Ww1 War Graves

Статья посвящена обзору основных групп источников по истории воинских захоронений Первой мировой войны (на примере Петрограда). Обосновывается тезис об актуальности изучения проблемы организации воинских захоронений в годы тотальной войны. Автор уделяет особое внимание анализу кладбищенской документации. Рассматриваются достоинства и недостатки этих документов как исторических источников. Затрагиваются проблемы сохранности и сложности интерпретации источников. Приводятся обоснования научной и практической ценности кладбищенской документации.

In the Slovak military historiography focusing on the years from 1914 to 1918, we can only
find a few papers dealing with the specifically oriented research focusing on the participation
of men of the Austro-Hungarian Army from a particular municipality in the territory of
contemporary Slovakia and the military operations in the particular locality. On the example
of the municipality of Ruská Kajňa in the today’s district of Humenné, this study monitors the
participation of men from this municipality on the battlefields of the World War, analyses the
combat activity of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Army at the turn of 1914 and 1915 and
also offers a brief view of the demographic development of the municipality until the end of
the World War, surely influencing the development of Ruská Kajňa in Czechoslovakia after
1918. In spite of the fact that Ruská Kajňa was not a significant economical, military, culturalsocial, political or religious centre of the river Oľka valley in the Zemplín County, it was in
this municipality’s surrounding where the strategic combat operations regarding an important
crossroad in the direction of Medzilaborce and Stropkov took place, with the local residents
having to suffer all the oppressions of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Army in their homes
directly. After the frontline moved off back behind the Carpathian Passes, it was necessary to
reconstruct the damaged homes and farm buildings, which was very challenging since the men
from Ruská Kajňa were recruited to the Austro-Hungarian Army, fulfilling their military duty
on the Eastern and Italian front.
Military History. Slovakia. World War 1. Ruská Kajňa. Zemplín, Austro-Hungarian Army,
Battles in the Carpathians. Name list of the soldiers from Ruská Kajňa. Demographic
development. Combat operations in the Ruská Kajňa neighbourhood – Humenská Oľka,
Stropkovská Oľka

Engramma ISSN 1826 901X 95 • dicembre 2011 11 DANIELE PISANI La massa come fondamento. I sacrari fascisti della Grande Guerra Non temete, spiriti gloriosi, vi difenderemo. Difenderemo i morti, tutti i morti della guerra, anche a costo di scavare le trincee nelle piazze e nelle strade delle nostre città. BENITO MUSSOLINI L'architettura della memoria in Italia. Cimiteri, monumenti e città. 1750-1939, a cura di Maria Giuffré, Fabio Mangone e Sergio Pace, Ornella Selvafolta, Skira, Milano 2007 La memoria della Prima Guerra Mondiale. Il patrimonio storico tra tutela e valorizzazione, a cura di Anna Maria Spiazzi, Chiara Rigoni e Monica Pregnolato, Terra Ferma, Vicenza 2008 Lisa Bregantin, Per non morire mai. La percezione della morte in guerra e il culto dei caduti nel primo conflitto mondiale, Il Poligrafo, Padova 2010 Guri Schwarz, Tu mi devi seppellir. Riti funebri e culto nazionale alle origini della Repubblica, UTET, Torino 2010.

Located on the southern side of Cologne (Köln), Germany there is a small but beautiful graveyard maintained by the CWGC. There is two Gurkhas from World War 1 commemorated here. They are found outside the main CWGC area along with some Indian Army soldiers and surrounded by a high number of German soldiers.

These two Gurkhas were Prisoner of War and had been held captive by the Kaisers military in World War 1.

We will first examine the history of the 2/8th Gurkha Rifles (2/8 GR) on the Western Front between 1914 to 1915, then have a closer look at the Cemetery where these two brave Gurkhas are commemorated and finally a list of various sites where Gurkhas fighting on the Western Front in 1914-1915 have been commemorated.

Une opération de sondages géo-archéologiques et de fouille archéologique a été menée sur un petit secteur de la ligne de front en Argonne (Marne) afin de déterminer les modalités d'implantation, d'enfouissement et de conservation des structures de tranchées de la première guerre mondiale. Les vestiges sont fossilisés sous un épais couvert végétal et ont été étudiés au moyen de sondages ciblés sur les premières lignes, les structures connexes et le no-man's-land. La fouille met principalement en évidence des stratégies de construction des tranchées et des habitus militaires qui diffèrent selon la nationalité des troupes. L'état de conservation des vestiges et l'abondance du mobilier sont également très variables en fonction de la durée d'utilisation des structures. Enfin, si ces vestiges appartiennent à une période historique récente pourtant bien documentée par les archives textuelles et iconographiques, l'étude des archives sédimentaires et archéologiques démontre des processus d'altération intenses depuis l'enfouissement qui s'ajoutent aux phénomènes de récupération syn-et post-conflictuelles.

Resümee. Eine geo-archäologische Bodenuntersuchung und Ausgrabung wurde in einem kleinen Sektor der Frontverlaufslinie bei Argonne (Marne) durchgeführt, um die Modalitäten der Implantation, des Eingrabens und der Instandhaltung der Strukturen der Schützengräben des 1. Weltkrieges bestimmen zu können. Die Überreste sind unter einer dichten Pflanzenschicht versteinert und die Bodenuntersuchungen waren auf die ersten Linien, die zusammenhängenden Strukturen und das no-nan´s-land hin ausgerichtet. Die Ausgrabung macht vor allem die Konstruktionsstrategien der Schützengräben und die militärische Haltung deutlich, die sich nach der jeweiligen Nationalität der Truppen unterschied. Der Zustand der Schützengräben und die Fülle des Inventars sind ebenfalls sehr unterschiedlich, je nach Dauer der Nutzung der Strukturen. Kurzum, wenn diese Schützengräben auch einer jüngeren historischen Periode angehören, sind sie doch gut in den textuellen und ikonographischen Archiven dokumentiert, und die Untersuchung der sedimentären und archeologischen Archive zeigt deutlich den Prozeß des intensiven Verfalls seit der Vergrabung, die zu den Phänomenen der syn-und post-konfliktgeladenen Wiederherstellung hinzukommen.

Abstract. A geoarchaeological survey was developed over an area of the WW1 front line in Argonne (Marne) in order to observe and quantify the preservation processes of a range of trench structures. The remains are preserved under a thick vegetation cover, and were studied through several targeted excavations on these trenches, related structures and the no-man's-land. The results reveal different trench construction strategies and military traditions according to the nationality of the troops. The conditions of the remains and artifact abundance are also dependent on the duration of structures operating life. Finally, although these remains belong to a recent historical period, which is well documented by textual and iconographic archives, the study of sedimentary and archaeological archives demonstrates the intensity of natural alteration processes since 1918 that add to the phenomena of syn-and postwar recycling.

Tokom Prvog svetskog rata oko stopedeset hiljada srpskih vojnika je palo u Austrougarsko zarobljeništvo, dok je oko pedeset hiljada civila srpske nacionalnosti bilo internirano. Od toga, njih preko dvadeset hiljada je umrlo u logorima na teritoriji današnje Austrije. Oni su sahranjivani na logorskim grobljima, u pojedinačnim ili grupnim grobnicama. Pored toga, na teritoriji Austrije se nalaze sahranjeni i austrougarski vojnici srpskog porekla. U radu se prikazuje deo vojnih grobalja, grobnica i kosturnica sa posmrtnim ostacima srpskih vojnika u današnjoj Austriji, tačnije njih 26, kao i jedno spomen obeležje na mestu nekadašnjeg groblja. Dati su delimični podaci o istorijatu pojedinih logora i njihovih grobalja, zajedno sa brojevima sahranjenih vojnika, kao i podaci o postojećim spomen obeležjima na tim grobljima. Za nekoliko grobalja su preneta i imena sahranjenih lica iz Srbije.

English version: Beyond the Memorial. Museography for the Heritage of Conflicts Michela Bassanelli 5 7 24 31 55 59 66 71 81 93 La Rivista di Engramma • 113 | 31 | gennaio-febbraio 2014 • issn 1826 901x "Il primo e il più grande monumento della vittoria" Nota su di un caso di iconografia aniconica Daniele Pisani

Gelibolu Yarımadası'nda 1915'te yaşananları anımsamak için her yıl milyonları bulan insanlar yarımadayı ziyaret ediyor. Bu ziyaretlerin ne kadarının nitelikli ve kimlik kazanmış bir anma ritüeline dönüştüğü şöyle dursun-ki bu yazının buna somut bir katkı sağlanması da amaçlar arasındadır-öncelikle anma için millet olarak yapılanlara, yapılıp unutulanlara ya da yok olanlara ışık tutmakta fayda olacaktır. Anıt kelimesinin TDK sözlüğündeki anlamına baktığımızda: "Önemli bir olayın veya büyük bir kişinin gelecek kuşaklarca tarih boyunca anılması için yapılan, göze çarpacak büyüklükte, sembol niteliğinde yapı, abide" anlamı olduğu görülmektedir. Tabi aslında "Anıt" yanı sıra anmalar için bir çok ülke veya millet anma alanları da oluşturmuştur. Mesela Gelibolu Yarımadası'ndaki Anzak Koyu Tören alanı bunlara bir örnektir. Türkiye'de ise "Anıt" aynı zamanda anma olarak da kullanılıyor olup TDK sözlüğünde "Anma Alanı" gibi bir kavram bulunmamaktadır. Bugün "yeni şehitlik bulundu" haberleri ile haberdar olunan araştırmaların çoğalmasındaki temel neden, Çanakkale'nin tahliyesi sonrasında diğer cephelerde devam eden muharebelere birliklerin intikal etmesi, savaş ekonomisi ve diğer nedenlerden ötürü bu şehitliklerin maalesef yapılamamış olmasıdır. Takdir edileceği üzere, 1919'da başlayan Milli Mücadele dönemindeki imkansızlıklar ve savaşın devam ediyor olması bu şehitliklerin kimilerinin kaybolması, kimilerinin ise tamamen yok olmasına neden olmuştur. Fakat aslında bu savaş ve türlü zorluklar sırasında-ki vatan toprağı işgal altında olmasına rağmen-çeşitli çabalar gösterilmiş bu çabalar yetersiz kalmıştır. Bu çabalarla ilgili Osmanlı Arşivi'nde döneme ait resmi yazışmalar mevcuttur.

Un projet de fouille programmée a été initié cette année par le biais d'une première campagne de sondages géoarchéologiques sur des vestiges d’un réseau de tranchées en premières lignes. Les objectifs initiaux de cette première phase sont de (1) quantifier la vitesse d’érosion de vestiges centenaires en tant que modèle pour l’archéologie et de (2) mesurer la résilience et l’impact de tels vestiges sur le paysage actuel d’un petit secteur de la forêt d’Argonne.

Cette opération a consisté à sonder mécaniquement les 3 premières lignes françaises et allemandes séparées par le no man’s land afin d’observer les modalités d’édification, d’enfouissement et d’érosion de parallèles ayant fonctionné pendant trois années (entre 1915 et 1918). Le mobilier découvert, essentiellement constitué de munitions de petit calibre et d’éclats d’obus, permet d’avoir une image quantitative et chronologique de la guerre de position. Le très bon état de conservation et la qualité variable des aménagements de fond de tranchée reflète une diversité stratégique selon la position par rapport à la ligne de front. Ils reflètent en outre la vie quotidienne des soldats souvent affectée à l’entretien des ouvrages. La très faible quantité de matériaux architecturaux semble traduire le nettoyage et la récupération des éléments recyclables (bois, fer) après les offensives alliées de 1918.
L’ensemble des premiers résultats incitent le projet à être prolongé vers des problématiques complémentaires afin de fournir une image exhaustive de la résilience de ce champ de bataille cent ans après son abandon et son enfouissement sous une forêt dense. Les résultats définitifs permettront idéalement de fournir un modèle concret de la conservation de vestiges archéologiques bien contraints dans le temps et dans l’espace.

[w:] I wojna światowa nad Sanem, red. A. Garanty, Stalowa Wola 2014, s. 95–107.

Artykuł prezentuje aktualny stan badań nad historią leżajskiej kwatery wojskowej z okresu I wojny światowej i przeniesionych na jej teren cmentarzy i mogił na terenie obecnego powiatu leżajskiego. Zawarto w nim zupełnie nowe ustalenia dotyczące pochówków na terenie leżajskiego cmentarza żydowskiego, folwarku w Wierzawicach i wielu innych miejscach. Pokrótce omówiono kilka epizodów działań wojennych, w których znane są choćby szczątkowe dane dotyczące strat wojujących stron.

Why Sikhs were not awarded any Victoria Cross in First World war despite being highest number in Infantry and Cavalry

https://www.amazon.com/dp/1091628475/ref=cm_sw_r_tw_awdb_t1_x_oJ4iFbGA5WB0W?fbclid=IwAR0gx3vJ3Hame4y2OrKHl-LOUCaUsAW_rhGO1EVP6wKgyhas1KrseBWAMXQ

Political Consequences of First World War on British Indian Armys Class Composition and myths about class composition Paperback – December 5, 2019

This short book deals with political consequences of soldiers from various ethnicities on the recruitment policy of the British in India.This scribe is of the view that political loyalty was the ultimate factor in British recruitment policy in India starting from 1858.This book deals with First World War in particular.We will start by examining each infantry unit of the British Army in 1914 and post first world war.Firstly there are nonsense myths that have been repeated and persist.Major General Fazal Muqeem Khan of Pakistan Army fallaciously claimed that there were no all Muslim units in British Indian Army.This was totally false. There were many all Muslim units between 1890 and 1914 and some till 1947.What Fazal Muqeem was trying to imply was that Muslims were regarded as most dangerous and untrustworthy by the British.Interestingly the opposite is true. For example Sikhs dominated fighting arms like infantry as late as end of first world war but were reduced after 1918 as they exhibited politically defiant anti British behavior in some units in first world war.On the other hand Punjabi Muslim were most loyal in first world war and thus Punjabi Muslims quota in infantry was increased and exceeded Sikh quota only after first world war ended.This was not due to any fighting qualities but pure political loyalty.Such was British mistrust of Sikhs that all Sikh units were mixed with Punjabi Muslim companies.Two Pakistani origin authors are in lead in holding Guinness book records of making false claims .Thus Major General Shaukat Riza on page-101 of Pakistan Army-1947-1949 published in 1989 makes an absolutely false and unsubstantiated claim that “In 1939 about 70 % of the rank and file of Indian Army was from Muslim tribes” . Shuja Nawaz on page-3 of his book “Crossed Swords” falsely claims that Punjabi Muslims dominated British Indian Army.Thus makes the factually false claim that “Punjabi Mussulmans dominated recruitment during British period”.The correct position was from 1757 till 1885 the British Indian Army was Hindustani majority.From 1885 till 1921 Sikhs were in the highest numbers in infantry , the main fighting arm of the British Indian Army.Kaushik Roy in an article in Journal of Military History of USA makes a false and unsubstantiated assertion that Muslims were 45 % of the Bengal Army that rebelled in 1857.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17086.51521


Product details
Paperback: 167 pages
Publisher: Independently published (December 5, 2019)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 1091628475
ISBN-13: 978-1091628472
Product Dimensions: 6 x 0.4 x 9 inches
Shipping Weight: 11 ounces

The First World War resulted in an unprecedented number of casualties on both sides of the divide. Soldiers were buried on the battlefields in their thousands in individual and mass graves, often where they fell. If they were lucky a simple cross or marker with their details may have been erected to mark the location, but not all were so lucky. Due to the nature of trench and siege battle, the remains of many fallen soldiers were lost when trenches or tunnels collapsed, or were rendered unrecognisable from artillery and grenades. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) was initially designed to record, memorialise, and maintain the graves of Commonwealth soldiers who died in World War 1 and 2. This paper discusses the role of the CWGC in the forensic identification and memorialisation of the missing and unknown casualties of WW1.

In memoriam -żołnierze polegli i zmarli w Leżajsku oraz najbliższej okolicy (1914)(1915) opracował Sławomir Kułacz (wersja z 29.12.2019) Niniejszy dokument stanowi załącznik do artykułu "Groby żołnierskie z okresu I wojny światowej w Leżajsku i okolicy -krótka historia (nie)pamięci" 1 . Poniżej przedstawiam listy poległych wspomniane w artykule, a których publikację w formie papierowej uznałem za niecelową. Forma elektroniczna umożliwia bowiem nanoszenie poprawek i rozszerzanie zestawień.

Iako dolina Neretve nije bila poprište ratnih razaranja tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata, bila je tranzitna vojnička postaja prema Balkanskom bojištu. Neretvanski mladići u dobi od 21 do 36 godine regrutirani su u tri vojne jedinice. Najviše ih je služilo u u 22. c. I kr. dalmatinskoj pješačkoj pukovniji (k.k. Dalmatinisches Infanterie Regiment Nr.22. "Graf von Lacy") sa sjedištem u Sinju te u 37. domobranskoj pješačkoj pukovniji Gruž (k.k. 37. Landwehrinfanterieregiment Gravosa) koja je bila u sastavu carskog i kraljevskog domobranstva na području Vojnog okruga Herceg Novi. Manji broj služio je u ratnoj mornarici (Kaiserliche und königliche Kriegsmarine).  O ovom razdoblju postoje brojne uspomene današnjih Neretvana o predcima koji su bili na bojištima Prvog svjetskog rata ili su neizravno zahvaćeni ratnim stradanjima kao i fotografije, razglednice, pisma, osobni predmeti, oružje, dokumenti, knjige te uspomene vojnika s bojišta.
Sto godina od kraja austrijske vlasti u dolini Neretve-Austrijska ostavština u dolini Neretve Vrijeme od kraja 18. do početka 20. stoljeća tj. 1918. godine obilježila su dva razdoblja austrijske vlasti u dolini Neretve. Prvo, koje je trajalo od 1797. do 1806. godine, nije ostavilo previše traga u dolini Neretve i životu njenih stanovnika. Drugo, koje je trajalo od 1813. do 1918. godine, pogotovo njegova druga polovica, značajnije se odrazilo na živote Neretvana zbog infrastrukturnih projekata koji su poboljšali životne prilike. Austrijska ostavština i danas je temelj razvoja doline Neretve.

After retreat through Albania during the winter 1915/16 Serbian army was transferred to North Africa for recovery and healing. From twenty-four Serbian military cemeteries that existed in Tunisia and Algeria, today there are only three of them, two in Tunisia and one in Algeria. First Cemetery in Tunisia is located in Bizerte, within the Christian cemetery, and consists of an ossuary, and twelve individual graves. Another cemetery is in Menzel Bourguiba, also within the Christian cemetery. In this cemetery there are single, double and triple graves marked with metal crosses. Nearby is mausoleum, which was designed for the ossuary of Serbian and French troops, but it remained empty. This work is showing the history of these military graveyards, and describes them.

Canavèis Primavera/estate 2017. Editrice Baima & Ronchetti. Castellamonte (Torino). Alice Superiore is a mountain village near Ivrea. Giacomo Cravetto was born here in 1895, during WW1 he was enlisted as a sailor in the royal submarine "Nereide". During a fight with the U5 submarine commanded by Georg Von Trapp, he died with all the crew of the "Nereide" in the Adriatic Sea. The paradox is that its founder became a star in Holliwood Star Sistem.

Der Beitrag stellt die Arbeit der Kriegsgräberfürsorge kurz vor. Der
Schwerpunkt liegt dabei am Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge
und dem Österreichischen Schwarzen Kreuz. Zwar in Zusammenarbeit mit staatlichen Stellen tragen diese beiden Verbände die Hauptlast einer Arbeit, die in anderen Ländern Aufgabe des Staates ist. Dabei sind die Vereine
auf Spenden, Beiträge und Ehrenamt angewiesen. Nur bei einem gelingenden Generationentransfer behalten Kriegsgräberstätten auch für
nachfolgende Generationen Relevanz, wobei es eine Verschiebung geben wird vom Gedenk- hin zum Lern- und Begegnungsort. Als einziger Kriegsgräberdienst der Welt kann der Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge
auf eine jahrzehntelange Erfahrung in der Jugendarbeit zurückblicken.
Jugendarbeit kann ein Weg sein, einen Teil der notwendigen Wissens- und Werteweitergabe zu leisten.

Kriegsgräber sind ein zentraler Bestandteil des Erbes der Weltkriege. In fast allen Ländern werden sie bis heute gepflegt und erhalten. Allein während des Zweiten Weltkrieges starben auf deutscher Seite etwa 3,8 Millionen Soldaten, der größte Teil von ihnen jenseits der deutschen Grenzen. Nach Kriegsende wurden die Toten zunächst im Inland, seit den 1950er Jahren auch im Ausland auf sogenannte Kriegsgräberstätten umgebettet, um ihre Gräber dauerhaft zu erhalten. Bis heute ist dieser Vorgang nicht vollständig abgeschlossen. Die Suche nach den Toten, die Umbettung derGebeine und der fortwährende Erhalt der endgültigen Ruhestätten ist ein in den meisten Nachkriegsgesellschaften zu beobachtender Vorgang. Er ist zugleich eng verbunden mit dem Gedenken an die Toten. In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wurde beides maßgeblich durch die Arbeit des Volksbundes Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge geprägt. Der Verein etablierte sich nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg als wichtigster Akteur bei der Betreuung deutscher Kriegsgräber. Zugleich ist er Initiator des Volkstrauertages. Die vom Volksbund an diesem Tag veranstalteten Gedenkfeiern, insbesondere die Gedenkstunde im Deutschen Bundestag, sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des öffentlichen Totengedenkens. Der folgende Beitrag wird diese Zusammenhänge untersuchen. Dabei wird beschrieben, wie die Anlage von Kriegsgräbern nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg organisatorisch bewältigt wurde, wie sich das öffentliche Kriegstotengedenken am Volkstrauertag entwickelte und wie sich langfristig die Bedeutung und das Verständnis von Kriegsgräberfürsorge verändert
haben.

The Western Front has become, once again, and after 100 years, an important and increasingly popular tourist destination. The Centenary is already encouraging large numbers of visitors to engage with this highly poignant landscape of war and to commemorate the sacrifice and loss of a previous generation. Interest is also being sharpened in the ‘places of war’ as battle-sites, trench-systems, bunkers and mine craters gain a clearer identity as war heritage.

For the first time this book brings together the three strands of heritage, landscape and tourism to provide a fresh understanding of the multi-layered nature of the Western Front. The book approaches the area as a rich dynamic landscape which can be viewed in a startling variety of ways: historically, materially, culturally, and perceptually. To illustrate these two dominant interpretations of the region’s landscape – commemorative and heritage – are highlighted and their relationship to tourism explored. Tourism is a lens through which these layers can be peeled away, and each understood and interacted with according to the individual’s own knowledge, motivation, and degree of emotional engagement. Tourism is not regarded here as a passive phenomenon, but as an active agent that can determine, dictate and inscribe this evocative landscape. 

The Western Front:  Heritage, Landscape and Tourism is a timely addition to our increasing interest in the First World War and the places where it was fought. It will be indispensable to those who seek a deeper understanding of the conflict from previously undervalued perspectives.

Author biography

Stephen Miles is an Affiliate Research Fellow at the University of Glasgow’s Crichton Campus in Dumfries. He studied at the universities of Durham and Sheffield before undertaking a PhD at the University of Glasgow which he completed in 2012. He has previously written on ‘dark’ tourism and sense of place at conflict sites.

See reviews of this book at:

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Western-Front-Landscape-Heritage-Archaeology/dp/1473833760

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13683500.2017.1303983

http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Western-Front-Landscape-Tourism-and-Heritage-Hardback/p/12315

The article is devoted to an insufficiently explored aspect of the history of World War I - the transportation (repatriation) of Russian combatants’ bodies. The author briefly reviews the tradition of  the transportation of dead bodies in a historical and cultural retrospective. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the sources on this issue which are appended as a supplement to the article.

We will learn in this article about a man who´s grandfather came to India in the late 18th century, who´s son and later grandchild, who´s descendants would serve in the military till Indian Independence in 1947. Alexander Bertram Lindsay had a unusual military career, serving in the North Western Frontier, the North Eastern Frontier, Russia and in London. He served in the South Wales Borderers, 2nd Prince of Wales´s Own Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army HQ, Secretariat of Imperial Defence, Personal Staff of the Commander in Chief, Army Staff HQ, India Office and the War Office during his 22 years in service. He made a name for himself as a translator and Interpreter of Russian, in a time when the Great Game was reaching its height, until World War1.

The Jewish military necropolis of Petrograd is analyzed in the article: the Judaic participants of the First World War buried in the capital of the Russian Empire. The following parameters were set in the course of the done work: the exact number of buried, burial places, age categories, social status (as far as data of the sources has allowed), ranks, belonging to a certain kind of troops, a cause of death. In some cases it was succeeded to define circumstances and places of death. Comparison of number of burials of the studied group with a military necropolis of other faiths and an all-Judaic necropolis is made.

This article discusses symbolic forms and the association of folklore and politics in the Riga Brethren Cemetery (Brāļu Kapi). The iconographic and formal analysis of this memorial sheds light on its function as a place of worship for those who fell in action while fighting for the sovereignty of the Latvian people. Considering that Latvia suffered severely from different foreign rules over the past centuries, the memorial has contributed to strengthen nationalistic movements in Latvian society and has played an important role in nation-building. The cemetery’s landscape design as well as its large-scale monuments by the Latvian sculptor Kārlis Zāle (1888-1942) borrowed themes from Latvian mythology. After investigating another major work of Zāle, the Freedom Monument in Riga, I analyse the main elements of the sculptural ensemble of the Brethren Cemetery. Eventually, I outline how the political circumstances have influenced the burial practices over the decades. With Latvia celebrating the centennial of its first proclamation of independence in 2018, the restoration of this memorial has been undertaken in recent years.

Seit dem Ersten Weltkrieg ist es ein völkerrechtlich anerkannter Grundsatz Kriegsgräber dauerhaft zu erhalten. Er ist verwurzelt im humanitären Geist des entstehenden Völkerrechts, aber auch in den Traditionen militärischer Totenehrung. In Deutschland fasst man alle damit verbundenen Maßnahmen unter dem Begriff der Kriegsgräberfürsorge zusammen. Kriegsgräberfürsorge ist eine staatliche Aufgabe, wenngleich sie in Deutschland seit Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges jedoch vor allem durch gesellschaftliche Initiativen vorangetrieben wurde, allen voran durch den Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge e.V., der mit seiner Arbeit die Kriegsgräberfürsorge in Deutschland bis heute wesentlich prägt. Das Buch untersucht erstmals die Entstehungsgeschichte und langfristigen Folgen dieser geteilten staatlichen und gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung in der Kriegsgräberfürsorge, die in Deutschland alle politischen Zäsuren des 20. Jahrhunderts überdauert hat. Es betrachtet den organisationsgeschichtlichen Hintergrund, veranschaulicht die besondere Gestaltung, die deutsche Kriegsgräberstätten auszeichnet, und erklärt die veränderte gesellschaftliche Bedeutung, die die Kriegsgräberfürsorge langfristig in Deutschland und Europa erfahren hat.

Three World War I Military Cemeteries in Jaslo. Summary.
Jaslo have three cemeteries in which dead soldiers are buried from the era of WW1 (1914 – 1918). Unfortunately, all of these soldiers are neglected. The three cemeteries are referred to as Cemetery number 22, Cemetery number 23 and Cemetery number 24.
Articles and other fundamental sources were used to compile this article. Material from State Archives in Cracow, Rzeszow, Przemysl, Regional Museum in Jaslo and the book Die Westgalizische Heldengraber were drawn upon.
The military cemetery located in Jaslo was designed by Johann Jäger (born in 1884 – date of death unknown) he is also the author of “cemetery in Jaslo District II”. Main timber was a stone, but also he projected simple wooden crosses with metal glory or with motif swords. The most interesting cemetery of his designer there are in Cieklin, Osobnica, Bierowka, Slawecin, Olpiny, Podzamcze, Sieklowka.
Cemetery number 22 in Jaslo (Ulaszowice Street) is located alongside parish cemetery, established in 1915. Today we could see old civil gravestones on this area. Originally, this war cemetery has a two piece that was separated by aforementioned civil gravestone. Soldiers from the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German, Serbs army are buried here. Central element of architecture is monument with inscription and antique helmet (nowadays impair). Condition of this object is wrong. There are not any one cross, on this area is located shop and the worst - piece of cemetery is actually under the street.
Cemetery number 23 in Jaslo (Zielona Street) is located in parish old cemetery established in XVIII century. It was one of the largest cemeteries in West Galicia, with enormous number of buried soldiers; 1568 from Russian Army, 11 from Austro-Hungarian Army and 3 for German Army. Many graves were destroyed during the Second World War and only a few graves survived. Today, all the graves have been wiped out, however the cemetery still exists; soldiers have never been exhumed. Only stone cross with marble table, wooden cross and original inscription in chapel are a testament to war cemetery here.
Cemetery number 24 in Jaslo (Florianska Street) is located in Jewish cemetery established in XIX century. Likewise cemetery number 23 was destroyed during second world war and it is not possible to find where the graves of over 20 Jewish soldiers were buried. These Jewish graves were dispersal on the oldest part in this cemetery.
Condition this cemeteries are abysmal. It is caused from a many years ago. For example: after second world war elements of architecture cemetery number 22 was steal. In 70s Polish local authority tried to buy a new kindergarten in that area. Gradually cemeteries was damaged. Few years ago refurbished railing and cleansed monument at number 22, but did not about soldiers graves. In 2008 repaired wooden cross at number 23. This article is plea for interests out of condition military graves died during first world war in Jaslo.

Bartosz Kruszyński, Kaczmarek-regiments. German 10th Infantry Division on the Woëvre Plain and Meuse Hills during World War I in 1914, Oświęcim: Napoleon V, 2019.

Monografia ta pod względem merytorycznym i chronologicznym stanowi kontynuację książki pt. "Kaczmarek Regimenty. Niemiecka 10. Dywizja Piechoty podczas fazy wstępnej I wojny światowej w roku 1914" (Poznań 2018, Wydawnictwo Instytut Historii UAM, ss. 362).

Głównym założeniem autora była analiza działań bojowych niemieckiej 10. Dywizji Piechoty na froncie zachodnim I wojny światowej. Przyjęta chronologia objęła okres od początku września do końca grudnia 1914 roku, a pod względem obszaru geograficznego Równinę Woëvre oraz Wzgórza Mozy we Francji. W wymiarze operacyjnym odcinek ten stanowił lewe skrzydło niemieckiego V Korpusu Armijnego oraz 5. Armii. Po przejściu z działań manewrowych do pozycyjnych był zlokalizowany na południowy-wschód od twierdzy Verdun (obszar Wzgórz Mozy).

Do konstrukcji narracji zostały wykorzystane źródła archiwalne z Niemiec, Francji, USA oraz źródła i literatura wydane drukiem, głównie w językach: niemieckim, francuskim i angielskim.

Uzupełnieniem narracji jest unikatowy materiał ikonograficzny oraz kartograficzny pozyskany przez autora z kolekcji prywatnych oraz antykwarycznych w Niemczech, Francji, Wielkiej Brytanii, USA oraz Australii.

W ramach prac nad prezentowaną książką, autor odbył także objazd naukowy we Francji po obszarze Wzgórz Mozy i Równinie Woëvre. Przeprowadził tam badania terenowe, które objęły rejon Fortu Troyon nad rzeką Mozą (60 km na południe od Verdun) oraz poszczególne odcinki walk tytułowej dywizji. Pobyt na tych terenach pozwolił zweryfikować wiele aspektów działań oraz dostrzec nowe wątki.

Podczas opracowywania strat poszczególnych jednostek niemieckiej 10. Dywizji Piechoty, autor przeprowadził badania na niemieckich cmentarzach wojennych zlokalizowanych na Wzgórzach Mozy i Równinie Woëvre, gdzie odnalazł groby żołnierzy Kaczmarek-Regimentów z roku 1914.

Wydanie tej monografii zostało dofinansowane przez Wydział Historii UAM.

The Great War was epitomised by architectural and geographical spaces; the idiosyncratic naming of these spaces serving as a narrative framework for personal experience. The temporary but distinctive nomenclature of trenches and battlefield locations gave a sense of place to the individual’s involvement in the war. Returning veterans found this geography of their memories and experiences had disappeared without trace.

Traditionally, studies of remembrance and memory have been solely focussed on the dead.  This view does not allow the architecture of the Imperial War Graves Commission (IWGC) to be seen as anything beyond grave markers.

This paper explores how the cemeteries and memorials of the IWGC serve to commemorate the living and not just the fallen of the British and Commonwealth forces. It will seek to show how the cemeteries act as a lynchpin for the geography that defined the war experience of every soldier. It argues that these architectural entities are now the predominant representative of a lost geography of memory. The locations and titles of these ‘sites of mourning’ will be explored to emphasise the role they have in maintaining the memories of those who survived– to consider them as sites of memory beyond mourning.

Almost immediately after the hostilities ceased on the old Western Front, tours were being taken to visit the so-called ‘devastated regions’.  To accompany these tours a spate of literature emerged to support the would-be visitor. As time elapsed from the end of the war and the combination of nature and reconstruction began to hide the scars of war, a second wave of illustrated collections emerged that depicted a comparison of sites during the war and how they appeared some years later. The combination of these two sets of publications provides a contemporary viewpoint as to how visitors engaged with the former battlefields. This paper draws on the two sets of literature to explore how distinct audiences of the former battlefields emerged and their differing engagement with sites of memory.

Публикация представляет собой выборку из учетной документации о погребениях воинских чинов на Смоленском православном кладбище Петрограда в 1917-1918 гг. Выборка разделена на две таблицы: 1) погребенные в 1917 году и 2) погребенные в 1918 году. В таблицы включены чины вооруженных сил России, воспитанники военно-учебных заведений, военные чиновники, лица находившиеся к моменту смерти в отставке или запасе. Среди умерших: участники Великой войны и революционных событий 1917-1918 гг. (в том числе и жертвы Февральской революции и Октябрьского восстания). При составлении выборки были обнаружены сведения о захоронении на Смоленском православном кладбище бывшего начальника штаба Верховного главнокомандующего - генерала от инфантерии Н. Н. Янушкевича, убитого большевистскими конвоирами.