Properties of Gases Gas Pressure

Gases
Properties of Gases
Gas Pressure
Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Kinetic Theory of Gases
A gas consists of small particles that

• move rapidly in straight lines.
• have essentially no attractive (or
repulsive) forces.
• are very far apart.
• have very small volumes
compared to the volume of the
container they occupy.
• have kinetic energies that increase
with an increase in temperature.
Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education,
Inc.
2
Properties That Describe a Gas
Gases are described in terms of four properties:

pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and
amount (n).
3
Gas Pressure
Gas pressure
• is a force acting on a specific area.
Pressure (P) = force
area
• has units of atm, mmHg, torr, lb/in.2, and kilopascals(kPa).
1 atm = 760 mm Hg (exact)

1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 14.7 lb/in.2
1 atm = 101 325 Pa
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
4
Learning Check
A. What is 475 mmHg expressed in atm?

1) 475 atm
2) 0.625 atm
3) 3.61 x 105 atm
B. The pressure in a tire is 2.00 atm. What is this

pressure in mmHg?
1) 2.00 mmHg
2) 1520 mmHg
3) 22 300 mmHg
5
Solution
A. What is 475 mmHg expressed in atm?

2) 0.625 atm
475 mmHg x 1 atm = 0.625 atm
760 mmHg
B. The pressure in a tire is 2.00 atm. What is this pressure

in mmHg?
2) 1520 mmHg
2.00 atm x 760 mmHg = 1520 mmHg
1 atm
6
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure
is the pressure exerted by
a column of air from the
top of the atmosphere to
the surface of the Earth.
7
Altitude and Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure
• is about 1 atmosphere at
sea level.
• depends on the altitude
and the weather.
• is lower at higher
altitudes, where the
density of air is less.
• is higher on a rainy day
than on a sunny day. Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
8
Barometer
A barometer
• measures the pressure

exerted by the gases in
the atmosphere.
• indicates atmospheric
pressure as the height
in mm of the mercury
column.
9
Manometer
10
Learning Check
A. The downward pressure of the Hg in a barometer is

_____ than (as) the pressure of the atmosphere.
1) greater 2) less 3) the same
B. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than a Hg

barometer (DHg = 13.6 g/mL) because
1) H2O is less dense than mercury.
2) H2O is heavier than mercury.
3) air is more dense than H2O.
11
Solution
A.The downward pressure of the Hg in a barometer is

3) the same (as) the pressure of the atmosphere.
B. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than a Hg

barometer (DHg = 13.6 g/mL) because
1) H2O is less dense than mercury.
12
Chapter 6 Gases
6.3
Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
13
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s law states that
• the pressure of a gas

is inversely related to
its volume when T and
n are constant.
• if volume decreases,
the pressure
increases.
14
PV Constant in Boyle’s Law
In Boyle’s law, the product P x V is constant as long

as T and n do not change.
P1V1 = 8.0 atm x 2.0 L = 16 atm L
P2V2 = 4.0 atm x 4.0 L = 16 atm L
P3V3 = 2.0 atm x 8.0 L = 16 atm L
Boyle’s law can be stated as

P1V1 = P2V2 (T, n constant)
15
Solving for a Gas Law Factor
The equation for Boyle’s law can be rearranged to

solve for any factor.
P1V1 = P2V2 Boyle’s law
To solve for V2 , divide both sides by P2.
P1V1 = P2V2
P2 P2
V1 x P1 = V2
P2
16
Boyles’ Law and Breathing
During an inhalation,
• the lungs expand.
• the pressure in the

lungs decreases.
• air flows towards

the lower pressure
in the lungs.
17
Boyles’ Law and Breathing
During an exhalation,
• lung volume
decreases.
• pressure within the

lungs increases.
• air flows from the

higher pressure in
the lungs to the
outside.
18
Calculations with Boyle’s Law
19
Calculation with Boyle’s Law
Freon-12, CCl2F2, is used in refrigeration systems.

What is the new volume (L) of a 8.0 L sample of Freon
gas initially at 550 mmHg after its pressure is changed
to 2200 mmHg at constant T and n?
1. Set up a data table:

Conditions 1 Conditions 2
P1 = 550 mmHg P2 = 2200 mmHg
V1 = 8.0 L V2 = ?
20
Calculation with Boyle’s Law
(continued)
2. When pressure increases, volume decreases.
Solve Boyle’s law for V2:

P1V1 = P2V2
V2 = V1 x P1
P2
V2 = 8.0 L x 550 mmHg = 2.0 L
2200 mmHg
pressure ratio
decreases volume
21
Learning Check
For a cylinder containing helium gas, indicate if

cylinder A or cylinder B represents the new volume for
the following changes (n and T are constant).
1) pressure decreases
2) pressure increases
22
Solution
For a cylinder containing helium gas, indicate if

cylinder A or cylinder B represents the new volume for
the following changes (n and T are constant).
1) pressure decreases B
2) pressure increases A
23
Learning Check
If a sample of helium gas has a volume of 120 mL

and a pressure of 850 mmHg, what is the new
volume if the pressure is changed to 425 mmHg?
1) 60 mL 2) 120 mL 3) 240 mL
24
Solution
3) 240 mL
P1 = 850 mmHg P2 = 425 mmHg
V1 = 120 mL V2 = ??
V2 = V1 x P1 = 120 mL x 850 mmHg = 240 mL

P2 425 mmHg
Pressure ratio
increases volume
25
Learning Check
A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of

6.4 L at a pressure of 0.70 atm. At 1.40 atm (T is
constant), is the new volume represented by A, B, or
C?
26
Solution
A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of

6.4 L at a pressure of 0.70 atm. At a higher pressure
(T constant), the new volume is represented by the
smaller balloon A.
27
Learning Check
If the sample of helium gas has a volume of 6.4 L

at a pressure of 0.70 atm, what is the new
volume when the pressure is increased to 1.40
atm (T constant)?
A) 3.2 L B) 6.4 L C) 12.8 L
28
Solution
If the sample of helium gas has a volume of 6.4 L

at a pressure of 0.70 atm, what is the new
volume when the pressure is increased to 1.40
atm (T constant)?
A) 3.2 L
V2 = V1 x P1
P2
V2 = 6.4 L x 0.70 atm = 3.2 L
1.40 atm
Volume decreases when there is an increase in
the pressure (temperature is constant.)
29
Learning Check
A sample of oxygen gas has a

volume of 12.0 L at 600. mmHg.
What is the new pressure when
the volume changes to 36.0 L?
(T and n constant).
1) 200. mmHg
2) 400. mmHg
3) 1200 mmHg
30
Solution
1) 200. mmHg
Data Table
P1 = 600. mmHg P2 = ???
V1 = 12.0 L V2 = 36.0 L
P2 = P1 x V1
V2
600. mmHg x 12.0 L = 200. mmHg
36.0 L
31
Learning Check
If the sample of nitrogen (gas) has a volume of

360 mL at a pressure of 720 mmHg, what is the new
volume when the pressure is increased to 1.20 atm
(T constant)?
A) 284 mL B) 456 mL C) 2160 mL
32
Solution
We need to make the units for initial and final

pressure the same:
1.20 atm x 760 mmHg = 912 mmHg

1 atm
V2 = V1 x P1
P2
V2 = 360 mL x 720 mmHg = 284 mL (A)
912 mmHg
Volume decreases when there is an increase in
the pressure (temperature is constant.)
33
Chapter 6 Gases
6.4
Temperature and Volume
(Charles’s Law)
34
Charles’s Law
In Charles’s Law,
• the Kelvin temperature
of a gas is directly
related to the volume.
• P and n are constant.
• when the temperature of
a gas increases, its
volume increases.
35
Charles’s Law: V and T
• For two conditions, Charles’s law is written

V1 = V2 (P and n constant)
T1 T2
• Rearranging Charles’s law to solve for V2:

T2 x V1 = V2 x T1
T1 T1
V2 = V1 x T2
T1
36
Learning Check
Solve Charles’s law expression for T2.
V1 = V2
T1 T2
37
Solution
V1 = V2
T1 T2
Cross-multiply to give:
V1T2 = V2T1
Isolate T2 by dividing through by V1:

V1T2 = V2T1
V1 V1
T2 = T1 x V2
V1
38
Calculations Using Charles’s Law
A balloon has a volume of 785 mL at 21 °C. If the

temperature drops to 0 °C, what is the new volume of
the balloon (P constant)?
1. Set up data table:

V1 = 785 mL V2 = ?
T1 = 21 °C = 294 K T2 = 0 °C = 273 K
Be sure to use the Kelvin (K) temperature in

gas calculations.
39
Calculations Using Charles’s Law
(continued)
2. Solve Charles’s law for V2:
V1 = V2
T1 T2
V2 = V1 x T2
T1
V2 = 785 mL x 273 K = 729 mL
294 K
40
Learning Check
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL

at a temperature of 18 °C. At what temperature
(in °C) will the volume of the oxygen be 640 mL
(P and n constant)?
1) 443 °C
2) 170 °C
3) - 82 °C
41
Solution
2) 170 °C
T2 = T1 x V2
V1
T2 = 291 K x 640 mL = 443 K
420 mL
= 443 K – 273 = 170 °C
42
Learning Check
Use the gas laws to complete each sentence with

1) increases or 2) decreases.
A. Pressure _______ when V decreases.

B. When T decreases, V _______.
C. Pressure _______ when V changes from 12 L to 24 L.
D. Volume _______when T changes from 15 °C to 45 °C.
43
Solution
Use the gas laws to complete each sentence with

1) increases or 2) decreases.
A. Pressure 1) increases when V decreases.

B. When T decreases, V 2) decreases.
C. Pressure 2) decreases when V changes from 12 L to
24 L.
D. Volume 1) increases when T changes from 15 °C to
45 °C.
44
Chapter 6 Gases
6.5
Temperature and Pressure
(Gay-Lussac’s Law)
45
Gay-Lussac’s Law: P and T
In Gay-Lussac’s law
• the pressure exerted by a

gas is directly related to the
Kelvin temperature.
• V and n are constant.
P1 = P2
T1 T2
46
Learning Check
Solve Gay-Lussac’s law for P2.
P1 = P2
T1 T2
47
Solution
Solve Gay-Lussac’s law for P2.

P1 = P2
T1 T2
Multiply both sides by T2 and cancel:

P1 x T2 = P2 x T1
T1 T1
P2 = P1 x T2
T1
48
Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s
Law
A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18 °C. What
is the new pressure when the temperature is 62 °C?
(V and n constant)

P1 = 2.0 atm P2 = ?
T1 = 18 °C + 273 T2 = 62 °C + 273
= 291 K = 335 K
49
Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s
Law (continued)
2. Solve Gay-Lussac’s law for P2:
P1 = P2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 x T 2
T1
P2 = 2.0 atm x 335 K = 2.3 atm

291 K
temperature ratio
increases pressure
50
Learning Check
A gas has a pressure of 645 torr at 128 °C. What is the

temperature in Celsius if the pressure increases to
824 torr? (n and V remain constant)
51
Solution
A gas has a pressure of 645 torr at 128 °C. What is the

temperature in Celsius if the pressure increases to
1.50 atm? (n and V remain constant)

P1 = 645 torr P2 = 1.50 atm x 760 torr = 1140 torr

1 atm
T1 = 128 °C + 273 T2 = K – 273 = ? °C

= 401 K
52
Solution
2. Solve Gay-Lussac’s law for T2:
P1 = P2
T1 T2
T2 = T1 x P 2
P1
T2 = 401 K x 1140 torr = 709 K - 273 = 436 °C

645 torr pressure ratio
increases temperature
53
Chapter 6 Gases
6.6
The Combined Gas Law
54
Combined Gas Law
The combined gas law uses Boyle’s

law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s
law (n is constant).
P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1 T2
55
Learning Check
A gas has a volume of 675 mL at 35 °C

and 0.850
atm pressure. What is the volume (mL)
of the gas at
-95 °C and a pressure of 802 mmHg? (n
constant)
56
Solution
Data Table
T1 = 308 K T2 = -95 °C + 273 = 178 K
V1 = 675 mL V2 = ???
P1 = 646 mmHg P2 = 802 mmHg
Solve for V2:
V2 = V1 x P1 x T2
P2 T1
V2 = 675 mL x 646 mmHg x 178 K = 314 mL
802 mmHg x 308 K
57
Combined Gas Law Calculation
A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a pressure of
0.800 atm, and a temperature of 29 °C. At what temperature
(°C) will the helium have a volume of 90.0 mL and a pressure
of 3.20 atm? (n is constant)
1. Set up data table.
P1 = 0.800 atm P2 = 3.20 atm
V1 = 0.180 L (180 mL) V2 = 90.0 mL
T1 = 29 °C + 273 = 302 K T2 = ??
58
Combined Gas Law Calculation
(continued)
2. Solve for T2: P1 V1 = P2 V2

T1 T2
T2 = T1 x P2 x V2
P1 V1
T2 = 302 K x 3.20 atm x 90.0 mL = 604 K

0.800 atm 180.0 mL
T2 = 604 K - 273 = 331 °C
59
Chapter 6 Gases
6.7
Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
60
Avogadro's Law: Volume and Moles
In Avogadro’s law
• the volume of a gas is directly

related to the number of
moles (n) of gas.
• T and P are constant.

V1 = V2
n1 n2
61
Learning Check
If 0.75 mole of helium gas

occupies a volume of 1.5 L,
what volume will 1.2 moles of
helium occupy at the same
temperature and pressure?
1) 0.94 L
2) 1.8 L
3) 2.4 L
62
Solution
3) 2.4 L
STEP 1: Conditions 1 Conditions 2
V1 = 1.5 L V2 = ???
n1 = 0.75 mole of He n2 = 1.2 moles of He
STEP 2: Solve for unknown V2.

V2 = V1 x n2
n1
STEP 3: Substitute values and solve for V2.
V2 = 1.5 L x 1.2 moles He = 2.4 L
0.75 mole He
63
STP
The volumes of gases can be compared at

STP, Standard Temperature and Pressure,
when they have
• the same temperature.

standard temperature (T)
0 °C or 273 K
• the same pressure.

standard pressure (P)
1 atm (760 mmHg)
64
Molar Volume
At standard temperature and pressure (STP), 1 mole of a gas
occupies a volume of 22.4 L, which is called its molar volume.
65
Molar Volume as a Conversion
Factor
The molar volume at STP
can be used to write
conversion factors.
22.4 L and 1 mole

1 mole 22.4 L
66
Guide to Using Molar Volume
67
Learning Check
A. What is the volume at STP of 4.00 g of CH4?

1) 5.60 L 2) 11.2 L 3) 44.8 L
B. How many g of He are present in 8.00 L of gas at STP?

1) 25.6 g 2) 0.357 g 3) 1.43 g
68
Solution
A. 1) 5.60 L
4.00 g CH4 x 1 mole CH4 x 22.4 L (STP) = 5.60 L
16.0 g CH4 1 mole CH4
B. 3) 1.43 g
8.00 L x 1 mole He x 4.00 g He = 1.43 g He
22.4 L 1 mole He
69
Gases in Equations
The volume or amount of a gas at STP in

a chemical
reaction can be calculated from
• STP conditions.
• mole factors from the balanced equation.
70
Guide to Using Molar Volume
for Reactions
71
STP and Gas Equations
What volume (L) of O2 gas at STP is needed to completely

react with 15.0 g of aluminum?
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)
Plan: g Al mole Al mole O2 L O2 (STP)
15.0 g Al x 1 mole Al x 3 moles O2 x 22.4 L (STP)

27.0 g Al 4 moles Al 1 mole O2
= 9.33 L of O2 at STP
72
Learning Check
What mass of Fe will react with 5.50 L of

O2 at STP?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
73
Solution
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

? 5.50 L at STP
5.50 L O2 x 1 mole x 4 moles Fe x 55.9 g Fe = 18.3 g of Fe

22.4 L 3 moles O2 1 mole Fe
74
Chapter 6 Gases
6.8
Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
75
Partial Pressure
The partial pressure of a gas
• is the pressure of each gas in a

mixture.
• is the pressure that gas would exert if it

were by itself in the container.
76
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Dalton’s law of partial pressures indicates that
• pressure depends on the total number of gas particles, not on

the types of particles.
• the total pressure exerted by gases in a mixture is the sum of the

partial pressures of those gases.
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 +....
77
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
78
Total Pressure
For example, at STP, 1 mole of a pure gas in a volume of 22.4

L will exert the same pressure as 1 mole of a gas mixture in
22.4 L.
V = 22.4 L
Gas mixtures
0.4 mole O2 0.5 mole O2

1.0 mole N2 0.6 mole He 0.3 mole He
1.0 mole 0.2 mole Ar
1.0 mole
1.0 atm 1.0 atm 1.0 atm
Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. 79

Scuba Diving
• When a scuba diver dives, the increased

pressure causes N2(g) to dissolve in the
blood.
• If a diver rises too fast, the dissolved N2 will
form bubbles in the blood, a dangerous
and painful condition called "the bends."
• Helium, which does not dissolve in the
blood, is mixed with O2 to prepare
breathing mixtures for deep descents.
• SCUBA means "Self-Contained
Underwater Breathing Apparatus Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education,
Inc.
80
Learning Check
A scuba tank contains

O2 with a pressure of
0.450 atm and He at
855 mmHg. What is the
total pressure in mmHg
in the tank?
81
Solution
1. Convert the pressure in atm to mmHg.

0.450 atm x 760 mmHg = 342 mmHg = PO2
1 atm
2. Calculate the sum of the partial pressures.

Ptotal = PO2 + PHe
Ptotal = 342 mmHg + 855 mmHg

= 1197 mmHg
82
Learning Check
For a deep dive, a scuba diver uses a mixture of helium and

oxygen with a pressure of 8.00 atm. If the oxygen has a
partial pressure of 1280 mmHg, what is the partial pressure
of the helium?
1) 520 mmHg
2) 2040 mmHg
3) 4800 mmHg
83
Solution
3) 4800 mmHg
PTotal = 8.00 atm x 760 mmHg = 6080 mmHg

1 atm
PTotal = PO + PHe
2
PHe = PTotal - PO2
PHe = 6080 mmHg - 1280 mmHg

= 4800 mmHg
84
Gases We Breathe
The air we
breathe
• is a gas
mixture.
• contains
mostly N2 and
O2, and small
amounts of Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
other gases.
85
Learning Check
A. If the atmospheric pressure today is 745 mmHg, what is

the partial pressure (mmHg) of O2 in the air?
1) 35.6 2) 156 3) 760
B. At an atmospheric pressure of 714, what is the partial

pressure (mmHg) N2 in the air?
1) 557 2) 9.14 3) 0.109
86
Solution
A. If the atmospheric pressure today is 745 mmHg, what is the

partial pressure (mmHg) of O2 in the air?
2) 156
B. At an atmospheric pressure of 714, what is the partial

pressure (mmHg) N2 in the air?
1) 557
87
Blood Gases
• In the lungs, O2 enters

the blood, while CO2
from the blood is
released.
• In the tissues, O2 enters

the cells, which
releases CO2 into the
blood.
88
Blood Gases
In the body,
• O2 flows into the tissues because the partial pressure of O2 is
higher in blood, and lower in the tissues.
• CO2 flows out of the tissues because the partial pressure of CO2 is
higher in the tissues, and lower in the blood.
Partial Pressures in Blood and Tissue
Oxygenated Deoxygenated
Gas Blood Blood Tissues
O2 100 40 30 or less
CO2 40 46 50 or greater
89
Gas Exchange During Breathing
90

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Properties of Gases Gas Pressure

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Gases

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A gas consists of small particles that

Gases are described in terms of four properties:

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

1 atm = 760 mm Hg (exact)

A. What is 475 mmHg expressed in atm?

B. The pressure in a tire is 2.00 atm. What is this

A. What is 475 mmHg expressed in atm?

B. The pressure in a tire is 2.00 atm. What is this pressure

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• measures the pressure

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A. The downward pressure of the Hg in a barometer is

B. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than a Hg

A.The downward pressure of the Hg in a barometer is

B. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than a Hg

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Boyle’s law states that

• the pressure of a gas

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

In Boyle’s law, the product P x V is constant as long

Boyle’s law can be stated as

The equation for Boyle’s law can be rearranged to

To solve for V2 , divide both sides by P2.

• the lungs expand.

• the pressure in the

• air flows towards

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• pressure within the

• air flows from the

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Freon-12, CCl2F2, is used in refrigeration systems.

1. Set up a data table:

Solve Boyle’s law for V2:

For a cylinder containing helium gas, indicate if

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

For a cylinder containing helium gas, indicate if

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

If a sample of helium gas has a volume of 120 mL

V2 = V1 x P1 = 120 mL x 850 mmHg = 240 mL

A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

If the sample of helium gas has a volume of 6.4 L

A) 3.2 L B) 6.4 L C) 12.8 L

If the sample of helium gas has a volume of 6.4 L

A sample of oxygen gas has a

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

If the sample of nitrogen (gas) has a volume of

A) 284 mL B) 456 mL C) 2160 mL

We need to make the units for initial and final

1.20 atm x 760 mmHg = 912 mmHg

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• For two conditions, Charles’s law is written