Vent – An opening in the surface of the Earth

VOLCANOES through which volcanic materials can escape.

• A volcano is a rupture in the Earth’s crust that Magma – Liquid rock inside a volcano. It can be
allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to runny or viscous (thick and sticky)
escape from a magma chamber below the
surface. Flank – Side of volcano

• A volcano is a vent or an opening and a rupture Magma chamber – Underground compartment of

that enables the magma, which will soon turn magma
into lava once erupted on the Earth’s surface,
gases, and ash break free from the structure, – TYPE OF VOLCANOES –
itself. Furthermore, it is instilled in the Earth’s
crust. - Appearance
- Activity
– HOW THEY ARE FORMED –
APPEARANCE
•Imbalances in litostatic pressure, rock strength,
and magmastatic pressure. 1. CINDER VOLCANO “scoria cone” –
Cinder cones are the simplest type of
1. The stunning morphological variety of volcano volcano. They are built from particles
landforms starts with the magma and blobs of congealed lava ejected
from a single vent.
- We acknowledge that every dominant start of
a volcano starts with the magma, working along Ex: Mt. Babuyan , Taal Volcano
with its naturally produced pressure.
2. SHIELD VOLCANO – Shield volcanoes
2. Imbalance in Lithostatic and Magmastatic are usually constructed almost entirely
pressure of basaltic and/or andesitic lava flows
which were very fluid when erupted.
- Before going further with the stated pressures,
lithostatic is the applied pressure downwards. Ex: Mauna Kea , Mauna Loa
On the contrary, with magmastatic, this is the
knowing pressure coursed upwards. Due to the 3. COMPOSITE/STRATOVOLCANO –
correlation of the disposition imbalance of Stratovolcanoes have relatively steep
three geological factors; lithostatic pressure, sides and are more cone-shaped than
magmastatic pressure, and rock strength, the shield volcanoes. They are more likely
enlightened magma retains in staying under the to produce explosive eruptions due to
Earth’s surface. As a result, a volcano is formed. gas building up in the viscous magma.

– BASIC PARTS – Ex: Mt. Vesuvius , Mayon Volcano

Crater – The mouth of a volcano ACTIVITY

Conduit – An underground passage which magma 1. Active volcanoes – has at least one
travels through eruption within the last 10,000 years.
 ERUPTING VOLCANO highly cautious hot floods of tiny debris
fragments brought on by shallow land sliding
- Explosive eruption and quick snowmelt. This cataclysmic hazard
- Quiet eruption may result in the destruction of property,
infrastructure, and even settlements. There is
DORMANT VOLCANO also something cold the primary and secondary
mudflow, acknowledging the flow of hot or cold
- If it has not erupted within the last substances.
10,000 years but is expected to occur in
the future. Global warming and contaminated water – Next, it
is affecting in the quality of the neighboring
2. Inactive volcanoes – had no eruption water supply, volcanic erosions can solely
within historic times and is not produce chemicals coming from fallen ashes
expected to erupt again in a and potentially hazardous gases. Lastly, without
comparable time scale of the future. being oblivious to our global warming situation,
it also gives its adverse effects primarily caused
Ex: Mt. Butay by dominant methane, sulfur dioxide, and
carbon dioxide that is emitted in the process of
– HAZARDS POSED BY VOLCANOES – eruption.

BURSTS – The hot bursts of trapped gas inside the – DISASTER PREPAREDNESS –
volcano.
Before
DOME GROWTH – Mound of lava that grows inside
the crater. - Pack safety equipment for each member
of the household.
GASES – Gas release by active volcanoes. - Portable radio
- Bottles of water
- Water vapor - Have a family escape plan
- Carbon dioxide - Secure a map on possible lava flow
- Methane
- Sulfur dioxide During

LAHAR – Mud flow - Evacuate!

- Tune in to the radio
- Primary or hot lahar - Wear protective equipment
- Secondary or cold lahar - Close the windows and doors

TEPHRA FALL – combinations of pumice, scoria After

(basalt), and thick rocks.
- Stay indoors
TSUNAMI – caused by underwater volcanoes - When it is announced that it is
eruption. undoubtedly safe to go outside, keep
your gutters and roof clear of ash.
Lahar and flood – Volcanic eruptions may trigger - Use a mask or a damp cloth and eye
lahars by melting snow and ice, generating protection when cleaning up.
flood flow. Lahars, also known as mudflows are
 - Look for updates regarding the  Geothermal powerplant uses steam to
aftermath's adverse effects. power turbine

PROS AND CONS OF LIVING NEARBY ADVANTAGES

VOLCANOES  Aside from being essentially unlimited
like many other renewables,
PROS OF LIVING NEARBY VOLCANOES
geothermal energy is always available
 volcanic rock and ash provide fertile  Generate more energy compared to
land which results in a higher crop yield coal-fired power plant
for farmers  Cleaner energy compared to coal-fired
 tourists are attracted to the volcano, powerplant
which increases money to the local  Renewable energy
economy
 minerals are contained in lava, eg CLIMATE
diamonds - these can be mined to make
money Weather
 geothermal energy can be harnessed, - Weather refers to the day-to-day
which provides cheaper electricity for changes in the atmosphere at a
locals particular place and time.
CONS OF LIVING NEARBY VOLCANOES
Weather is determined by: Air temperature,
 Volcanoes are dangerous. They can kill Air pressure, Amount and type of precipitation,
people and damage property Wind strength and Direction, Types of clouds
 Economic activity can suffer as it is hard Precipitation - formed by condensation, where
for businesses to operate after an liquid water, ice or snow is released from
eruption. clouds.
 Habitats and landscapes are damaged
by lava flows. CLIMATE

WHAT CAUSES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS? 4 main seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn,

Winter
PRESSURE BUILD UP
Climates in the Philippines: Dry season, Wet
 Increase magmastatic pressure
 Gases dissolved causes increased FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE - Latitude,
pressure forcing the magma out of the Bodies of water, Elevation, Wind
mantle
 (Latitude) The Earth’s axial tilt defines
HOW DO WE HARNESS THIS ENERGY its season

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 Ecological footprint- measures the use of
resources against the Earth’s capacity to
regenerate.

OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

When chlorine and bromine atoms come into

contact with ozone in the stratosphere, they
destroy ozone molecules. One chlorine atom
can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules
before it is removed from the stratosphere.
 (Proximity to bodies of water) Islands Ozone can be destroyed more quickly than it is
surrounded by bodies of water can have naturally created.
a windward or leeward side. Wind from
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
bodies of water is rich from moisture
due to evaporation. Economic consequences

Evaporation - process of liquid turning into gas Extreme weather

 (Wind) Wind from warm areas brings Waterborne and foodborne diseases
warm temperature.
Extinction
 (Elevation) The higher the elevation the
lower the temperature IS GLOBAL WARMING NATURAL

CLIMATE CHANGE Over the course of Earth’s existence, volcanic

eruptions, fluctuations in solar radiation,
What causes climate change?
tectonic shifts, and even small changes in our
Greenhouse gases- Too many greenhouse gases orbit have all had observable effects on
will cause to extreme increase in global planetary warming and cooling patterns. But
temperature climate records are able to show that today’s
global warming—particularly what has occured
Carbon dioxide (CO2) since the start of the industrial revolution—is
happening much, much faster than ever before.
Methane (CH4)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) THE SUN AND THE OTHER

Industrial gases: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) STARS BEYOND OUR
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulfur hexafluoride SOLAR SYSTEM
(SF6) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
SUN - The closest star in our planet The sun
Carbon footprint- The amount of carbon drives the weather on our planet.
dioxide released in the atmosphere
  The sun is a medium-sized star with a COMPOSITION
diameter of 1.39 million kilometers
(about 110 times than Earth.  All stars are composed of hydrogen (60-
80%), helium (16-36%), and traces (4%)
Thermonuclear fusion - a collision of two light of oxygen, neon, carbon, and nitrogen.
elements.
STELLAR EVOLUTION
 hydrogen becomes a helium
1. Giant dust cloud - All stars are born
CHARACTERISTICS OF A STAR from collapsing clouds of gas and dust,
often called nebulae or molecular
Color, Surface temperature, Size, Brightness, clouds.
Composition 2. Protostar - When the gas particles in
COLOR the molecular cloud run into each
other, heat energy is produced.
 The color of the star ranges from red to 3. Red giant - happens when a star stops
yellow to blue depending on the surface burning hydrogen, and helium expands
temperature. The sun is a mid-range to a large, low-density star
temperature star. 4. Supernova - happens when its
temperature reaches more than 100
SURFACE TEMPERATURE billion degrees, and the repulsive
forces between the iron nuclei explode
 expressed in Kelvin
the star’s mass into space
 Sunspot- They are caused by twisting,
5. Blackhole - a large mass star completely
chaotic magnetic fields from within the
collapsed so that no energy or matter
Sun's convective zone
can escape.
SIZE
LAYERS OF THE SUN
 Stars are classified as dwarf, giant, or
supergiant. CORE - The core is the Sun’s middle region
where energy is generated by thermonuclear
 dwarf stars are very small. they are
about 75 to 80 percent of the sun reactions, which create extreme temperatures
of about 15 million degrees Celsius.
 Giants are twice or 10 times bigger than
the sun PHOTOSPHERE - the layer visible directly from
 Supergiant are more than 10x bigger Earth. It is also called the solar surface. The
than the sun. photosphere’s temperature varies from roughly
 Stars with a mass of more than 8 suns 6500 degrees Kelvin at the bottom to 4000
end in an explosion; Supernova. degrees Kelvin at the top
 Stars with a mass of more than 20 suns
end by collapsing into a blackhole.
 Massive stars have shorter life spans.
They burn their fuel faster.
CORONA - This is the Sun’s outermost layer. It
starts at roughly 1300 miles above the
photosphere and has no upper limit. Its
temperature is between 500,000 degrees Kelvin
to 1 million degrees Kelvin

STAR CONVERGENCE

 Stars form recognizable patterns in the

sky which are called Constellations.

TYPES OF CONSTELLATIONS

1. Circumpolar constellation – is visible all

year round within the Northern
Hemisphere.
2. Non-circumpolar constellation – is only
visible within a particular season.

THE ZODIAC

The months that correspond to each zodiac are

based on the Sun's position relative to the
zodiac constellations. For instance, the Sun
faces the constellation Aries in April, so people
born in (most of) April are of the Aries
astrological sign.

Aug 22-Sept 22 - Virgo Sept 23 - Oct 23- Libra

Oct 24-Nov 22 – Scorpio

ASTRONOMY VS ASTROLOGY

ASTROLOGY - PSEUDOSCIENCE DETERMINES

THE INFLUENCE OF THE STATE OF THE STARS
AND THE PLANETS AT THE TIME OF ONE’S
BIRTH.

ASTRONOMY - SCIENCE THAT USES THE

PRINCIPLE OF PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS TO
EXPLAIN AND PREDICT THE PHENOMENON OF
THE CELESTIAL BODIES.