PAKISTAN-INDIA

RELATIONS
T R I A L L E C T U R E A N D O R I E N TAT I O N
B Y: S U M AYA A L I
AGENDA FOR TODAY
• Orientation of Current Affairs.
• Lecture – About an hour. We ll discuss everything important that’s
happened since 1947 but most of the discussion will be based on the
current issues and intricacies of relations between the two neighbors.
• Links to read. Very important. The links will help you gain more perspective
and they re purely analytical in nature, hence no controversial content that
may lead to trouble in exam.
• Question and Answer session.

Do not ask irrelevant questions.

For extra questions, email me at [email protected]
ORIENTATION.

• Current Affairs and Pakistan Affairs are co-mingled.

• We will comprehensively cover all the topics.
• International issues that were taught before.
• Interactive class style. I am not gonna feed you information, I am going to
teach you how to interpret it and put it to efficient use.
• Email: [email protected]
• Syllabus:
WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO IN THIS
CLASS?
• Learn how to answer CA questions.
• Learn how to read the newspaper to get the most out of it.
• Emphasis on the most important topics of the subject in order to thoroughly
cover it.
• Constantly remain in contact through email so that any problems may be
resolved efficiently.
PAKISTAN
INDIA
RELATIONS
SEQUENCE OF THE LECTURE

• Introduction.
• History.
• Reasons of conflict between India and Pakistan.
• Current scenario between India and Pakistan.
• Kashmir Issue and its resolution.
• Water dispute.
• Aftermath of the Conflict – for both India and Pakistan, and for the South Asian Region.
• How to manage the India Pakistan Crisis.
• Conclusion.
INTRODUCTION

• Different ideologies, religions, violence and mass murder during the partition process,
unfair division of assets, and nationalism.
• Development of south Asian region hinges upon the relationship between Pakistan and
India as because of their enduring conflict the region suffers economic backwardness and
instability. SAARC has remained inefficient too.
• Both the countries have tremendous cultural and social similarities.
• However, there is a lacking in the bilateral relations.
– A zero-sum game between the two. Their loss is our gain mentality on each side.
• Are there prospects of sustained peace between the two arch rivals perhaps through
constructive dialogue, and win-win proposals? As it is well-known that both the nations
have massive poverty and yet both possess nuclear weaponry.
HISTORY(1/2)
• Muslims were conquerors and emperors for a long time in the sub continent and Hindus
were there subjects, not by choice of course. When the Muslim imperial rule was thrown by
the British, Hindus did everything they could to undermine Muslims because now they had a
chance to. Muslims got bitter treatment from the British too as for the British, Muslims were
the ones they had overruled in the sub continent so they were automatically an enemy.
Internally, Muslims weren’t as strong, because they were cuffed by their beliefs of not
getting an English education. In time, some visionaries did help Muslims surpass those
stereotypes but by then Hindus were already ahead in the game and close to their British
Masters. In turn, Muslims were in trouble as they were being attacked from all sides and in
every way. The then leaders sought a new land for their Muslim Nation as they thought that
if Hindus and Muslims lived together after the British left, Hindus will put Muslims through
mass atrocities. Hence, Pakistan was made. So that Muslims of the sub continent could live
safely, peacefully and preaching what they believed in. However, in doing so, Hindus did as
much damage as they could in terms of land demarcation and division of assets.
HISTORY(2/2)

• After the independence, India had expected that Pakistan wont be able to
sustain on its own and they also put efforts along the same lines by
declaring war in 1948 and stopping water to the nascent state. However, it
was the resilience of the country and resolve of its people that it
successfully not only survived but Is able to face India head on and
rendered with their fable attempts of toppling her.
ISSUES BETWEEN INDIA AND
PAKISTAN
• After 1947:
– Lack of political will to resolve core issues and bilateral issues at the same.
– Jammu and Kashmir issue
– Wars of 1948, 1965, 1971 and Kargil.
– Siachin Glaciar dispute 1984.
– Sir creek and
– Water issue: The Wullar barrage/Tulbul Navigation project – Indus water treaty(1960)
• Steps to enhance confidence and de-escalate the conflict between Pakistan and India.
– Tashkent Agreement 1966.
– Simla awards 1972.
– Lahore declaration 1999.
 CURRENT SCENARIO BETWEEN INDIA
AND PAKISTAN (1/3)
• The Pulwama attack in February 2019 where 40 Indian soldiers were killed in a massive
bombing attack.
• Jaish e Muhammad took responsibility for the attack however India accused Pakistan of
financing the terrorist organization for the said attack.
• Indian surgical strikes and war threats for months.
• The Indian government revoked the special status accorded to Indian-administered Kashmir in
its constitution, the most far-reaching political move on the disputed region in nearly 70
years.Pakistan have behaved gracefully in the time of this fight.
• A presidential decree issued on August 5 revoked Article 370 of India's constitution that
guaranteed special rights to the Muslim-majority state, including the right to its own
constitution and autonomy to make laws on all matters except defence, communications and
foreign affairs.
 CURRENT SCENARIO BETWEEN INDIA
AND PAKISTAN(2/3)
• In the lead-up to the move, India sent thousands of additional troops to the
disputed region, imposed a crippling curfew, shut down telecommunications
and internet, and arrested political leaders.
• The move has worsened the already-heightened tensions with
neighboring Pakistan, which said it would downgrade its diplomatic relations
with India.
• India and Pakistan claim Kashmir in full but rule it in part. The nuclear-armed
neighbors have fought two of their three wars over the disputed territory. A
rebellion in Indian-administered Kashmir has been ongoing for three decades.
• Many days of curfew in Kashmir up until now.
 CURRENT SCENARIO BETWEEN INDIA
AND PAKISTAN(3/3)
• Howdy Modi in Texas, US.
• Impact on Pakistan.
• Pakistan’s relations with US.
• Consequences on Kashmir.
• Future relations between both remain uncertain.
• Will India's actions and crackdown fuel further violence?
KASHMIR ISSUE

• Amongst one of the 562 princely states.

• Muslim majority state with a Hindu ruler named Raja Hari singh. The
population wanted to join Pakistan and the ruler wanted to join India.
Finally, agreed on a plebiscite on a global level.
• In 1947, 79% Muslims in the whole Jammu and Kashmir and 93% in the
Kashmir valley.
• India acknowledged the accession provisionally that a plebiscite was to be
held under the global patronage to determine the aspirations of the people,
but no such thing happened later.
• 1st January, 1948, Pakistan-India war broke out.
• Role of the UN in mediation between India and Pakistan.
KASHMIR ISSUE

• Ever since then, both Kashmiris and Pakistanis have tried to pull out efforts
to seek justice for the Muslims of Kashmir.
• India accused Pakistan of sponsoring and supporting terrorist in Kashmir
several times. Especially in December 2001 after the assault on Indian
Parliament.
• Pakistan considers Kashmir issue as the core issue that determines the
cordial relations between the two countries.
• Indian Government have abused all types of Human rights in Kashmir since
long but more recently, 2018 was the bloodiest year in Kashmir where
Indian Army attacked Kashmiris with pallet guns.
• And the revoking of Article 370 snatches the last chance of freedom from
the Kashmiri Muslims.
KASHMIR ISSUE
• The renewed wave of violence has brought the Kashmir issue, which
had hardly been eclipsed since the 9/11 attacks, back to the
international order because Kashmir has become a major hotspot for
major human rights issue.
• Kashmir issue is an issue of right to self determination and autonomy.
It is an issue of national identity and sovereignty for the Kashmiris.
• Impact of this violence on the life of Kashmiris have been
horrendous. Sources of livelihood, agriculture, horticulture and
handicraft industry have largely suffered.
• Both India and Pakistan very well understand that without resolving
this core issue, they cant be on the same page on any other issues.
WATER ISSUE
• Water issue is another pressing issue that either creates conflict or spurs post conflict
between the two neighbors.
• Stoppage of water supply by India in April 1948.
• Indus water treaty of 1960 – assigned Beas, Ravi and Sutlaj to India and Jhelum, Chenab
and Indus to Pakistan. Unrestrained supply of water through these rivers under the IWT.
• Proposed Dam on the jhelum River – India calls it Tulbul navigation project whilst
Pakistan says its Wullar barrage dispute.
• In 1980, India controlled Jammu and Kashmir and constructed a dam on Jhelum at the
opening of Wullar lake near Srinagar.
• Pakistan raised the issue in 1985 arguing the construction of the dam against the IWT.
• Water dispute and Kashmir issue connect closely.
• Water accords are needed to be made and abided by. Political will is also required to
solve this issue.
AFTERMATH OF THE CONFLICT
• Resources of both the countries wasted away in defense expenditure. Both India and
Pakistan are poverty ridden nations and yet they have build nuclear weaponry and
own multiple defense arms and huge armies whilst their economies suffer.
• Terrorism has increased because of issues in Kashmir, Afghanistan and Balochistan.
India leaves no opportunity of creating a new rift between the two nations.
• All of this has created unrest in the Region of South Asia and hindered the trade in
the Region.
• The people of Kashmir still suffer the wrath of Indian Army at their midst.
• The image of both India and Pakistan as well as the south asian region remains
negative to the world. Pakistan performance in its financial markets as well as with
the CPEC suffers because of the constant conflict with India.
• Because of the water dispute, Pakistan suffers drought and famine from time to time.
HOW TO MANAGE THE INDIA
PAKISTAN CRISIS
• What is there that could be done if both the sides arent willing to sit,
dialogue and negotiate? Political gridlock has to break in order to manage
these crisis. Otherwise the war will go on and will benefit none of both India
and Pakistan.
• Role of the international community.
• There is a need of increasing interaction between pupils of India and
Pakistan.
• The socio-economic indicators have to be made better so that both may be
able to trade freely.
• Socio-cultural friendliness has to be increased as well.
• Do not delve in the past and look forward to a cooperative future together.
LINKS

• https://www.cfr.org/article/why-india-and-pakistan-are-fighting-over-kashmir-again

• https://www.cfr.org/article/india-and-pakistan-brink-foreign-policy-heads-unknown-south-asia

• https://
www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-190904143838166.h
tml

•Questions????