Volcanoes Notes
Volcanoes Notes
Volcanoes Notes
–
Ms.
Guiking
Section
1:
Key
ideas
• A
volcano
is
an
opening
on
the
Earth’s
surface
where
magma
escapes
from
the
interior.
Magma
that
reaches
the
Earth’s
surface
is
called
lava.
• The
constructive
force
of
volcanoes
adds
new
rock
to
existing
land
and
forms
new
islands.
• Most
volcanoes
occur
near
the
boundaries
of
Earth’s
crustal
plates
and
along
the
edges
of
continents,
in
island
arcs,
or
along
mid
ocean
ridges.
• If
you
look
at
the
Pacific,
there
is
a
circle
of
volcanoes
that
show
the
borders
of
the
pacific
plate.
This
is
commonly
known
as
the
ring
of
fire.
• Hot
spot
volcanoes
produce
island
arcs
such
as
the
Marianas
Islands
and
the
Hawaiian
Islands
• A
stratovolcano,
also
known
as
a
composite
volcano,
is
a
conical
volcano
built
up
by
many
layers
(strata)
of
hardened
lava,
tephra,
pumice,
and
volcanic
ash.
• A
shield
volcano
is
a
type
of
volcano
usually
built
almost
entirely
of
fluid
magma
flows.
They
are
named
for
their
large
size
and
low
profile,
resembling
a
warrior's
shield
lying
on
the
ground.
This
is
caused
by
the
highly
fluid
lava
they
erupt,
which
travels
farther
than
lava
erupted
from
stratovolcanoes.
This
results
in
the
steady
accumulation
of
broad
sheets
of
lava,
building
up
the
shield
volcano's
distinctive
form.
The
shape
of
shield
volcanoes
is
due
to
the
low-‐viscosity
magma
of
their
mafic
lava.
• Cinder
cones
are
the
simplest
type
of
volcano.
They
are
built
from
particles
and
blobs
of
congealed
lava
ejected
from
a
single
vent.
As
the
gas-‐charged
lava
is
blown
violently
into
the
air,
it
breaks
into
small
fragments
that
solidify
and
fall
as
cinders
around
the
vent
to
form
a
circular
or
oval
cone.
• Volcano-‐a
weak
spot
in
the
crust
where
magma
from
the
mantle
comes
to
the
surface
• Magma-‐-‐-‐hot
liquid
rock
formed
in
the
mantle
• Lava-‐-‐-‐hot
liquid
rock
when
it
reaches
the
surface
Section
2:
Key
Ideas
• An
eruption
occurs
when
gases
trapped
in
magma
rush
through
an
opening
at
the
Earth’s
surface,
carrying
magma
with
them.
• Volcanoes
can
erupt
quietly
or
explosively,
depending
on
the
amount
of
dissolved
gases
in
the
magma
and
how
thick
or
runny
the
magma
is.
• When
magma
heats
water
underground,
hot
springs
and
geysers
form.
• Volcano
hazards
include
pyroclastic
flows,
avalanches
of
mud,
damage
from
ash,
lava
flows,
flooding,
and
deadly
gases.
• Hot
spring-‐-‐-‐water
which
is
always
hot
due
to
it
being
near
hot
rock
or
magma.
It
may
be
colored
because
of
organisms
that
often
live
in
them
and
their
mineral
content.
Hot
springs
are
more
than
capable
of
causing
burns
and
can
easily
kill
you
if
you
fall
into
it.
• Geysers-‐-‐-‐periodically
shoots
out
hot
water
streams.
This
hot
water
can
kill
many
creatures.
Old
Faithful
in
Yellowstone
National
Park
is
one
of
the
most
famous
geysers
in
the
world.
Geysers
are
even
more
dangerous
than
hot
springs.
• pyroclastic
flow—an
explosive
eruption
which
can
throw
out
rocks,
ash,
and
gases.
Any
eruption
is
easily
capable
of
killing
you.
• Mount
Pinatubo
in
the
Philippines
or
Mount
St
Helen
in
Washington
State
are
examples
of
an
explosive
eruption.
• Pahoehoe-‐-‐-‐-‐fast
moving
hot
lava
that
is
usually
smooth.
This
kind
of
lava
is
associated
with
the
quiet
eruption
which
is
not
nearly
as
violent
as
a
pyroclastic
eruption.
• Kilauea
in
the
state
of
Hawaii
is
currently
erupting.
• A’A
-‐-‐-‐cooler
and
slower
moving
lava
that
is
usually
jagged.
This
lava
is
also
associated
with
a
quiet
eruption
• Active—volcanoes
that
are
currently
erupting
or
have
erupted
recently
and
may
erupt
again
soon.
• Dormant
-‐-‐-‐volcanoes
that
are
currently
inactive
but
can
still
erupt.
Volcanoes
can
remain
dormant
for
thousands
of
years.
• Extinct-‐-‐-‐
volcanoes
that
are
unlikely
to
erupt
again.
• Geothermal
energy—heat
energy
from
the
inside
of
the
Earth
• Silica—formed
from
silicon
and
oxygen
and
makes
up
most
rocks
Section
3:
Key
Ideas
• Lava
and
other
volcanic
materials
on
the
surface
create
shield
volcanoes,
cinder
cones,
composite
volcanoes,
and
plateaus.
• Magma
that
hardens
beneath
the
surface
creates
batholiths,
dome
mountains,
dikes
and
sills,
which
are
eventually
exposed
when
the
covering
rock
wears
away.
• Volcanic
neck-‐-‐-‐when
magma
hardens
around
the
volcano’s
pipe
(where
the
magma
comes
out
of
the
volcano).
• Dike—when
magma
forces
itself
across
layers
of
rock
to
form
their
own
barriers
• sill
-‐-‐-‐when
magma
squeezes
between
layers
of
rock
• Batholith—large
rock
masses
that
form
the
core
of
mountain
ranges.
• Dome
Mountain-‐-‐-‐-‐forms
when
a
volcano
builds
up
several
layers.
It
one
of
the
5
major
molten
rock
formations
• Cone
Volcanoes-‐-‐a
steep
cone
shaped
volcano
which
is
what
people
typical
see
in
the
movies.
Also
known
a
cinder
cone
volcano
such
as
Mauna
Kea
in
Hawaii.
• Caldera—the
big
hole
left
when
the
magma
chamber
collapses.
The
Diamond
Head
Crater
in
Honolulu,
Hawaii
is
one
of
the
most
famous
Caldera
in
the
world
• Composite
Volcanoes-‐-‐volcanoes
that
have
both
the
cinder
cone
shape
and
the
shield
volcano
shape.
Mount
Fuji
is
an
example
of
a
composite
volcano.
• Lava
plateaus
are
high
flat
areas
created
by
lava
flows.
In
Pahoa,
Hawaii
the
recent
eruption
created
new
lava
plateau
areas.