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    Volcanoes

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    SHERRIE MAE BIJASA
    This document provides information about volcanoes and volcanic landforms. It begins with definitions of volcanoes and their main parts. It then describes the three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and stratovolcanoes. Other volcanic landforms such as calderas, pyroclastic flows, and lava domes are also outlined. The document also discusses the nature of volcanic eruptions and how factors like magma composition and viscosity influence eruption styles. Finally, it briefly explains the relationship between plate tectonics and the distribution of igneous activity worldwide.

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    Volcanoes

    Uploaded by

    SHERRIE MAE BIJASA
    20 views37 pages
    This document provides information about volcanoes and volcanic landforms. It begins with definitions of volcanoes and their main parts. It then describes the three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and stratovolcanoes. Other volcanic landforms such as calderas, pyroclastic flows, and lava domes are also outlined. The document also discusses the nature of volcanic eruptions and how factors like magma composition and viscosity influence eruption styles. Finally, it briefly explains the relationship between plate tectonics and the distribution of igneous activity worldwide.

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    This document provides information about volcanoes and volcanic landforms. It begins with definitions of volcanoes and their main parts. It then describes the three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and stratovolcanoes. Other volcanic landforms such as calderas, pyroclastic flows, and lava domes are also outlined. The document also discusses the nature of volcanic eruptions and how factors like magma composition and viscosity influence eruption styles. Finally, it briefly explains the relationship between plate tectonics and the distribution of igneous activity worldwide.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views37 pages

    Volcanoes

    Uploaded by

    SHERRIE MAE BIJASA
    This document provides information about volcanoes and volcanic landforms. It begins with definitions of volcanoes and their main parts. It then describes the three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and stratovolcanoes. Other volcanic landforms such as calderas, pyroclastic flows, and lava domes are also outlined. The document also discusses the nature of volcanic eruptions and how factors like magma composition and viscosity influence eruption styles. Finally, it briefly explains the relationship between plate tectonics and the distribution of igneous activity worldwide.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 37

    VOLCAN

    OES
    BRIONES, NALA SHANE M.
    MANALO, KEAN ANGELO N.
    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    01 02
    TYPES OF
    03
    VOLCANO OTHER VOLCANIC
    VOLCANOES LANDFORMS

    04
    THE NATURE OF
    05
    MATERIALS
    06
    PLATE
    VOLCANIC EXTRUDED TECTONICS AND
    ERUPTIONS FROM A IGNEOUS
    VOLCANO ACTIVITY
    0
    1
    VOLCANO
    VOLCANO
    A rupture in the Earth’s crust
    which allows magma/ash/gases to
    escape from beneath the surface.

    The term also includes the


    cone-shaped landform built by
    repeated eruptions over time.
    VOLCANO
    VOLCANIC SECONDARY
    PARTS rocks BOMBS
    and larger debris coneCONES
    that builds up
    thrown into the air around secondary vents
    during eruption SECONDARY
    ASH, STEAM VENT
    other magma exit around
    the cone
    cloud & GAS
    pushed out of a
    volcano LAVA
    molten rock that reached
    CRATER the surface
    circular depression at the
    top of the volcano MAGMA
    molten rock underneath
    MAIN VENT the surface
    main tube connecting MAGMA
    the magma chamber to CHAMBER
    reservoir of magma
    the surface underground
    02
    TYPES OF
    VOLCANOES
    TYPES OF VOLCANOES
    SHIELD
    VOLCANO
    • Broad, Slightly domed-shaped
    • Composed primarily of basaltic lava
    • Generally covers large areas
    • Produced by mild eruption of large volumes of
    lava
    • Kanlaon Volcano straddles the provinces of
    Shield Volcano Cross Section Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental,
    approximately 30 km (19 mi) southeast of
    Bacolod, is a good example of a shield
    volcano.
    TYPES OF VOLCANOES
    SHIELD
    VOLCANO

    Kanlaon Volcano
    TYPES OF VOLCANOES
    CINDER
    VOLCANO
    • Built from ejected lava (mainly cinder-sized)
    fragments
    • Steep Slope Angle
    • Rather small size
    • Frequently Occur in groups

    Cinder Cone Volcano Cross Section


    TYPES OF VOLCANOES
    STRATOVOLCANO/COMPOSITE CONE VOLCANO
    • Most are located adjacent to the Pacific Ocean (e.g.,
    Mount Pinatubo and Mount Mayon)
    • Large, classic-shaped volcano (thousands of feet high and
    several miles wide at base)
    • Composed of interbedded lava flows and layers of
    pyroclastic debris.
    • Most Violent type of activity
    • Often Produce nuée ardente
    • Fiery pyroclastic flows made of hot gases, infused
    with ash and other devris
    • Move down the slopes of a volcano at speeds up to
    Stratovolcano/Composite Cone Volcano 200 km/hr
    Cross Section • May produce a lahar, which is a volcanic mudflow
    TYPES OF VOLCANOES

    STRATOVOLCANO/COMPOSITE CONE VOLCANO

    Mount Pinatubo Mount Mayon


    TYPES OF VOLCANOES

    Size Comparison of the Three Types of Volcanoes


    03
    OTHER VOLCANIC
    LANDFORMS
    OTHER VOLCANIC
    LANDFORMS

    CALDERAS
    • Steep-walled depression at the summit

    • Size generally exceeds 1 km in diameter

    Taal Volcano
    OTHER VOLCANIC
    LANDFORMS

    PYROCLASTIC FLOW
    • Associated with felsic and intermediate
    magma
    • Consist of ash, pumice, and other fragmental
    debris
    • Material is propelled from the vent at a high
    speed
    Pyroclastic Flow
    OTHER VOLCANIC
    LANDFORMS

    Fissure Eruptions and Lava


    Plateaus
    • Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal
    fractures called fissures
    OTHER VOLCANIC
    LANDFORMS

    Lava Domes
    • Bulbous mass of congealed lava

    • Most are associated with explosive eruptions


    of gas-rich magma.
    OTHER VOLCANIC
    LANDFORMS

    VOLCANIC PIPES AND


    NECKS
    • Pipes are short conduits that connect a
    magma chamber to the surface.
    • Volcanic Necks are resistant vents left
    standing after erosion has removed the
    volcanic cone
    04
    THE NATURE OF
    VOLCANIC
    ERUPTIONS
    THE NATURE OF VOLCANIC
    ERUPTIONS
    Factors determining the “violence” or
    explosiveness of a volcanic eruption
    • Composition of the magma
    • Temperature of the magma
    • Dissolved Gases in the magma

    **These factors actually control the


    viscosity of a given magma, of an
    eruption.**
    THE NATURE OF VOLCANIC
    ERUPTIONS

    VISCOSITY
    - measure of a material’s resistance to flow
    (e.g., higher viscosity materials flow with
    great difficulty).
    THE NATURE OF VOLCANIC
    ERUPTIONS
    Factors affecting viscosity
    • Temperature – Hotter magmas are less viscous.
    • Composition – Silica (SiO2) content
    • Higher silica content = higher viscosity (e.g.,
    felsic lava such as rhyolite).
    • Lower silica content = lower viscosity or
    more fluid-like behavior (e.g., mafic lava
    such as basalt)
    • Dissolved Gases
    • Gases expand within magma as it nears
    Earth’s surface due to decreasing pressure.
    • The violence of an eruption is related to how
    easily gases escape from magma.
    In summary, factors affecting viscosity:
    • Fluid basaltic lavas generally produce quiet eruptions.
    • Highly viscous lavas (rhyolite or andesite) produce more
    explosive eruptions.
    THE NATURE OF VOLCANIC
    ERUPTIONS
    A Pahoehoe Lava Flow
    "Pahoehoe" is a Hawaiian word used to
    describe a lava flow with a smooth, ropy
    surface. Pahoehoe flows advance slowly,
    with small amounts of lava squeezing out
    of a cooler crust. Pahoehoe flows can
    exhibit all kinds of different shapes as they
    form and cool. These are sometimes called
    "lava sculpture."
    THE NATURE OF VOLCANIC
    ERUPTIONS
    A Typical A'ā Flow
    A'ā (pronounced "ah-ah") is a Hawaiian
    term for lava flows that have a rough rubbly
    surface composed of broken lava blocks
    called clinkers. The incredibly spiny surface
    of a solidified 'A'ā flow makes walking very
    difficult and slow.
    A'ā flows tend to be 1-3 m thick,
    fast-moving, have thin layers of spiny
    clinker, little fine material mixed in with the
    clinker, and their interiors are often
    vesicular.
    05
    MATERIALS
    EXTRUDED FROM
    A VOLCANO
    MATERIALS EXTRUDED FROM
    A VOLCANO
    Pyroclastic materials – fire fragments

    Types of Pyroclastic Debris


    • Ash and Dust – Fine, Glassy Fragments
    • Pumice – Porous rock from frothy lava
    • Lapilli – Walnut-sized Material
    • Cinders – Pea-sized Material
    • Particles larger than lapilli
    • Blocks – Hardened or Cooled Lava
    • Bombs – Ejected as Hot Lava
    MATERIALS EXTRUDED FROM
    A VOLCANO

    Blocks
    MATERIALS EXTRUDED FROM
    A VOLCANO

    Bombs
    MATERIALS EXTRUDED FROM
    A VOLCANO

    Lapilli
    MATERIALS EXTRUDED FROM
    A VOLCANO

    Ash
    06
    Plate Tectonics and
    Igneous Activity
    PLATE TECTONICS AND
    IGNEOUS ACTIVITY
    Global distribution of igneous activity
    is not random.
    • Most volcanoes are located within or
    near ocean basins (at subduction zones).
    • Basaltic rocks are common in both
    oceanic and continental settings,
    whereas granitic rocks are rarely found in
    the ocean.

    Global Distribution of Active Volcanoes


    PLATE TECTONICS AND
    IGNEOUS ACTIVITY
    Igneous activity along plate margins
    Spreading Centers
    • The greatest volume of volcanic rock is
    produced along the oceanic ridge
    system.
    • Mechanism of spreading
    • Lithosphere pulls apart
    • Less pressure on underlying rocks
    • Results in partial melting of mantle
    • Large quantities of basaltic magma
    are produced.
    PLATE TECTONICS AND
    IGNEOUS ACTIVITY
    Igneous activity along plate margins
    Subduction Zones
    • Occur in conjunction with deep trenches
    • Descending plate partially melts
    • Magma slowly moves upward
    • Rising magma can form either:
    • An island arc if in the ocean
    • A volcanic arc if on a continental
    margin
    • Associated with the Pacific Ocean basin
    • Region around the margin is known
    as the “Ring of Fire”
    • Most of the world’s explosive
    volcanoes are found there
    PLATE TECTONICS AND
    IGNEOUS ACTIVITY
    Igneous activity along plate margins
    Intraplate Volcanism
    • Activity within a tectonic plate
    • Associated with plumes of heat in the
    mantle
    • Form localized volcanic regions in the
    overriding plate called a hot spot
    • Produces basaltic magma sources
    in oceanic crust
    • Produces granitic magma sources
    in continental crust
    THA
    NK
    YOU!

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