- the property of a fluid that resists

Volcanoes the force tending to cause the fluid

to flow
Volcano
- is usually a cone shaped mountain or Magma
hill that opens downward to a pool of - molten material beneath or within the
molten rock below the surface of the earth’s crust, from which igneous rock
earth is formed

Ring of Fire Lava

- is a string of volcanoes that runs - the molten, fluid rock that issues
around the edge of the pacific ocean from a volcano or volcanic vent

How are volcanoes formed? Ash

- the powdery residue of matter that
• when tectonic plates collide and go remains after burning
through the process of subduction, it
sets the foundation for a volcano Hot Spring
• the overlapping of the tectonic plates - a natural spring of mineral water at
causes the magma to break through the temperature of 21°C (70°F) or above,
crust, which is the cause of a found in areas of volcanic activity
volcano’s birth
Geyser
Parts of a Volcano - a hot spring that intermittently sends
up fountain like jets of water and
• crater into the air
• conduit
•
Types of Volcano
magma chamber
• magma
• ash cloud
Shield Volcanoes
• vent
- the magma inside is rich in iron and
• lava magnesium and is very fluid
- since the magma is very fluid, the
Crater lava coming out tends to flow great
- is a funnel-shaped depression at the distances
top of a volcano formed as a result of - Examples:
explosive eruption ▪ Mauna Loa in Hawaii
▪ Mauna Kea in Hawaii
Taal Volcano
- has 47 craters. Composite Volcanoes
- the magma inside is rich in silica and
Caldera much thicker than magma from a shield
- is a volcanic crater that is formed volcano
when a part of the wall of the crater - gases gets trapped inside this thicker
collapses following an explosive magma
eruption - Examples:
- a large crater formed by volcanic ▪ Mayon Volcano in Albay, Bicol
eruption or by collapse of a volcanic ▪ Mt. Fuji in Japan
cone
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
Phases of a Volcano - the magma inside has large amounts of
gases trapped in it
- eruption are violent and explosive
Active Volcanoes because of all the gas trapped in the
- are ones that have erupted in the past magma
10,000 years - Examples:
- are likely to erupt again ▪ Smith Volcano in Babuyan
- active magma chamber Islands
▪ Mt. Saint Helens in Washington
Dormant Volcanoes
- are ones that have not erupted in the
past 10,000 years Types of Volcanic Eruption
- still have the possibility to erupt
- magma chamber is slowly filling Pheatic/Hydrothermal
- also referred to as sleeping volcanoes - is a stream-driven eruption as the hot
rocks come in contact with water
Extinct Volcanoes
- are ones which no eruption has Phreatomagmatic
occurred within historic times - is a violent eruption due to the
- future occurrences are highly contact between water and magma
impossible
- inactive magma chamber
Strombolian
Mt. Pinatubo - is a period weak to violent eruption
characterized by fountain lava
- last erupted in the year 1991
- though it is technically an active
volcano, experts say that it was its Vulcanian
last eruption ever that is why the - is characterized by tall eruption that
eruption is so destructive reach up to 20 km high with
pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra
Viscosity
Plinian ▪ PHIVOLCs: (02) 8426-1468 to 79
- is excessively explosive type of ▪ Philippine Red Cross: 143 or
eruption of gas and pyroclastics (02) 9790-2300
▪ Bureau of Fire Protection: (02)
Primary Effects of Volcanic Eruption
8426-0246
▪ NDRRMC: (02) 8911-5061 to 65
local 100
Volcanic Gases - Prepare a Go-Bag
- all magma contains dissolved gasses ▪ in case of evacuation
- these gasses are mainly steam, carbon ▪ this should include:
dioxide and compounds of sulphur and o a mask per person (N95 or
chlorine makeshift)
o copies of personal
Lava Flows documents
- are streams of molten rock o phone and powerbank
o flashlights and batteries
Pyroclastic Flows or candles and matches
- are high speed avalanches of hot ash, o 3 gallons of portable
rock fragments and gas which move down water per person
the sides of a volcano o 3 days’ worth of non-
perishable food
o hygiene and sanitation
Secondary Effects of Volcanic Eruption items
o first aid kit and
Lahars maintenance medication
o extra cash
- are mixture of water, rock, ash, sand
and mud that originate from the slopes
of a volcano During
- often happen because of heavy rainfall - Stay Calm!
eroding volcanic deposits ▪ it’s important to stay as calm
as possible during a volcanic
Landslides eruption so that you can think
- heat from cooling magma can cause rationally and avoid doing
hydrothermal alteration of the rocks, things that can put you or
turning sections of them into clay others in danger
- this weakens the rocks and increases ▪ remaining calm helps you stay
the risk of slope failures focused on the situation
- If you are outdoors:
▪ seek shelter indoors
Volcanic Alert Levels ▪ if you are caught in a
rockfall, roll into a ball to
Alert Level 0 protect your head
- quiet or no alert ▪ if near a stream or river, be
- no eruption in foreseeable future aware of rising water and
possible mudflows in low-lying
Alert Level 1 areas
- low level of volcanic unrest ▪ move up-slope as quickly as
- no eruption imminent possible
▪ seek care for burns right away;
immediate care can be life
Alert Level 2 saving
- increasing unrest ▪ if your eyes, nose, and throat
- magma may rise from earth’s crust become irritated from volcanic
leading to possible volcanic eruption gasses and fumes, move away
immediately; your symptoms
Alert Level 3 should go away when you are no
- magmatic unrest longer in contact with the
- may include seismic swarms, charges in gasses or fumes; if symptoms
temperature, bubbling activity continue, consult your doctor
- If you are indoors:
Alert Level 4 ▪ close all windows, doors, and
- hazardous eruption imminent fireplace or woodstove dampers
- hazardous eruption possible in days ▪ turn off all fans and heating
and air conditioning systems
Alert Level 5 ▪ bring pets and livestock into
closed shelters
- hazardous eruption in progress
- accompanied by lava fountaining/lava
flows After
- Stay tuned!
▪
Preparedness Plan listen to your local radio
stations for civil defense
advice and follow instructions
Before - Stay indoors:
- Stay Tuned: ▪ stay indoors and away from
▪ to the latest news volcanic ashfall areas as much
as possible
▪ to know current situation
▪ when it is safe to go outside,
▪ to stay informed with local keep your gutters and roof
safety plans and evacuation clear of ash as heavy ash
areas deposits can collapse your roof
- Know Disaster Hotlines: - Volcanic Eruptions may result
▪ National Emergency Hotline: 911 ▪ volcanic eruptions may result
▪ Philippine National Police: 117 in floods, landslides and
 mudslides, power outages, and ▪ the earth is tilted 23.5° on
wildfires its axis
- Be safe!
Altitude
Positive Effects of Volcanic Eruption - is the height above sea level
▪ the air temperature decreases
• it can bring out various precious as the altitude increases
materials buried deep in the earth
• it can fertile soils
• it can lead to land formation Bodies of Water
• in can be a tourist spot • land heats and cools faster than the
sea
World Climate • coastal areas have lower temperatures
than inland areas
• places that are far from the bodies of
Weather water have extreme climates
- condition of the atmosphere at a
specific place and time Topography
- ocean → wind direction → mountain
Factors Affecting the Weather range → leeward side of mountain
• in a rain shadow, from the
Temperature windward side, water picks up
- the degree of hotness or coldness of a water vapour
place • water vapour condenses to form
- thermometer is used to measure it clouds
• in the leeward side, after it
Wind passes the mountain range, the
- the movement of air in the atmosphere warming air picks up water from
- wind vane is used to know the the environment
direction of the wind
Ocean Currents
Air Pressure - the five ocean currents are:
- the force caused by the weight of air ▪ Indian
in the earth’s surface ▪ South Pacific
- the force exerted by the air ▪ North Pacific
- air is the atoms or molecules floating ▪ South Atlantic
in the atmosphere ▪ North Atlantic
- barometer is used to measure it - ocean currents that brings along cold
water to inland makes the climate cold
Humidity - ocean currents that take along warm
- the amount of water vapour in the air water to coastal areas make the
- hydrometer is used to measure it climate warm

Precipitation Climate Change

- the water falling from the atmosphere, - is a natural phenomenon and has been
in the forms of rain, snow or hail occurring since the earth came into
- rain gauge is used to measure how being
heavy the rain is - is a change in the average whether of
a given area or region
Climate
- the general pattern of weather in a
certain area over a long period of
time

Seasons in the Philippines

Dry Season
- from December to May
- the two types are:
▪ Cold Dry Season
▪ Hot Dry Season

Wet Season
- also called “Rainy Season”
- from June to November

Factors Affecting the Climate

Latitude
- as the latitude increases, temperature
decreases
▪ Tropical Zone is nearest to the
equator
▪ Temperate Zone is neither near
or far from the equator
▪ Polar Zone is the farthest to
the equator