QUARTER 3

Volcanoes
Definition, Parts and Types
Most Essential Learning Competency:
• Describe the different types of volcanoes
and volcanic eruption.

Objectives:
1. Define what a volcano is
2. Identify the parts of a volcano
3. Differentiate active and inactive
volcanoes
 Activity:
Concept Mapping

Volcano
 The Philippines is
located along the
Ring of Fire. As a
result, it is a home
to many volcanoes.

The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean
where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
What is a Volcano?
What is a Volcano?

A volcano is any
place where gases
and melted rock
(called magma)
come out of the
ground.
Formation of Volcanoes
 Internal Part of a Volcano

Main Vent
connects magma
chamber to the lava
earth’s surface
magma that
breaks onto
the surface

Secondary Vent
smaller outlets

Magma Chamber
contains magma
 External Part of a Volcano

Summit
is the highest point or the
apex of the volcano
Crater
the opening at
the top of a Slope
volcano
are the sides or flanks of a
volcano that radiate from
the main or central vent
Base
is lower outer part of the
volcano
At the summit,
• there is an opening which may either be a
crater or a caldera.

• A crater is a funnel-shaped opening at

the top of a volcano.

• A caldera is formed when a part of the

wall collapses following an explosive
eruption.
Crater
Caldera
Terrible eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in 1992 after
600 yrs. of inactivity.
Classification of Volcanoes
based on the frequency of
eruption
 INACTIVE OR POTENTIALLY ACTIVE
EXTINCT ACTIVE OR
DORMANT

No records of
eruption
No records ofover the
eruption No records of eruption Erupted within the last 600 years
lastthe
over 10last
000 years
10 000 years over the last 2000 years and with records of eruption
but may erupt again within the last 10 000 years
Mt. Balungao in Pangasinan
Mt. Butung in Quezon
Mt. Apo, Cotabato
Mayon Volcano, Albay
Taal Volcano, Batangas
Mt. Kanlaon, Negros oriental
Mt. Hibok-Hibok, Camiguin
Mt. Pinatubo, Zambales
 Some of the
Active Volcanoes
in the World
Mount St. Helens, US
Mount Fuji, Japan
Mount Strombolian, Italy
Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Photo/video credits to Rachel Jan Padrigo

Mount Kilauea, the world's most active volcanic mass,

located on the southeastern part of the island of
Hawaii.
 ACTIVITY 3:
Volcanoes in the Philippines
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
Most Essential Learning Competency:
• Explain what happens when volcanoes
erupt.

Objectives:
1. Compare explosive and effusive eruptions
2. Explain how the composition of magma
affect eruptions
3. Differentiate the types of volcanoes and
styles of volcanic eruption
How will you compare the soda bottle
explosions to volcanic eruptions?
Scientists put volcanic eruptions into two groups:
•Effusive/ Nonexplosive •Explosive Eruption
eruption •Less common but
•Most common type of more destructive
Eruption •Produces clouds of
•Produces calm lava hot ash, gas and rock
flow fragments
•Releases huge •Does not produce
amounts of lava but lava flows
less ash and dust
Effusive or Nonexplosive Eruption
Explosive Eruption
Example of Volcanic Eruption in
Ocean Floor
How Can Magma Erupt
from a Volcano?
Magma that flows onto the
Earth’s surface

Lava

Nonexplosive/ Effusive eruptions produce

mostly lava.
 ash

gas

rock fragments

PYROCLASTIC
MATERIALS Explosive eruptions
Hardened magma that is produce mostly
blasted into the air.
pyroclastic material.
 There are primary factors affecting the
volcanoes eruptive style, namely:

1. Magma’s temperature
2. Chemical composition
3. Amount of dissolved gases

Viscosity – is the property of the material’s

resistance to flow. Also described as the
liquid’s thickness and stickiness.
Example of Viscosity of Magma
Magma composition affects how a volcano
erupts.
water content silica content
water content

AFFECT

silica content

bubble formation
 MAGMA
COMPOSITION
water content

AFFECT bubble Type of

determine
formation Eruption
silica content
• If magma contains a lot of water, an explosive eruption happens.

As magma rises, the

pressure suddenly
decreases and the water The high pressure
turns into bubbles of gas. allows water to
dissolve into the
✓ More water
magma.
✓ More bubble formation
✓ More explosive

magma is
under high
pressure
 silica content

▪ compound made of
the elements silicon
and oxygen
thick magma = more silica, thin magma = less silica,
more viscous less viscous
more water
more silica

result to

EXPLOSIVE
ERUPTION
3 TYPES OF VOLCANO
 •Shield volcanoes form when layers of
lava from many nonexplosive eruptions
build up.
 Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa
are examples of shield volcano.
• Cinder cone volcanoes are made of pyroclastic
material produced from explosive eruptions.
Taal is an example of cinder cone volcano.
• Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes have layers of
lava flows and pyroclastic material.
MT. FUJI IN JAPAN MAYON VOLCANO IN
ALBAY
Other Types of Volcanic
Landforms
▪ Crater

▪ Calderas

▪ Lava Plateau
 •CRATERS

IS A FUNNEL-
SHAPED PIT
AROUND THE
CENTRAL VENT AT
THE TOP OF A
VOLCANO.
 •CALDERAS
IS A LARGE
DEPRESSION, OR PIT,
THAT FORMS WHEN
MAGMA CHAMBER
COLLAPSES. THE
GROUND OVER THE
MAGMA CHAMBER
SINKS, FORMING A
CALDERA.
•LAVA PLATEAUS
- IS A LARGE AREA OF
LAND COVERED BY A
HUGE VOLUME OF
LAVA. LAVA PLATEAUS
ARE THE LARGEST
VOLCANI C
LANDFORMS.
- THEY ARE FORM WHEN
A LARGE VOLUME OF
LAVA ERUPTS FROM A
CRACK IN THE CRUST.
TYPES OF
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS 1. PHREATIC
2. PHREATOMAGMATIC
3. STROMBOLIAN
4. VULCANIAN
5. PLINIAN
 Phreatic or hydrothermal
-is a stream-driven
eruption as the hot
rocks come in
contact with water.
-It is short-lived,
characterized by
ash columns but
may be an onset of
a larger eruption.
Phreatomagmatic
Strombolian
• A periodic
weak to violent
eruption
characterized
by fountain
lava just like the
Izaru Volcano
in Costa Rica.
 Vulcanian
- Characterized by tall
eruption columns that
reach up to 20 km high
with pyroclastic flow
and ashfall tephra like
that of Parucutin
Volcano in Mexico.
Plinian
-excessively explosive
type of eruption of gas
and pyroclastics just like
our Pinatubo Volcano in
Zambales.
Hazards Pose By
Volcanic Eruption
BLAST
These are hot burst of
trapped gases that
push their way through
solid barriers and
rapidly into the
atmosphere.
LAHAR

This is also
called mudflow
or flow of
volcanic
debris.
LAVA FLOW
This refers to the molten
rocks that move down
the slope of volcanic
vents. The viscosity of
the lava and the
steepness of the
volcano slope can
influence the lava flow.
PYROCLASTIC
FLOW
This refers to glowing
hot material that
moves down the
slope of an erupting
volcano and comes
in contact with the
surface.
PYROCLASTIC
SURGES

These are volcanic

materials of gases, ash,
rock fragments and
water extruded above
the ground.
TEPHRA FALLS
These may consist of
combination of
pumice, scoria, thick
rock fragments and
crystal with tephra.
Signs Of Impending
Volcanic Eruptions
1. Increase in the
frequency of volcanic
quakes with rumbling
sounds; occurrence of
volcanic tremors;
2. Increase steaming
activity; change in color
of steam emission from
white to gray due to
entrained ash
3. Crater glow due to
presence of magma at
or near the crater.
4. Ground swells,
ground tilt and ground
fissuring due to magma
intrusion.
5. Localized landslides,
rockfalls and landslides
from the summit area
which are not
attributable to heavy
rains.
6. Noticeable increase
in the extent or drying
up vegetation around
the volcano’s upper
slopes.
7. Increase in the
temperature of hot
springs, wells and crater
lake.
8. Noticeable variation
in the chemical content
of springs, crater lakes
within the vicinity of
the volcano.
9. Drying up of
springs/wells around
volcano.
10. Development of
new thermal areas
and/or reactivation of
old ones.
Volcanic eruptions safety tips
Follow evacuation orders
issued by authorities, and
put your emergency plan
into action;
Listen to the radio,
preferably a local station on
a portable, battery-
operated radio or television
for updated emergency
information and
instructions;
Exposure to ash can harm your health. Skin burns and
irritation, lung problems, eye irritation, and injuries
may occur.
Keep as much of your skin
covered as possible; wear
long-sleeved shirt or long
pants for protection;
Wear a dust mask or damp
cloth designed to protect
against lung irritation from
small particles;
Protect your eyes by
wearing goggles. Wear
eyeglasses, not contact
lenses;
Ready your family lifeline
kit for possible
evacuation;
Always have an emergency
supply of food and potable
drinking water ready since
water supply may be
contaminated; make sure
the water and food you
consume are safe;
Close all windows and
doors to keep volcanic ash
from entering.
PERFORMANCE TASK #1