8.1.2 Volcanoes

VOLCANOES
By Nishant Dexter
WHAT ARE
VOLCA-
NOES?
A volcano is an opening in the

Earth’s crust through which hot
molten magma and ash are erupted
onto the land.
Magma refers to
molten material in
the Earth’s interior.
Lava refers to the

molten material af-
ter it is ejected on
the Earth’s sur-
face.
Sometimes magma
slowly solidifies under
the Earth’s surface to
form plutonic igneous
rocks such as granite.
Lava solidifies after

cooling on the surface
of the Earth to form
volcanic igneous
rocks such as basalt.
PARTS OF A VOLCANO Crater
A depression at the top of a volcano fol-
lowing a volcanic eruption.
Cone
Material ejected from a volcano solidifies as
rocks around the crater, forming a cone.
Side vent
Smaller vent branching out from the main
vent.
Vent
A channel which allows magma to reach
the surface from the magma chamber
Magma chamber
The reservoir of magma located deep in-
side a volcano.
Distribution of volcanoes
The number of active volcanoes in the
world is more than
1300
Three quarters of the volcanoes are lo-
cated around the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Plate boundaries
Most volcanoes occur at destructive
(convergent-subduction) or constructive
(divergent) boundaries.
Hotspots
Some volcanoes occur in the middle of
plates on isolated plumes of magma that
has burned through the crust.
Hotspots
Areas of anomalous volcanism
What are hot spots?

Hot spots develop in areas of hot, up-
welling mantle. The molten mantle
forms magma which melts the crust
and rises out to form a volcano.
Oceanic hot spots
These occur under oceans such as the Hawaiian

hot spot under the Pacific plate. As oceanic volca-
noes move away from the hot spot, they cool and
subside, producing islands, atolls, and seamounts.
Continental hot spots
Continental hotspots such as Yellow-
stone will eventually cool and become
extinct when they move away from the
hot spot.
Take a tour of a volcano
https://artsandculture.withgoogle.com/en-us/national-parks-service/hawaii-volcanoes/nahuku-lava-tube-tour
Types of volcanoes
The shape of a volcano depends on the viscosity of magma and gas content.
Composite Cone /
Shield volcano Cinder Cone
Stratovolcano
Formed from hot, runny
Formed from layers of thick Formed from volcanic debris
These are lava
formed along lava and other rock accumulating around the vent
constructive plate
They are formed around destructive plate boundaries.
boundaries and
hotspots.
Volcanic features ranked in order of violence
Shield/Cinder
Shield cones Pelean Plinian Caldera
Hawaiian Gentle eruptions Explosive eruptions Vesuvian
A highly explo-
Linear volcanic
sive eruption
vent through These eruptions These highly
may result in
which magma These are ex- are accompa- explosive erup-
collapsing of the
erupts without plosive only if nied by hot, fast- tions cause
structure above
explosive activ- water gets into moving lava, fiery, fast-mov-
magma chamber
ity. Characteris- the vent. toxic gases, and ing avalanches
forming a caul-
tic curtains of hot ash. of lava.
dron shape
fire.
called ‘caldera’.
Stages of volcano
Volcanoes go through three stages as magma from the chamber can no longer reach the Earth’s surface.
Active
These volcanoes have
erupted in recent times.
Dormant
They haven’t erupted for many
centuries, but may erupt again.
Extinct
They are not expected to
erupt again.
Note
Photos on this slide are for

representational purposes
only.
Some famous volcanoes
Useful examples for case studies. Can you guess what the icons stand for?
Mount Vesu- Mount Etna, Krakatoa, In- Mauna Loa,

vius, Italy Italy donesia Hawaii
Eyjafjallajökull, Fujiyama, Erebus, Antarc-

Popocatépetl
Iceland Japan tica
Material ejected in volcanic eruptions
In addition to lava, volcanoes also give out:
Volcanic bomb
Lumps of lava that cool
Toxic gases
and solidify before they
Carbon monoxide, hit the ground
hydrogen sulphide,
etc.
Pyroclastic flow
Contains lava frag-
Pumice ments, pumice, gases
A light and porous and hot ash ejected
volcanic rock formed speedily
by gas-rich lava
Lahar
Hot, destructive mud-
Cinder flow on the slopes of
Small rocks and coarse a volcano.
volcanic material
EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUP-
TIONS
HAZARDS IMPACTS
Lava / pyroclastic flows Loss of life
Ash fallout Destruction of property
Volcanic gases Loss of farmland
Landslides and mudslides (lahars) Destruction of infrastructure
Earthquakes Disruption of communication
Tsunamis
Acid rainfall
Why do people live near volcanoes?
• After weathering, lava and pyroclastic flows form
fertile, nutrient-rich soil which is excellent for farm-
ing.
• Minerals such as gold, silver, diamonds, copper
and zinc are brought close to the surface, and can
be mined when the lava cools.
• Geothermal energy can be used to produce electric-
ity. This is widely practised in Iceland and New Zea-
land.
• Volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers attract
tourists. This boosts the employment in the form of
tour guides, hotel industry, restaurants, and gift
shops.
Predicting volcanoes
• Seismometers predict tiny earthquakes that occur
as magma rises.
• Chemical sensors detect high sulphur levels.
• Lasers detect physical swelling of a volcano.
Managing volcanoes
• Spraying lava flows with

water.
• Digging diversion chan-
nels to guide lava away
from settlements.
• Adding cold boulders to
lava flows.
References
You may explore these links for more information related to websites
https://www.zmescience.com/other/science-abc/types-of-volcano/
https://sciencing.com/types-eruptions-least-destructive-12324462.html
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-is-a-hot-spot
http://
www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/why_live_close_to_volcanoes.html
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-does-indonesian-volcano-burn-br
ight-blue-180949576
/
Thank you

8.1.2 Volcanoes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

8.1.2 Volcanoes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

8.1.2 Volcanoes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VOLCANOES

A volcano is an opening in the

Lava refers to the

Lava solidifies after

What are hot spots?

Oceanic hot spots

These occur under oceans such as the Hawaiian

Photos on this slide are for

Mount Vesu- Mount Etna, Krakatoa, In- Mauna Loa,

Eyjafjallajökull, Fujiyama, Erebus, Antarc-

Lava / pyroclastic flows Loss of life

Ash fallout Destruction of property

Volcanic gases Loss of farmland

Landslides and mudslides (lahars) Destruction of infrastructure

Earthquakes Disruption of communication

• Spraying lava flows with

You might also like