New State Problems

The Problems of the New State
The attainment of independence brought an

end to one phase of the struggle and marked
the beginning of a new one for setting up and
running a viable, stable and prosperous state.
Pakistan began its independent life under very
difficult and unfavorable circumstances. Pakistan
faced serious problems in the initial stages
• 1. New Administration
• 2. Division of Assets
• 3. Integration of Princely States
• 4. Communal Riots and Arrival of Refugees
• 5. Canal water and trade issues
1: New Administration
• The shortage of trained human power.
• Problem in the setting up of federal
government.
• Shortage of office space, equipment and
furniture.
• Disturbance in the direct connections
between the federal government and
provincial governments.
• The provincial governments were overburdened.
• Required a very accurate connection between the
centre and the provinces to solve the problems of
the Muslim refugees, nothing to eat, drink, wear,
rest, etc.
• To counter the critical situation, an efficient
system was needed.
• Lack of efficient system created painful difficulties
for the administrative authorities.
2: Division of Assets
• The Indian government was not cooperative
for transfer of record and equipment to
Pakistan.
• The civil administration was not handing over
the promised financial, military, and other
shares that created mountainous hurdles to
eradicate the pains and miseries of the
refugees.
• Financial Assets
1. The full financial share of Pakistan was not
transferred.
2. Initially rupees 200 million were transferred.
3. Blocked these funds to suffocate the newly born
Muslim state.
4. They did not release the remaining funds until
Gandhi’s threat of marn bert (fast until death).
5. Under this pressure, more funds were sent in early
1948 but no installment was later paid.
• Capital of Federal Reserve Bank of India was 4000 M
• Gave only 500 M in the beginning
• 17.5 % of loans on India Adjusted in the amount
• Agreed to pay rest but gave only 200 M
• Helped out by Different States and Habib Bank
• Military’s Division
i). Division of Military assets was not just.
ii). Dividing man power was not a serious
setback because the division was not in
the hands of third person.
iii). Muslims were free to come to their
dreamland, Pakistan.
iv). Their shifting was slow and insecure.
v). Obstacles in the Pakistan’s share of
weapons, equipment, and stores.
vi). The broken and damaged stuff was sent by
India.
vii). No ordinance factory in territory of
Pakistan.
viii). Reorganization of the Armed Forces was
another tough job as there was no army
officer above the rank of colonel.
ix). British officers to continue their services.
x). This also accelerated undue promotion in
the military services to fill the gap.
• 3: Integration of Princely States
• Over 560 princely states in India on the verge
of the partition of India. About 500 states had
joined India before August 15 because of the
motivation by V. P. Menon and Mountbatten.
• The princes were inclined to honour every
gesture of the British representative so they
conceded what the member of the Royal
family (Mountbatten) wished.
• The Hindu-British conspiracy blocked states to
join Pakistan.
• Junagadh
• It was a small state with access to sea having
about 7 lakh population and 3377 mile area.
• The ruler was Muslim while the majority of its
population was Hindu.
• The ruler decided to accede to Pakistan and
Pakistan also accepted the accession.
• In November 1947, the Indian troops entered the
state and took its control. The referendum
favoured India.
• Hyderabad
• It was geographically big and financially a rich
state.
• Its ruler was Muslim and majority population was
Hindu.
• It was surrounded by India from all sides.
• The Nizam wanted to stay independent.
• Mountbatten discouraged him and signed
Standstill Agreement.
• India built pressure on the Nizam by sending its
troops in September 1948 claiming that serious
law and order situation had developed.
• The state was integrated in India.
• Kashmir
• The most important state was Kashmir
naturally connected with Pakistan.
• Its ruler was Hindu while population was
Muslim.
• The population inclined towards Pakistan but
the Hindu ruler declared to join India.
• The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in
Poonch area and soon it became widespread.
• The ruler sought Indian support.
• India demanded accession.
• On October 27, 1947 Indian troops landed in
Srinagar.
• The people continued their struggle for
independence and India promised to finally
settle the matter with reference to the people
under the UN Resolutions.
4: Communal Riots and Refugees
• The Communal riots occurred earlier in August
1946.
• The killing of Muslims in Indian areas forced them
to leave India.
• The Sikhs and Hindus attacked the refugee
caravans and trains.
• There were organized gangs to kill the Muslims.
• The refugee problem created critical condition in
the border areas.
• The massive migration proved serious economic
and humanitarian problems for the new state.
5: Canal Water Problem
• The major rivers flow from Kashmir and some
canal heads located in India.
• In 1948, India cut off water to some canal that
was a serious threat to agriculture in West
Pakistan.
• Indian plans to build water storage on the
rivers flowing in Pakistan’s territory.
• The World Bank settled the problem in
September 1960 (Indus Water Treaty).
6: Trade Problem and the Economy
• India devalued its currency in 1949 but Pakistan
refused to do so.
• India stopped trade with Pakistan that adversely
affected Pakistan’s economy as it depended on trade
from India.
• Pakistan had inherited a weak economy and poor
industrial base.
• Initial years of Pakistan were troubled and difficult due
to the India’s non-helpful policy and the war in
Kashmir.
• Profound impact on Pakistan’s worldview and its
relations with India.
• Pakistan strived for its survival and security.
Many Indians and the British predicted the
collapse of Pakistan. They were of the opinion
that very soon the Muslims would realize their
blunder. They would be forced by the
circumstances to go back to join India. But
PAKISTAN, by the grace of Almighty Allah, was
able to meet the challenge even with its
problems.

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The Problems of the New State

The attainment of independence brought an

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