one biogasification reactor and four hydrolysis reactors) treating a 50:50 mix (volatile solids basis) of food and green waste, of which 17% became biogas, 32% residual solids, and 51% wastewater. The NPW of the projects were similar whether producing electricity or CNG, as long as the parasitic energy demand was satisfied with the biogas produced. When producing electricity only, the power output was 1.2 MW, 7% of which was consumed parasitically. When producing CNG, the system produced 2 hm 3 y À1 natural gas after converting 22% of the biogas to heat and electricity which supplied the parasitic energy demand. The digester system was financially viable whether producing electricity or CNG for discount rates of up to 13% y À1 without considering debt (all capital was considered equity), heat sales, feed-in tariffs or tax credits.

Agri-food systems in international research for development: Ten theses regarding impact pathways, partnerships, program design, and priority-setting for rural prosperity

Agricultural Systems, Jun 1, 2019

Drawn from numerous sources, including papers in this special issue, this concluding paper synthe... more Drawn from numerous sources, including papers in this special issue, this concluding paper synthesizes evidence on the relationship between agricultural research for development and poverty reduction, with particular emphasis on agri-food systems perspectives in shaping programs aimed at rural prosperity. Following our introduction in section 1, we revisit the ex ante set of 18 pathways in section 2 (which were laid out in our introductory paper for this SI), posing some critical questions: Can a manageable set of impact pathways be identified? How are they inter-related? Rather than independent linear pathways, is it better (both conceptually and for clarity of communication) to represent these as impact networks rather than linear pathways? These insights lead to very different and more inclusive partnerships and contain their own implications for program design in section 3. The challenges facing the world today are complex, and no single organization or sector can hope to effectively confront these issues alone. Not only is partnership increasingly seen as a multi-stakeholder phenomenon rather than a bilateral one, but there also is a discernible move towards a network framing (e.g., as "innovation systems" or "boundary spanning"). This change is driven by the progressive inclusion of agricultural research goals as part of the wider development agenda, where complexity and systemic change are central. In turn, this requires more appropriate strategies for knowledge creation, innovation, and partnership. Section 4 presents implications for program design and priority-setting that follow from foregoing insights on the interplay of pathways and partnerships.

Food and agricultural innovation pathways for prosperity

Agricultural Systems, Jun 1, 2019

This introduction to the special issue deploys a framework, inspired by realist synthesis and int... more This introduction to the special issue deploys a framework, inspired by realist synthesis and introduced in Section 1, that aims to untangle the contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes associated with investments that link poverty reduction and rural prosperity within a broad agri-food systems perspective. Section 2 considers changes in contexts: Where are agricultural research investments most likely to be an engine of poverty reduction? Over the past 25 years, there have been profound changes in the development context of most countries, necessitating an update on strategic insights for research investment priorities relevant for the economic, political, social, environmental, and structural realities of the early 21st Century. Section 2 briefly surveys changes in these structural aspects of poverty and development processes in low-income countries, with particular attention to new drivers (e.g., urbanization, climate change) that will be of increasing salience in the coming decades. In Section 3, we turn to mechanisms: What are the plausible impact pathways and what evidence exists to test their plausibility? Poor farmers in the developing world are often the stated focus of public sector agricultural research. However, farmers are not the only potential beneficiaries of agricultural research; rural landless laborers, stakeholders along food value chains, and the urban poor can also be major beneficiaries of such research. Thus, there are multiple, interacting pathways through which agricultural research can contribute to reductions in poverty and associated livelihood vulnerabilities. This paper introduces an ex ante set of 18 plausible impact pathways from agricultural research to rural prosperity outcomes, employing bibliometric methods to assess the evidence underpinning causal links. In Section 4, we revisit the concept of desired impacts: When we seek poverty reduction, what does that mean and what measures are needed to demonstrate impact? The papers in this special issue are intended to yield insights to inform improvements in agricultural research that seeks to reduce poverty. History indicates that equity of distribution of gains matters hugely, and thus the questions of "who wins?" and "who loses?" must be addressed. Moreover, our understanding(s) of "poverty" and the intended outcomes of development investments have become much richer over the past 25 years, incorporating more nuance regarding gender, community differences, and fundamental reconsideration of the meaning of poverty and prosperity that are not captured by simple head count income or even living standard measures. remains to be done in terms of international efforts to reach the target for 2030 as articulated under Sustainable Development Goal 1 (SDG 1), i.e. eradicate extreme poverty. Poverty is a multidimensional concept and poverty reduction is achieved through many routes (Alkire and Foster, 2011). No countryputting aside city stateshas achieved prosperity without growth in productivity in multiple sectors (agriculture, industry, services) and for

Sustaining agricultural development in harsh environments: Insights from private land reclamation in Egypt

World Development, Feb 1, 1992

Egyptian farm families encounter harsh conditions when they attempt to reclaim farm land from ope... more Egyptian farm families encounter harsh conditions when they attempt to reclaim farm land from open space at the fringes of the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta. This article first discusses what settlers have done and how, then turns to the broader significance of their search for sustainable techniques. These examples from the extreme circumstances of private land reclamation illustrate that both the potential complementarities between farmers' initiatives and scientific research and the problems of organizing effective interaction between farmers and scientists are amplified in heterogeneous, harsh agricultural environments.

Nitrogen fertilizer use in California: Assessing the data, trends and a way forward

California Agriculture, 2013

Nitrogen fertilizer is an indispensable input to modern agriculture, but it also has been linked ... more Nitrogen fertilizer is an indispensable input to modern agriculture, but it also has been linked to environmental degradation and human health concerns. Recognition of these trade-offs has spurred debate over its use. However, data limitations and misinformation often constrain discussion, cooperative action and the development of solutions. To help inform the dialogue, we (1) evaluate existing data on nitrogen use, (2) estimate typical nitrogen fertilization rates for common crops, (3) analyze historical trends in nitrogen use, (4) compare typical nitrogen use to research-established guidelines and (5) identify cropping systems that have significant influence on the state's nitrogen cycle. We conclude that a comprehensive grower self-monitoring system for nitrogen applications is required to improve nitrogen-use information and to better support evidence-based decision making. The discussion here presents a primer on the debate over nitrogen fertilizer use in California agriculture.

Indonesian Agricultural Development: The Awkward Case of Smallholder Tree Crops<sup>1</sup>

Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Dec 1, 1991

The problems of transforming smallholder tree crops from traditional low-yielding to modern high-... more The problems of transforming smallholder tree crops from traditional low-yielding to modern high-yielding technology are examined, using a meta production function approach to analyse the changes. The role of government in transformation is considered, and various ‘individual’ and ‘black’ improvement schemes implemented since the 1950s are analysed. Many of these schemes have not teen successful owing to poor planning and inadequate managerial and financial support, and their coverage has been small in relation to the huge areas needing improvement. The paper suggests a more modest ‘dispasal’ approach to transformation, concerned with setting up nurseries to provide better quality planting material and advice to individual fanners. But even this revised approach should be carefully planned and executed light of previous mistakes if it is to have widespread impact. The authors wish to thank the Director of the Center for Policy and Implementation Studies, Jakarta, for providing some of the facilities which enabled this paper to be written. They also acknowledge the help and advice of Chris Bennett, Sulton Mawardi, Nawir Messi, Lekir Amir Daud, and anonymous referees. An earlier version of the paper was presented at the Conference on Indonesia's New Order at the Australian National University, Canberra, in December 1989.

Transforming Agrarian Economies

Evolution of land tenure institutions and development of agroforestry: evidence from customary land areas of Sumatra

Agricultural Economics, Jun 1, 2000

It is widely believed that land tenure insecurity under a customary tenure system leads to a soci... more It is widely believed that land tenure insecurity under a customary tenure system leads to a socially inefficient resource allocation. This article demonstrates that the practice of granting secure individual ownership to tree planters spurs earlier tree planting, which is inefficient from the private point of view but could be efficient from the viewpoint of the global environment. Regression analysis, based on primary data collected in Sumatra, indicates that an expected increase in tenure security in fact led to early tree planting. It is also found that customary land tenure institutions have been evolving towards greater tenure security responding to increasing scarcity of land.

Survey of Recent Developments1

Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Dec 1, 1992

This Survey is based on interviews conducted in Indonesia during July and August and on press rep... more This Survey is based on interviews conducted in Indonesia during July and August and on press reports through to October. The author wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the staff of Bappenas, BPS, Bulog and the Department of Agriculture, and insights and comments received from colleagues in Indonesia, Australia and the US. The Survey also draws on recent studies

Chapter Three. Japan, the United States, and Structural Transformation

Chapter Two. Structural Transformation

Who Should Read This Journal?

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Nov 4, 2015

Grain in Indonesia

The Economics Division acknowledges the contribution made by the Australian International Develop... more