Mitosis and Cytokinesis

The Cell Cycle

Portia A. Egken, Ed.D

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing

and dividing referred to as the cell cycle

• The cell cycle is a repeated pattern of

growth and division that occurs in
eukaryotic cells.
• This cycle consists of three phases: G1,
S, G2
• The cell cycle is composed of three main
stages: Interphase, mitosis, and
cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• INTERPHASE
- is the longest phase in the cell
cycle
- In a 24-hour cycle, a cell only
spends about one hour in mitosis
and cytokinesis and the rest is
spent in interphase.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• MITOSIS
- the division of the nucleus, after
the completion of interphase
- it is result in cytokinesis, which
occurs when the cytoplasm from
the original cell divides and forms
two new cells.
REGULATING
Mitosis THE
and Cytokinesis CELL CYCLE
- Not all cell move through the cell
cycle at the same rate.
- Ex. Muscle cell and nerve cells do
not divide at all once they have
developed.
- skin and cell in the bone marrow
grow and divide rapidly.
THE DISCOVERY
Mitosis and Cytokinesis OF CYCLINS

- In 1980, biologists were able to

explain from studies on sea
urchins the protein in cells that are
responsible for regulating the cell
cycle.
- They named this protein cyclin.
 REGULATORY
Mitosis and CytokinesisPROTEINS

• Internal regulators – are proteins

found inside the cell.
• It includes the proteins that make sure
that mitosis does not occur unless the
chromosomes have replicated.
• Another example, is protein that
prevents the cells from entering
anaphase unless spindle fibers have
already attached to the chromosomes
 REGULATORY
Mitosis and CytokinesisPROTEINS

• External regulators – are proteins that

respond to events outside the cell.
• Ex. Growth factor that stimulates the
growth and division of the cell.
- play important role in healing wounds
and in embryonic development
 DISEASE
Mitosis ASSOCIATED
WITH THE
and Cytokinesis

CELL CYCLE MECHANISM

• Cell growth should be regulated very
carefully, because unregulated cell
growth may lead to the proliferation of
cancer.
• There lose of integrity in the cell
processes and cells may even “forget”
to die.
 DISEASE
Mitosis ASSOCIATED
WITH THE
and Cytokinesis

CELL CYCLE MECHANISM

• Cancer cells are basic cells that just
keep on dividing.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

-Large cytoplasm -Small cytoplasm
-Multiple nucleus
-Single nucleus
-Multiple and Large
-Single nucleolus nucleoli
-Fine chromatin -Coarse chromatin
 DISEASE
Mitosis ASSOCIATED
WITH THE
and Cytokinesis

CELL CYCLE MECHANISM

 DISEASE
Mitosis ASSOCIATED
WITH THE
and Cytokinesis

CELL CYCLE MECHANISM

 DISEASE
Mitosis ASSOCIATED
WITH THE
and Cytokinesis

CELL CYCLE MECHANISM

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• When cancer cells invade nearby

normal tissues, or spread through the
walls of lymph vessels, they begin to
infect other healthy cells
• Metastasis – the process by which
cancer cells spread from where they
originated
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Cardiovascular disease
– are another group of diseases associated
with the cell cycle mechanism.
- Most cardiovascular diseases arise from
complications of atherosclerosis, a chronic
and progressive inflammatory condition in
which the artery wall thickens as a result of
the accumulation of WBCs
- vascular diseases include myocardial
infarction and stroke.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

KEY CONCEPT
Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction,
and normal functions.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

The cell cycle is

characterized by
three major
stages, namely
interphase,
mitotic phase or
mitosis and
cytokinesis or
cell division.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• The main stages of the cell cycle are gap 1, synthesis, gap
2, and mitosis.
– Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and
normal functions
– DNA synthesis (S): copies
DNA
– Gap 2 (G2): additional
growth (chromatids become
replicated chromosomes)
– Mitosis (M): includes
division of the cell nucleus
(mitosis) and division of the
cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
• Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough and the DNA
undamaged.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

1. GAP 1 (G1) Stage

•The cell increases in mass and or size and
organelles increase in number in preparation for cell
division
•The longest stage in interphase.
•The length of G1 is responsible for the difference
between fast-dividing cells and slow-dividing cells.
•Can be slowed by reducing the nutrients available
•Depletion in nutrients can virtually stop growing.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

2. Synthesis (S) Stage

•This is the time when DNA is
synthesized.
•Begin with the replication of cellular
DNA.
•Replicated DNA will move to G2 stage
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

2. Gap (G2) Stage

•Comes after DNA synthesis.

•The cell synthesizes proteins
e.g. histones and continue to
increase in size
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis.

• DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it.
• Ina typical human cell, there is about 6.5 feet of DNA!

DNA double DNA and Chromatin Supercoiled

helix histones DNA
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

2. Gap (G2) Stage

•The proteins necessary for cell division,
such as kinase and histones are
synthesized including the microtubules
that will comprise the spindle fibers.
•The chromosome start to condense and
become visible, and the cell enters
prophase.
2. Gap (G2) Stage
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
CELLand
Mitosis DIVISION
Cytokinesis

- Consist of two phases, nuclear division

and cytokinesis
- During nuclear division, the genetic
material in the nucleus is divided.
- Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm is
divided.
CELLand
Mitosis DIVISION
Cytokinesis

- TWO KINDS OF NUCLEAR DIVISION

A. MITOSIS
- nucleus is divided so that the both
daughter cells are genetically identical.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Mitosis
•The purpose of mitosis is cell division: making two
cells out of one.
• Each cell has to have its own cytoplasm and DNA.
•The DNA is replicated in interphase when two
chromosome strands became four strands (two strands
per chromatid).
•In mitosis the four strands (two sister chromatid)
have to break apart so that each new cell only has one
double-stranded chromosome.
•Two sister chromatids together make a chromosome
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis
•Also means of asexual reproduction in
some organisms. e.g. protozoans and
algae
•Wounds heal and cells and tissue that
are continuously shed off skin are
replaced
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Prophase is characterized by four events:

1. Chromosomes condense and are more

visible.
2. The nuclear membrane (envelope)
disentegrate
3. Centrioles have separated and taken
positions on the opposite poles of the cell.
4. Spindle fibers form and radiate toward the
center of the cell.
Mitosis
Prophaseand is
Cytokinesis
characterized by four events:

5. The nucleolus disappears

6. Chromatin fibers coiled into chromosomes
Early mitotic spindle

Pair of centrioles

centromere

chromatids

chromosomes
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• DNA plus proteins is called chromatin.

telomere
chromatid
• One half of a duplicated
chromosome is a
chromatid.
centromere
• Sister chromatids are
held together at the
centromere.
• Telomeres protect DNA
and do not include genes.
telomere

Condensed, duplicated chromosome

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.

– During prophase, chromosomes condense and
spindle fibers form.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Metaphase (the shortest phase of mitosis)

is characterized by two events:

1. Spindle fibers are fully developed.

2. Chromosomes line up across the
middle of the cell (equatorial plate)
3. Spindle fibers connect the centromere
of each sister chromatid to the poles of
the cell.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
– Chromosomes start to move randomly until
they attach to the polar fibers from both sides
of their chromosomes
– Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Anaphase is characterized by three events:

1. Centromeres that join the sister chromatids split.

2. Sister chromatids separate becoming individual
chromosomes.
3. Separated chromatids move to opposite poles of
the cell.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.

– During anaphase, sister chromatids separate to
opposite sides of the cell.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Telophase (the last phase of mitosis) consists of four

events:

1. Chromosomes (each consisting of a single

chromatid) uncoil.
2. A nuclear envelope forms around the
chromosomes at each pole of the cell.
3. Spindle fibers break down and dissolve.
4. Cytokinesis begins.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.

– During telophase, the new nuclei form and
chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

•Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm into two

individual cells.
•The process of cytokinesis differs somewhat in plant
and animal cells.
•In animal cells the cell membrane forms a cleavage
furrow that eventually pinches the cell into two nearly
equal parts, each part containing its own nucleus and
cytoplasmic organelles.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Animal Cell Telophase/Cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.

– In animal cells, the
membrane pinches
closed.
– In plant cells, a
cell plate forms.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical

daughter cells.
Parent cell

• Interphase prepares
the cell to divide. centrioles

• During interphase,
the DNA is
duplicated.

spindle fibers

centrosome

nucleus with
DNA
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Plant Cell Telophase/Cytokinesis
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cells divide at different rates.

• The rate of cell division varies with the need for those
types of cells.

• Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Diploid
• Autosomal cells – body cells or any non- sex cell.

• A cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes.

-The number is represented as 2n (n= number of
chromosomes)

Humans have 2 sets of 23 chromosomes for a total of 46

chromosomes. 2n or 2(23)=46
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Somatic Cells
• In any given somatic cell there are 22 pairs of regular
chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Karyotype – the number and appearance of
chromosomes
• What do you notice
about the…
– Size
– Centromere
– Telomere
– Sex
– Number

Homologous pair:
Why are there 2 of
each
chromosome?
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Homologous chromosomes are two chromosomes that

are the same. This happens because diploid organisms
have two of each chromosome. Each of the pairs is a
homologous pair. One of the homologous chromosomes
was inherited from the individual's mother and the other
one was inherited from the individual's father. For
example, the two chromosomes #1 are homologous.
However, a chromosome #1 and a chromosome #2 are
not homologous because they are different
chromosomes.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis