Foreign Relations between Pakistan and India

Relations between Indian and Pakistan have complex and largely hostile due to an
exchange of number of aggressive events between the two countries.

Partition of Sub-Continent
Relations between the two states have been characterized by the fierce parcel of
English India in 1947. The resulting allotment of the previous English India uprooted
up to 12.5 million individuals, with assessments of death toll fluctuating from a few
hundred thousand to 1,000,000. Not long after their freedom, India and Pakistan
laid out political relations however the rough parcel and various regional
claims have eclipsed their relationship.

Junagadh Issue
Junagadh was a province of Gujarat. It was not adjoining to Pakistan. While the
state's ruler, Nawab Mahabat Khan, was a Muslim, the majority of its residents were
Hindus, who made up more than 80% of its population. Mahabat Khan agreed to
Pakistan on 15 August 1947. India didn't acknowledge the increase as genuine. The
Indian perspective was that Junagadh was not coterminous to Pakistan, that the Hindu
larger part of Junagadh believed that it should be a piece of India, and that the state
was an encircled by Indian area on three sides.

Kashmir Issue
Kashmir was a Muslim-majority ruled by a Hindu king, Maharaja Hari Singh. At the
time of the partition of India, Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to
remain independent and did not want to join either the Union of India or the
Dominion of Pakistan. He wanted both India and Pakistan to recognize his princely
state as an independent neutral country. Maharaja Hari Singh called upon Indian
troops to help while a Pathan movement was started in Kashmir for an accession to
Pakistan. Thus, a local freedom movement started against Indian forces.

Cross Border Terrorism

Imagine what happen where two country faults the each other for sending fear based
oppressors across the limit. India and Pakistan both face this reality. They regularly
fault each other for their help of psychological oppressor exercises. These claims
make it harder for the nations to trust one another.

Water Dispute
The dispute between India and Pakistan over water is about how to share the streams
that run through the two countries. The Indus Water Arrangement, which was
approved in 1960 to distribute the waters of the Indus Stream and its feeders
peacefully, is the primary source of contention. India controls the eastern streams
(Beas, Ravi, and Sutlej), while Pakistan has opportunities over the western streams
(Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab). Strains have created over the course of the years
because of issues like the development of dams and how much water is utilized. The
two nations have communicated worries about how much water they need and what it
will mean for horticulture. Finding a fair and long-lasting solution to the water issue
remains a challenge, and efforts to alleviate India and Pakistan's concerns continue.

Simla Agreement
India and Pakistan endorsed the Simla Agreement on July 2, 1972. After the 1971
Indo-Pakistani Conflict, the Simla Understanding aimed to standardize relations
between the two countries. The comprehension was supported by Indian Top state
pioneer Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Simla (as of
now Shimla), a wonderful town in the Indian region of Himachal Pradesh. The Simla
Plan outlined the standards that the two countries agreed with go along to in settling
particular issues, particularly focusing in on the situation in the region of Jammu and
Kashmir. The comprehension highlighted calm and corresponding means to
determine discusses and encouraged the two nations to stay aware of yielding for
each other's provincial reliability and power. It furthermore required the bringing
back of prisoners of war and detainees on the different sides. While the Simla
Understanding was a tremendous step towards normalizing relations, the
longstanding issues among India and Pakistan stay complex and have seen continued
with vital challenges all through the long haul. If it's not too much trouble, check with
current sources to check whether there have been any progressions or new
arrangements since my last update in January 2022.

Wars with India

The relationship between Pakistan and India has been marked by a complex history of
conflicts, stemming from territorial disputes, historical grievances, and geopolitical
factors. The two South Asian neighbors have engaged in a series of wars and
skirmishes since gaining independence in 1947. This article provides a
comprehensive overview of the major conflicts between Pakistan and India, exploring
the root causes, key events, and the impact on the region.

I. Partition and the First Indo-Pak War (1947-1948):

The seeds of discord were sown during the partition of British India in 1947, which
led to the creation of two separate nations—India and Pakistan. The first war between
the two newly-formed countries erupted in 1947-1948 over the princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir. The conflict set the stage for a longstanding territorial dispute
that continues to shape the geopolitical landscape of the region.

II. The Second Indo-Pak War (1965):

Tensions flared again in 1965, as Pakistan and India clashed over the disputed
territory of Kashmir. The conflict began with skirmishes in the Rann of Kutch and
quickly escalated into a full-scale war. The international community intervened,
urging a ceasefire through diplomatic channels. The war ended with the Tashkent
Agreement in 1966, brokered by the Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin. The agreement
aimed to restore economic and diplomatic relations between the two nations, but the
underlying issues remained unresolved.

III. The Bangladesh Liberation War (1971):

One of the most significant and impactful conflicts in the region was the Bangladesh
Liberation War of 1971. The roots of this war can be traced back to the linguistic and
cultural differences between East and West Pakistan, leading to the demand for
autonomy in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The brutal crackdown by the Pakistani
military in East Pakistan resulted in widespread atrocities and a humanitarian crisis.

India intervened in support of the Bengali population, leading to a full-scale war

between India and Pakistan. The conflict culminated in the creation of the
independent state of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971. The war not only reshaped
the political map of South Asia but also left a deep impact on the geopolitical
dynamics of the region.

IV. Kargil War (1999):

In 1999, the Kargil War erupted in the mountainous region of Kargil in the state of
Jammu and Kashmir. The conflict was sparked by the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers
and militants into Indian territory. The international community closely monitored the
situation, and diplomatic efforts were made to de-escalate the tensions.

The Kargil War, although limited in scope, resulted in significant casualties on both
sides. The conflict highlighted the persistent issues surrounding the Line of Control
(LoC) in Kashmir and the need for a peaceful resolution.

V. Post-9/11 Developments and Terrorism:

In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the geopolitical landscape in South Asia
underwent significant changes. Pakistan aligned itself with the United States in the
global war on terror, leading to a shift in dynamics between India and Pakistan.
Despite this alignment, tensions persisted, especially in the context of cross-border
terrorism.

The 2008 Mumbai attacks, carried out by militants with alleged links to Pakistan-
based terror groups, further strained relations between the two nations. The incident
underscored the challenges of terrorism as a destabilizing factor in the region.

VI. Recent Tensions and Diplomatic Initiatives:

In February 2019, a suicide bombing in the Indian-administered region of Kashmir

escalated tensions between India and Pakistan. India accused Pakistan of supporting
the militant group responsible for the attack, leading to a military standoff. The crisis
was averted through diplomatic efforts, with the international community urging
restraint and dialogue.

Despite the challenges, there have been instances of diplomatic engagement between
the two nations. Track II diplomacy, backchannel talks, and efforts to resume
dialogue have been ongoing, highlighting the recognition of the need for peaceful
coexistence.

Indus Water Treaty

The Indus Waters Treaty is another issue which is a water distribution treaty
between India and Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank to use the water available
in the Indus System of Rivers located in India. The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was
signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the first Prime Minister of India Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan, according to this
agreement, control over the water flowing in three "eastern" rivers of India i.e. the
Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej with the mean flow of 33 million acre-feet (MAF) was
given to India, while control over the water flowing in three "western" rivers of
India, the Indus, the Chenab
and the Jhelum with the mean flow of 80 MAF was given to Pakistan.

Other issues
The 2001 Indian Parliament attack almost brought the two nations to the brink ofa
nuclear war. The Samjhauta Express bombings in 2007 killed 6S civilians (most of
whom were Pakistani), was also a crucial point in relations. Additionally, the 2008
Mumbai attacks ca:ned out by Pakistani militants resulted in a severe blow to the
ongoing India-Pakistan peace
In Sepiember 2016, a terrorist attack on an Indian military base in Indian-
administered Kashmir, the deadliest such attack in years, killed 19 Indian Army
soldiers. tndiais that the attack had been orchestrated by a was denied by which
claimed the attack had been a local reaction to unrest in the region due to excessive
force by Indian security personnel. Since 2016, the ongoing confrontation continued
terrorist attacks and an increase in nationalist rhetoric on both sides has resulted in
the collapse of bilateral relations, with little expectation they will recover. Notably,
following the 2019 Pulwama attack, the Indian government revoked Pakistan's most
favoured nation traAe status, which it had granted to Pakistan in 1996. India also
increased the custom duty to 200% which majorly affected the trade of Pakistani
apparel and cement.

Improved Relations

Introduction:
The connection among India and Pakistan has been set apart by a perplexing history
of contention, strain, and periodic discretionary forward leaps. The South Asian
neighbors share a typical line as well as a rich social legacy. Throughout the long
term, endeavors have been made to repair ties and cultivate participation. Lately,
there have been positive advancements that deal expect a superior connection
among India and Pakistan.

Historical Background:
Partition Legacy and Historical Animosity The 1947 partition of British India
resulted in the establishment of India and Pakistan as independent nations. This
division was joined by shared viciousness and uprooting, leaving scars that waited
for ages. The authentic ill will between the two nations has frequently eclipsed their
true capacity for cooperation. The two countries have participated in various
conciliatory drives pointed toward settling exceptional issues, for example, the
Kashmir question. In any case, progress has been frustrated by irregular
accelerations of strain, including outfitted clashes and line engagements.

Positive Development:
As of late, there has been an eminent defrost in relations, set apart by a resumption
of conciliatory discourse. Significant level discussions between heads of the two
nations have been started, making a stage for resolving well established issues and
building trust. Social trades and individuals to-individuals contact play had a vital
impact in cultivating understanding and generosity. Games, imaginative
coordinated efforts, and scholarly trades have given open doors to residents on the
two sides to associate emphatically, rising above political limits.

Economic Corporation:
Monetary collaboration can act as a strong impetus for further developed relations.
The two India and Pakistan stand to profit from upgraded exchange and monetary
coordinated effort. Trade barriers can be removed and cross-border trade routes
opened, which can boost economic growth, create jobs, and improve regional
stability. The Indus Stream, which moves through the two nations, presents a
chance for cooperative water the executives. Joint endeavors to bridle the stream's
true capacity for hydroelectric power can address energy needs and advance
feasible turn of events. Such collaboration helps the two countries straightforwardly
involved as well as sets a positive model for territorial organizations.

Security Challenges:
The two India and Pakistan have confronted the normal danger of psychological
oppression and fanaticism. Cooperative endeavors to address this threat can act as a
binding together component. Knowledge sharing, joint counter-psychological
warfare tasks, and a promise to destroy fanaticism can add to a safer and stable
locale. India and Pakistan have a lot of tension because of the long-standing
Kashmir issue. A genuine and supported discourse pointed toward finding a fair and
tranquil goal is essential for building enduring trust. Including all partners and
taking into account the desires of the Kashmiri public is fundamental for a far
reaching and reasonable arrangement.

International Mediation:
Role of International Community* The international community can help India and
Pakistan build bridges and dialogue through constructive means. Intervention
endeavors, supported by major worldwide powers, can give a nonpartisan ground to
resolving petulant issues and figuring out something worth agreeing on. A steady
and helpful connection among India and Pakistan isn't just to their greatest
advantage yet in addition critical for provincial steadiness. The South Asian locale
has gigantic potential for financial development and improvement, which can be
completely acknowledged through cooperative endeavors and a promise to
harmony.

Challenges On the Path of Improvements:

The two nations face interior political difficulties that can affect their outside
relations. Exploring homegrown worries and finding some kind of harmony
between public interests and territorial participation is a sensitive undertaking for
pioneers on the two sides.Public discernment, filled by verifiable complaints and
patriot feelings, can be a critical hindrance to further developed relations. Pioneers
should pursue constructing a story of participation and shared benefit, progressively
reshaping popular assessment for quiet conjunction.

Conclusion:
All in all, the Indo-Pak relations stay a mind boggling and delicate international
issue, set apart by verifiable contentions and regional questions. Notwithstanding
irregular strategic endeavors and harmony drives, well established question and
annoying issues keep on stressing two-sided ties. The two countries share a
background marked by social and verifiable associations, yet political divergences
continue. A commitment to peaceful coexistence, confidence-building measures,
and ongoing dialogue are essential. Global intervention and participation are
fundamental to work with valuable commitment among India and Pakistan. An
eventual fate of provincial steadiness relies on the eagerness of the two countries to
conquer contrasts and fashion a way toward enduring harmony and success.