General Biology 1: Ms. Almira B. Gacutan

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
MS. ALMIRA B. GACUTAN

CELL CYCLE, GROWTH AND DIVISION
• The entire cycle is divided

into two main stages
1. Interphase
2. M-phase where M stands
either mitosis or meiosis
1. Interphase (90%)
Three stages:
G1 phase,
S phase,
G2 phase
G1 (Growth 1) Phase
• The cell at this stage is still young and it
undergoes rapid growth.
• Organelles are formed.
• Proteins are produced.
• The longest phase in most cells.
• Cells that are not dividing (muscle and nerve
cells) remain at this stage throughout their
life cycle.
S (Synthesis) Phase
• The DNA, the main composition of the chromosomes inside the
nucleus of the cell, doubles at this stage by a process called
replication.
• At the end of this stage, each chromosome is made up of two sister
chromatids attached at the centromere.
G2 (Growth 2) Phase
• Preparations for cell division
• Assembly of proteins, such as
microtubules, hollow protein fibers that
cause the chromosomes to move during
cell division.
2. Mitosis
Four stages:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Mitosis
• Is a type of cell division in which the nucleus of the cell divides into two nuclei
with identical genetic material.
• The resulting daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes similar to the
parent cell.
• It occurs only in eukaryotes.
• It is used by multicellular organisms for growth and development, repair tissues,
and in asexual reproduction.
• Mitosis is a continuous process but it is traditionally divided into four stages.
Mitosis – Prophase
• The long and thread-like chromatids during the
interphase start to coil at this stage and become
visible under the compound microscope as
individual chromosomes.
• The membrane of the nucleus (nuclear
membrane) dissolves and the spindle fibers are
formed.
• Centrioles migrate at opposite poles of the cell.
Mitosis – Metaphase
• Chromosomes move and align themselves at
the center of the cell called metaphase plate.
• Spindle fibers connect each chromosome on
its centromere to the centrioles located at
opposite poles.
•
Mitosis – Anaphase
• The sister chromatids of each chromosome
divide and move toward opposite poles due
to the shortening of the spindle fibers.
Mitosis – Telophase
• The chromatids (now called chromosomes)
are located on opposite poles.
• Nuclear membrane forms around the
chromosomes which start to uncoil.
• The spindle fibers dissolve and disappear.
Mitosis
• After the division of the nucleus (karyokinesis), the cytoplasm will start
to divide by cytokinesis.
• Cytokinesis in animal cells and other cells that lack cell walls starts at the
exterior of the cell moving inwards until the cell is divided into cells.
• This process is called cleavage furrow formation.
• In plant cells and other cells with cell wall, cytokinesis starts at the
middle of the cell and moves outward by process called cell
plateformation.
Meiosis
• is a type of cell division used by multicellular organisms in the formation
of reproductive cells (gametes), such as sperm cells, egg cells, or spores.
• is similar to mitosis in several ways. One meiotic process is also divided
into the same basic steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Like mitosis, karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis. However, meiosis
is different in mitosis in some very important ways.
Meiosis
• Meiosis results in the production of daughter cells in containing half the
number of chromosomes of the parent cell. The resulting daughter cell
with half the number of chromosomes is called a haploid cell.
• The daughter cells that are produced after meiosis are not alike because
of the manner the chromosomes divide.
• There are four daughter cells produced after one meiotic process because
the cell divides twice in meiosis.
Meiosis
Two successive cell division stages:
1. Reductional Division
2. Equational Division
Meiosis
Two successive cell division stages:
1. Reductional Division
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Meiosis I – Reductional Division

– Prophase I
• Chromosomes start to coil and shorten.
• The nuclear envelop disintegrates.
• Homologous chromosomes pair by a
process called synapsis.
• Exchange of genetic material (crossing-
over) may occur between homologous

– Metaphase I
• The paired homologous chromosomes
align at the metaphase plate.
• The chromosomes in pair are attached to
spindle fibers.
.
Meiosis I – Reductional Division –

Anaphase I
• Homologous chromosomes separate.
• The chromosomes move toward opposite
poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.

– Telophase I
• Chromosomes reach opposite poles.
• In most organisms, the nuclear membrane
forms. This is followed by cytokinesis.
Meiosis II – Equational Division

– Prophase II
• The nuclear membrane disintegrates.
• New spindle fibers are formed around the
chromosomes.

– Metaphase II
• The chromosomes align at the metaphase
plate and are attached to their centromeres
to the spindle fibers.

– Anaphase II
• Each chromosome is divided into two sister
chromatids.
• The chromatids (now called chromosomes)
move to opposite poles.

– Telophase II
• Nuclear membrane is formed around each
set of chromosomes.
• Spindle fibers disintegrate.
• The cell undergoes cytokinesis.
Meiosis Importance
• Gamete formation in males is called spermatogenesis. The gametes
produced are sperm cells
• Gamete formation in female is called oogenesis. The gametes produced
are egg cells.
*The sperm cells and egg cells produced after gametogenesis are
haploid cells.
*The process of meiosis is an important event because it produces
genetic variations among sexually reproducing organisms.
Meiosis Importance
• Genetic variations – Are the reasons why no two individuals are
identical. Because of these genetic variations in every individual is
unique when compared to others.
•

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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

MS. ALMIRA B. GACUTAN

• The entire cycle is divided

Meiosis I – Reductional Division

Meiosis I – Reductional Division

Meiosis I – Reductional Division –

Meiosis I – Reductional Division

Meiosis II – Equational Division

Meiosis II – Equational Division

Meiosis II – Equational Division

Meiosis II – Equational Division

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