Mitosis

Ramya
Objective – 1

• Define cell cycle

• Explain the stages of the cell cycle using diagram.
Success Criteria

• I can identify and describe the main phases of the cell cycle, including
G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2), and M (Mitosis).

• I can explain the purpose of each phase in the cell cycle, such as
growth and DNA replication in interphase (G1, S, G2), and cell
division in mitosis (M).
Bellwork : Class Discussion
The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle represents the events that take place as a cell grows, prepares for
division, and then divides into two new cells. Once two new cells have formed,
they each begin the cycle anew. Like other cycles, the cell cycle is broken into
phases. Different types of cells and cells from different organisms may show
slight variations, but the general course of events is similar for all living things.
Why do you think it is advantageous for cells to go through the different phases
of the cell cycle (such as copying their genes or building the materials needed for
division) in an ordered way? What might happen if a cell underwent all of these
activities at once?
 Watch

1. What is the cell cycle and what does it describe?

a) The process of cell division in a somatic cell
b) The lifespan of a eukaryotic somatic cell
c) The process of DNA replication in a cell
d) The growth and function of a cell during interphase
2. Which phase of interphase is responsible for DNA replication?
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
3. What are the two events that occur during the M phase?
a) DNA replication and cytokinesis
b) Mitosis and cell growth
c) Nuclear division and cytoplasmic division
d) Cell growth and cell function
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

• The cell cycle is a repeating sequence of cellular growth and

division during the life of a cell.
• The life of a eukaryotic cell cycles through
• phases of growth,
• DNA replication,
• preparation for cell division, and
• division of the nucleus and cytoplasm.
• The cell cycle is made up of five phases. The first three
phases together are known as interphase. The remaining two
phases make up cell division.
The Cell Cycle
 Interphase
• During interphase, the cell is not dividing. It is
growing and preparing to divide.
• Different types of cells spend different amounts of
time in interphase.
• Cells that divide often, such as skin cells, spend less
time in interphase.
• Cells that divide seldom, such as nerve cells, spend
most of their time in interphase.
 Interphase
• During the first gap phase (G1),
• a cell grows rapidly as the cell builds more
organelles. For most organisms, this phase
occupies the major portion of the cell’s life.

• During the synthesis phase (S)

• a cell’s DNA is copied. At the end of the S phase,
the cell’s nucleus has twice as much DNA as it did
in the G1 phase.

• During the second gap phase (G2),

• the cell continues to grow and prepares to divide.
• Hollow protein fibers called microtubules are
organized in the cytoplasm during G2.
 • Each new cell requires a complete set of
organelles, including a nucleus.

• The process of dividing the nucleus into two

daughter nuclei is called mitosis.

• The process of separating the organelles and the

cytoplasm is called cytokinesis.

Cell Division • During mitosis, the nucleus divides to form two

nuclei. Each nucleus contains a complete set of
the cell’s chromosomes.

• The nuclear membrane breaks down briefly. The

two sister chromatids of each chromosome are
pulled to the opposite sides of the dividing cell.
 Cell Division
• As the nucleus divides, the
cytoplasm also begins to divide.

Eukaryotic • Each daughter cell receives

about half of the original cell’s
Cell Cycle organelles.

• During cytokinesis, the two

daughter cells are physically
separated.
 Learning Objective
To identify the stages of mitosis
Explain the key events that occur during mitosis
Use the microscope to identify different stages of mitosis

Success Criteria
• To describe each stage of mitosis
• To predict how different factors can affect the cell cycle.
• To explain how problems can arise from changes to the cell cycle.
Bellwork

• Directed Reading Questions 1 – 7

Work individually on researching and
studying the stages of mitosis.
• 1. Name of the phase
• 2. Key events that occur during this phase.
• 3. Significance of mitosis
 What if !!!
• Scenario 1
• What if the chromosomes were not replicated at the beginning of the cell cycle?

• Scenario 2
• What if the chromosomes were not condensed after DNA replication?

• Scenario 3
• What if the chromosomes did not align along the middle of the cell before
being pulled to opposite ends of the cell?

• Scenario 4
• What if the chromosomes were not pulled evenly to the opposite sides of the cell ?

• Scenario 5
• What if the cytoplasm and cell membrane did not divide after the
chromosomes were separated?
This digital activity provides an opportunity for students to view an overview of how cells duplicate themselves through the process of mitosis.

Bellwork

• Savaas Realize –

•
Stages of
Mitosis
• Although mitosis is a
continuous process,
biologists traditionally
divide it into four
stages.
• Mitosis is a continuous
process that can be
observed in four stages:
• prophase,
• metaphase,
• anaphase, and
• telophase.
 Stage 1 Prophase
• Within the nucleus, chromosomes begin to
condense and become visible under a light
microscope.

• The nuclear membrane breaks down.

Outside the nucleus, a special structure
called the spindle forms. The spindle is made
up of several spindle fibers.

• Each spindle fiber in turn is made up of an

individual microtubule—a hollow tube of
protein. Microtubules organize into a spindle
that runs at a right angle to the cell’s
equator.
 Stage 1 Prophase
• Cells have an organelle called the
centrosome, which helps assemble the
spindle.

• In animal cells, the centrosome includes a

pair of centrioles. Each centriole is made up
of nine triplets of microtubules arranged as
a short, hollow tube.

• Before mitosis, the cell’s centrosome is

duplicated. During prophase, the
centrosomes move to opposite poles of the
cell.
Prophase
Click to animate the image.

F B

A
D
Prophase
 Stage 2 Metaphase
• During metaphase, the chromosomes are
packaged into their most condensed
form.

• The nuclear membrane is fully dissolved,

and the condensed chromosomes move
to the center of the cell and line up along
the cell’s equator.

• Spindle fibers form a link between the

poles and the centromere of each
chromosome.
METAPHASE
 Anaphase
Stage 3
• Once all of the chromosomes are lined up,
the spindle fibers shorten. The spindle fibers
shorten by breaking down the microtubules
bit by bit.

• Sister chromatids move toward opposite

poles as the spindle fibers that are attached
continue to shorten.

• Each pole now has a full set of chromosomes.

ANAPHASE
 Stage 4 Telophase
• A nuclear envelope forms around the
chromosomes at each pole of the
cell.

• Chromosomes, now at opposite

poles, uncoil and change back to their
original chromatin form.

• The spindle dissolves and the spindle

fibers break down and disappear.

• Mitosis is complete.
TELOPHASE
 Cytokinesis
• As mitosis ends, cytokinesis begins. The cytoplasm is separated,
and two cells are formed.

• During cytokinesis, the cell membrane grows into the center of

the cell and divides it into two daughter cells of equal size.

• Each daughter cell has about half of the parent’s cytoplasm and
organelles.

• The end result of mitosis and cytokinesis is two genetically

identical cells in place of the original cell.
 Cytokinesis, continued In plant cells and other cells that have
rigid cell walls, the cytoplasm is divided
in a different way. Vesicles holding cell
wall material line up across the middle of
the cell.
• In animal cells and These vesicles fuse to form a large,
other cells that lack cell membrane-bound cell wall called the cell
plate.
walls, the cell is When it is completely formed, the cell
pinched in half by a belt plate separates the plant cell into two
of protein threads. new plant cells.
Cytokinesis, continued

Continuing the Cell Cycle

• After cytokinesis is complete, each cell enters the G 1 stage of
interphase.

• The daughter cells are about equal in size—about half the

size of the original cell.

• The activity of each cell continues because each has its own
DNA and organelles. The cell cycle continues for each new
cell.
Mitosis Overview
List and describe the phases of mitosis.
Interphase

Cytokinesis 1 Prophase

4 Telophase 2 Metaphase

3 Anaphase
The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is typically represented in six stages. Click on each illustration to learn
more.

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 6
Stage 3 4
The DNA replicates5 to form two
The chromosomes condense to
The cytoplasm
copies and cell membrane
of each chromosome. The cell
One
The chromosomes
set of
A become
new chromosomes
line up
moremembrane
nuclear visible isalong
and pulled
thethe
forms to
grows andto
divide increases
form two the number of
identical
membrane
around each
middle
each around
end
setof
ofthe
of thethe nucleus
cell.
cell.
chromosomes.
daughter
sub-cellular cells. such as
structures
disappears.
ribosomes and mitochondria.
What If...?
For each scenario described, predict how the cell cycle would be affected.

Scenario 1
What if the chromosomes were not replicated at the beginning of the cell cycle?

There would not be enough genetic material to divide into two new cells, so the
daughter cells would not have a complete set of chromosomes. Cells that do not
have a full set of chromosomes may die, meaning that growth or the repair of
tissues would be affected.
What If...?
Scenario 2
What if the chromosomes were not condensed after DNA replication?

The chromosomes may become tangled, this could mean they cannot align and be
divided evenly. This could result in the wrong number of chromosomes being
present in the daughter cells.

The chromosomes could be damaged when they are pulled apart, resulting in
mutations. This could cause problems in the coding of proteins, which may cause
changes to the external characteristics of the organism.
What If...?
Scenario 3
What if the chromosomes did not align along the middle of the cell before being
pulled to opposite ends of the cell?

The chromosomes may not be divided evenly into two cells, meaning there would
be too much or too little genetic material in the daughter cells. This could lead to
problems with growth, development and function of systems in the organism.

The daughter cells would not be genetically identical. This would mean that they
may function differently to one another and may not work cooperatively in a
tissue. If the cells do not contain a full set of genetic material, then when the cell
cycle repeats it cannot be divided into two cells equally.
What If...?
Scenario 4
What if the cytoplasm and cell membrane did not divide after the chromosomes
were separated?

There would not be two new cells formed. This means that damaged cells would
not be replaced or repaired, so deterioration of the tissues in the systems will
occur more rapidly.

The cell would contain too much genetic material. This could lead to problems
with growth, development and function of systems in the organism.
Bellwork - 4 mins

• Live worksheet -
STATION ACTIVITY – 7 mins per task

Station Task
Station 1 Complete Simulation on Savaas
Station 2 Use the slide viewer and observe the various stages of
mitosis, Make a sketch of each phase and write key events of
each stage in your copy book
Station 3 Complete interactivity on Savaas
Station 4 Mitosis – What if ??? Research and answer the questions In
your copy book
Station 5 Complete directed reading worksheet

EXIT TICKET – MITOSIS on FORMS