Wordnet

Most research in text classification to date has used a “bag of words” representation in which each feature corresponds to a single word. This paper examines some alternative ways to represent text based on syntactic and semantic relationships between words (phrases, synonyms ...

Identifying semantic expressions (so-called concept strings (CSs)) in multilingual corpora is an important NLP task, as it allows web search engines to define and perform semantic queries over large collection of documents. Existing web search engines in the legal domain are mainly limited to keyword search, in which the query word is matched against the textual content of the documents. This paper presents a novel framework named the Concept Strings Framework that makes use of CSs for representing the content of the documents, and for allowing semantic search over them. These CSs can consist of individual knowledge base (KB) concepts (e.g. WordNet concepts) or combination of them. In addition, this paper presents an interactive web-based toolkit, called the Template Editor that enables the creation, editing and evaluation of CSs. Experiments on two publicly available legislation websites show satisfactory results.

A number of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) exist on the market today. A subset of a LMS is the component in which student assessment is managed. In some forms of assessment, such as open questions, the LMS is incapable of evaluating the students' responses and therefore human intervention is necessary. In order to assess at higher levels of Bloom's (1956) taxonomy, it is necessary to include open-style questions in which the student is given the task as well as the freedom to arrive at a response without the comfort of recall words and/or phrases. Automating the assessment process of open questions is an area of research that has been ongoing since the 1960s. Earlier work focused on statistical or probabilistic approaches based primarily on conceptual understanding. Recent gains in Natural Language Processing have resulted in a shift in the way in which free text can be evaluated. This has allowed for a more linguistic approach which focuses heavily on factual understanding. This study will leverage the research conducted in recent studies in the area of Natural Language Processing, Information Extraction and Information Retrieval in order to provide a fair, timely and accurate assessment of student responses to open questions based on the semantic meaning of those responses.

This study adopts a lexicon-based approach to address violence on social media. It uses FrameNet 1.7 (fn) and WordNet 3.1 (wn) to build a hierarchical domain-specific language resource of violence. The proposed lexicon tethers fn’s innovative integration of linguistic and paralinguistic knowledge to wn’s hierarchically-organized database. This tether alleviates the need to gather all paralinguistic violence-associated scenes and organize their linguistic realizations hierarchically. The proposed methodology can be internationally applied, given the multilingual availability of fn and wn, to cognitively and quantitatively explore a concept or a phenomenon. The lexicon is applied, then, to a corpus representing posts and comments retrieved from Donald Trump’s Facebook public page. Results reveal that the proposed lexicon recalls 92.68 of the total violence-related words in the corpus with a 76.31 precision (F-score= 83.7). More important, relating wn to fn inspires the creation of new...

In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as E-examination systems have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions. This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in instructor and student answers. The matching ratio is achieved based on semantic and document similarity. The assessment system is composed of four modules: preprocessing, keyword expansion, matching, and grading. A survey and case study were used in the research design to validate the proposed system. The examination assessment system will help instructors to save time, costs, and resources, while increasing efficiency and improving the productivity of exam setting and assessments.

This paper presents a new model of WordNet that is used to disambiguate the correct sense of polysemy word based on the clue words. The related words for each sense of a polysemy word as well as single sense word are referred to as the clue words. The conventional WordNet organizes nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs together into sets of synonyms called synsets each expressing a different concept. In contrast to the structure of WordNet, we developed a new model of WordNet that organizes the different senses of polysemy words as well as the single sense words based on the clue words. These clue words for each sense of a polysemy word as well as for single sense word are used to disambiguate the correct meaning of the polysemy word in the given context using knowledge based Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) algorithms. The clue word can be a noun, verb, adjective or adverb.

This paper describes the process of creation and review of a new lexico-semantic resource for the classical studies: AncientGreekWordNet. The candidate sets of synonyms (synsets) are extracted from Greek-English dictionaries, on the assumption that Greek words translated by the same English word or phrase have a high probability of being synonyms or at least semantically closely related. The process of validation and the web interface developed to edit and query the resource are described in detail. The lexical coverage of Ancient Greek WordNet is illustrated and the accuracy is evaluated. Finally, scenarios for exploiting the resource are discussed.

The paper presents the latest release of the Polish WordNet, namely plWord-Net 4.1. The most significant developments since 3.0 version include new relations for nouns and verbs, mapping semantic role-relations from the va-lency lexicon Walenty onto the plWord-Net structure and sense-level interlin-gual mapping. Several statistics are presented in order to illustrate the development and contemporary state of the wordnet.

Sea la oración Tengo dos sobres de sobra. Para comprenderla, un hablante de español deberá llevar a cabo un buen número de procesos lingüísticos, por fortuna sin ser muy consciente de ello. Sólo para dar con el signiÞ cado correcto de sobres en esta frase, nuestro hablante deberá ejecutar, al menos las siguientes operaciones: 1) Lematización (y desambiguación): sobres pertenece al lema sobre (no al lema sobrar). 2) Categorización (y desambiguación): sobres es un sustantivo (no una preposición o un verbo). 3) Discriminación entre acepciones: un sobre es «[una] cubierta, por lo común de papel, en que se incluye la carta, comunicación, tarjeta, etc., que ha de enviarse de una parte a otra» y no «[el] juego del escondite», como al parecer se le denomina en Salamanca y Zamora.

In this paper an attempt is made to study and analyze the prototype model for developing a WordNet for Dogri language, and describes its specific characteristics and properties to develop WordNet. In terms of morphological and syntactic structure the characteristics of the Dogri language are discussed in this paper. As Dogri is written in the same script as Hindi (Devanagri) and there are minor variations in Hindi-Dogri words structure so we can follow the approaches used by Hindi Word Net to great extent. After the completion of Dogri Wordnet more extensive study will be undertaken for the development of advanced NLP tools like Spell checker, Parser, Stemmer, IR system for Dogri language.

Genel anlamda sözlüklerin içeriği üç temel bileşenden oluşur: tanımlanan sözlükbirimler, tanımlar ve sözlükbirimler arasındaki sözcüksel-anlamsal ilişkiler. Bunlardan üçüncüsü, sözlüklerin kullanıma yönelik boyutunun ötesinde, söz konusu dilin sözlükçesinin önemli bir bölümüdür. Geleneksel çerçevede yapısal anlam ilişkileri ulamında yer alan sözcüksel-anlamsal ilişkiler Princeton Üniversitesi'nde C.Felbaum tarafından geliştirilen WordNet projesi ile yeni bir görünüm kazanmıştır. WordNet, sözcüklerin başta eş-anlam kümeleri (synset) olmak üzere karşıt anlamlılık, sözcük ailesi, parça-bütün ilişkisi ve alt/üst anlamlılık ilişkileri içinde sunulduğu bir elektronik sözlük projesidir. Dünyada tek dilli ve çok dilli olmak üzere 75 civarında sözcük ağı projesi bulunmasına karşın, bazı yarıda kalmış girişimler ve Türkçe sözcük ağının yazılımsal araçlarının geliştirilmesine yönelik çalışmalar dışında Türkçe için böyle bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Günümüzde bilgisayar teknolojisinin doğal dil çalışmalarındaki en etkili kullanım alanlarından biri olan sözcük ağları, bilgiişlem aşamasından önce ilgili dilin sözcüklerine ilişkin yapılandırılmış bir sözlüksel veri tabanını gerektirmektedir. Eş anlamlılık, karşıt anlamlılık ve alt/üst anlamlılığı içeren dizisel ilişkilerin yanı sıra, eş-dizimlilik ve anlam ezgisi gibi dizimsel ilişkiler de sözlüksel veri tabanlarını oluşturur. Bu çalışmada Türkçenin sözcük ağının oluşturabilmesi için gerekli olan sözlüksel veri tabanının alt/üst anlamlılık bileşeni üzerinde durulmakta ve Güncel Türkçe Sözlük'te (GTS) tanım içeriği olarak sunulan sıralıdüzen ilişkilerinin genel görünümünün belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede ad, eylem ve sıfat türü sözcükler için sunulan sıralıdüzen ilişkileri örneklerle ve WordNet ile karşılaştırılarak incelenmekte ve sözlüğün bu açıdan yapısının betimlemesi yapılmaktadır. Ön bulgu olarak, genel kullanıma yönelik bir sözlük olduğu için GTS'de sözcüksel-anlamsal ilişkilerin belirli bir düzen içinde yer almadığı söylenebilir. Sözcük türlerinin her biri için bu açıdan farklı sorunlar söz konusudur. Bir bölümü sözlük yapısının yeniden düzenlenmesi ile aşılabilecek bu sorunların bir bölümü ise daha geniş çerçeveli çalışmaların yapılmasını gerektirmektedir. Örneğin pek çok ad türü sözcüğün uzak üst anlamlı ile tanımlanmış olması sözlük yapısını ilgilendirirken, sıfat ve eylem türü sözcüklerin üst anlamlıları konusunda hem dilbilimsel hem de varlıkbilimsel belirlemelerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, aynı üst anlamlı sözcük altında toplanan sözcüklerin bir eş-alt anlamlı kümesi oluşturduğu düşünüldüğünde söz konusu ilişkinin sözcük ağının oluşturulmasındaki önemi daha da belirginleşecektir.

Despite being a popular language in the world, the Bengali language lacks in  having  a  good  wordnet.  This  restricts us to do NLP related research work in Bengali.  Most of the today’s wordnets are developed by following expand approach. One of the key challenges  of  this  approach  is  the  crosslingual word-sense disambiguation. In our research work,  we make semantic relation between Bengali wordnet and Princeton WordNet based on well-established research work in other languages. The algorithm will derive relations between concepts as well. One of our key objectives is to provide a panel for lexicographers so that they can validate and contribute to the wordnet.

A new approach to numerically measure the semantic distances between lexical units (words and collocations) based on the geometric analogies and analytical calculations, is put forward. Having considered the cases of equal and different weights of semes, we obtained exact algebraic formulas describing different levels of the meanings proximity, ranging from absolute synonymy to full antonymy. It was emphasized that absolute synonymy arises when the compared units contain equal numbers of semes that fully coincide and have equal weights in the corresponding pairs. Calculation of the semes weights helps to locate the unit more precisely on the semantic sphere. It was shown that the level of synonymy and antonymy decreases if different semes are accentuated, while the semantic distance between the units without identical semes cannot be influenced by seme boosting. It was observed that depending on the context, a word may wander over this sphere, thus modifying its lexical semantic relations with other units. As the proposed approach contributes to formalization of the units comparison procedure, it is advisable for relevant automatic tools, particularly for WordNets and FrameNet. The obtained results may be useful for various linguistic and associated studies including automatic text analysis and processing, computer lexicography, information search and retrieval, machine translation and other NLP applications that are related to the artificial intelligence problem.

This thesis is written as part of the preliminary research for a proposed project at the Centre for Text Technology at the North-West University in Potchefstroom, North-West Province, South Africa. In this work a methodology for constructing a wordnet for Afrikaans is proposed, which will be based on the Princeton WordNet that was developed at Princeton University, USA. All relevant concepts are introduced, starting with an analysis of the prototype wordnet, the Princeton WordNet, after which the focus shifts to its extension to multilingual wordnet databases. An investigation is made into the available resources and tools available for the proposed project, after which we verify its feasibility. Afterwards, various methodologies for wordnet construction are investigated and analysed. Based on all these analyses, a detailed methodology with a work schedule is proposed for building a core Afrikaans wordnet, also keeping in mind future extension and potential problems. We conclude that the existence of several automatic techniques have greatly improved the process of wordnet construction compared to a few years ago, but that they are still heavily dependent on quality lexical resources and tools. Finally, some suggestions are made for future extensions and applications of the wordnet.

This paper will focus on recent and near-term future developments at FrameNet (FN) and the interoperability issues they raise. We begin by discussing the current state of the Berkeley FN database including major changes in the data format for the latest data release. We then briefly review two recent local projects, ''Rapid Vanguarding'', which has created a new interface for the frame and lexical unit definition process based on the Word Sketch Engine of , and ''Beyond the Core'', which has developed tools for annotating constructions, and created a sample ''construction'' of especially ''interesting'' constructions which are neither simply lexical nor easy for the standard parsers to parse. We also cover two current collaborations, FN's part in the development of the manually annotated subcorpus of the American National Corpus, and a pilot study on aligning WordNet and FrameNet, to exploit the complementary strengths of these quite different resources. We discuss FN-related research on Spanish, Japanese, German (SALSA), Chinese and other languages, and the language-independence of frames, along with interesting FN-related work by others, and a sketch of a large group of imageschematic frames which are now being added to FN. We close with some ideas about how FrameNet can be opened up, to allow broader participation in the development process without losing precision and coherence, including a smallscale study on acquiring data for FN using Amazon's Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing system.

Iconicity is a pervasive phenomenon in language that defies the Saussurean dictum of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign, not only occurring in phenomena like sound symbolism and ideophones (e.g. Dingemanse 2012), gesture and sign language (e.g. Herlofsky 2005), but also syntax (e.g. Haiman 1985; Van Langendonck 2007). Iconicity is best viewed as a unified notion that manifests itself very differently in different circumstances, some being highly schematical or semiotically general, others related to lower-level cultural customs. Chinese data is particularly revealing in case of the latter because of its logographic nature, but also displays cross-linguistic characteristics in case of the former. In this paper we will use the semantic domain of meteorological expressions in Chinese, with data based on dictionaries like Handian (Handian 漢典 2004) and WordNet (Hsieh & Huang 2009), to illustrate the interplay of iconic patterns on the two different levels: general conception and culture/language specific. We chose ‘weather’ as a domain because it constitutes a highly salient phenomenon that occurs across different languages and cultures (Eriksen, Kittilä & Kolehmainen 2010) and because it provided both ‘normal vocabulary’ as well as ideophones. Thus we can address two main questions in the call for papers.

As for the first question, “whether iconicity is culture-specific or semiotically general”, Chinese displays general types of iconicity found in cross-linguistic typological research, e.g. serial verbs as an iconic mapping of logical-temporal order, or a quite large inventory of ideophones, with many high-iconic imagic (in Peirce’s terminology) mappings between form and meaning. However, their usage of characters as a writing system displays many iconic properties that are absent in e.g. Latin based scripts, as has been long acknowledged in the traditional character classification (liu shu 六書), which includes a category for iconic characters that combined with other characters become indexes. A lexical field analysis of weather expressions shows that the basic level items essentially stem from five different iconic semantic radicals: imagic ones like rain (雨), sun (日), thunder (畾), cloud (云); and an indexical one wind (風). It is curious that the phonological form of most weather expressions is symbolic, displaying almost no iconicity, while the writing system does, e.g. xue 雪 ‘snow’ has a ‘rain’ radical which indicates a form of precipitation.

The second question, “whether iconicity can be combined within or across modalities” can be discussed from the perspective of weather-related Chinese ideophones. On the one hand, with ‘modalities’ referring to the senses, they seem to display a high flexibility concerning cross-modal synaesthesia, e.g. xilihuala 唏哩嘩啦 ‘to rain abundantly’, which depicts both hearing and movement (cf. Van Hoey's (2016) spinning top model). This lexical item has an imagic motivation in its phonological form. On the other hand, when ‘modalities’ refers to spoken vs. written language, ideophones like linlin 淋淋 ‘soaked’ show a different kind of iconicity – indexal, as seen in the semantic radical water (氵). It is mainly this interplay between (virtual) referent, phonological form and written image that is of interest to the topic of iconicity, since sometimes everything is linked through the phenomenon, but in other cases only one of the spoken or written form.
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References:
Dingemanse, Mark. 2012. Advances in the cross-linguistic study of ideophones. Language and Linguistics Compass 6(10). 654–672.
Eriksen, Pål, Seppo Kittilä & Leena Kolehmainen. 2010. Linguistics of weather: cross-linguistic patterns of meteorological expressions. Studies in Language 34(3). 565–601.
Haiman, John (ed.). 1985. Iconicity in syntax: proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax, Stanford, June 24 - [2]6, 1983. (Typological Studies in Language 6). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Handian 漢典. 2004. Handian 漢典 [Chinese dictionary]. http://www.zdic.net/.
Herlofsky, William J. 2005. Now you see it, now you don’t: Imagic diagrams in the spatial mapping of signed (JSL) discourse. In Costantino Maeder, Olga Fischer & William J. Herlofsky (eds.), Outside-in, inside-out, 323–348. (Iconicity in Language and Literature 4). Amsterdam ; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub.
Hsieh Shukai 謝樹凱 & Huang Churen 黃居仁. 2009. Chinese WordNet (Zhongwen cihui wanglu 中文詞義網路). http://lope.linguistics.ntu.edu.tw/cwn/ .
Van Hoey, Thomas. 2016. Ideophones in Premodern Chinese: Revisiting Dingemanse’s implicational hierarchy (poster). Mimetics in Japanese and other languages in the world (日本語と世界諸言語のオノマトペ). Tachikawa: NINJAL.
Van Langendonck, Willy. 2007. Iconicity. In Dirk Geeraerts & Hubert Cuyckens (eds.), The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics, 394–418. (Oxford Handbooks). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.

In this paper, we introduce the Filipino wordnet project (FilWordNet). Filipino is the national language of the Philippines spoken by some 90 million people as their first or second language. However, it has historically had a limited number of computational linguistics resources. Creating the Filipino wordnet can be seen as the first step to enable a wide range of research projects. We describe our process of building a wordnet, including issues with the Filipino language itself, its morphology and structure.

We report on our ongoing effort towards developing VietWordNet, a WordNet for the Vietnamese language. We present the methodology we used, the lexical resources we employed, and the computing tools we designed to help acquiring and filtering lexical and semantic information from available machine-readable dictionaries and other resources.

WordNet is a hierarchical information base in
any language. A WordNet is implemented using indexed
file
system.Even though there are many languages in which
we have good wordnets, Malayalam is not having an effi
cient
wordnet. This paper suggests a method for implementing wo
rdnet using database and shows how it is more efficient t
han
the traditional system. We also discusses about the implem
entation details of a Malayalam wordnet using Mysql data
base

Question Answering Systems, unlike search engines, are providing answers to the users' questions in succinct form which requires the prior knowledge of the expectation of the user. Question classification module of a Question Answering System plays a very important role in determining the expectations of the user. In the literature, incorrect question classification has been cited as one of the major factors for the poor performance of the Question Answering Systems and this emphasizes on the importance of question classification module designing. In this article, we have proposed a question classification method that exploits the powerful semantic features of the WordNet and the vast knowledge repository of the Wikipedia to describe informative terms explicitly. We have trained our system over a standard set of 5500 questions (by UIUC) and then tested it over five TREC question collections. We have compared our results with some standard results reported in the literature and observed a significant improvement in the accuracy of question classification. The question classification accuracy suggests the effectiveness of the method which is promising in the field of open-domain question classification. Judging the correctness of the answer is an important issue in the field of question answering. In this article, we are extending question classification as one of the heuristics for answer validation. We are proposing a World Wide Web based solution for answer validation where answers returned by open-domain Question Answering Systems can be validated using online resources such as Wikipedia and Google. We have applied several heuristics for answer validation task and tested them against some popular web based open-domain Question Answering Systems over a collection of 500 questions collected from standard sources such as TREC, the Worldbook, and the Worldfactbook. The proposed method seems to be promising for automatic answer validation task.

This paper presents Hydra for Web – a web interface for wordnets (and lexical-semantic databases with similar relational structure). Hydra for web is built on top of Hydra – an open source tool for wordnet development – and is a single page application with a simple GUI. It has two modes – single and parallel – for visualisation of the language correspondences of searched words. The main focus of the paper is on the user interface, its functionalities and some issues regarding the ongoing process of adapting the resources that are currently visualised – the Princeton WordNet, the Romanian wordnet, and the Bulgarian wordnet.

Sentiment classification is an ongoing field and interesting area of research because of its application in various fields collecting review from people about products and social and political events through the web. Currently, Sentiment Analysis concentrates for subjective statements or on subjectivity and overlook objective statements which carry sentiment(s). During the sentiment classification more challenging problem are faced due to the ambiguous sense of words, negation words and intensifier. Due to its importance the correct sense of target word is extracted and determined for which the similarity arise in WordNet Glosses. This paper presents a survey covering the techniques and methods in sentiment analysis and challenges appear in the field.

Lexical databases are invaluable sources of knowledge about words and their meanings, with numerous applications in areas like NLP, IR, and AI. We propose a methodology for the automatic construction of a large-scale multilingual lexical database where words of many languages are hierarchically organized in terms of their meanings and their semantic relations to other words. This resource is bootstrapped from WordNet, a well-known English-language resource. Our approach extends WordNet with around 1.5 million meaning links for 800,000 words in over 200 languages, drawing on evidence extracted from a variety of resources including existing (monolingual) wordnets, (mostly bilingual) translation dictionaries, and parallel corpora. Graph-based scoring functions and statistical learning techniques are used to iteratively integrate this information and build an output graph. Experiments show that this wordnet has a high level of precision and coverage, and that it can be useful in applied tasks such as cross-lingual text classification.

This paper presents the work in progress toward the creation of a family of WordNets for Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin. Building on previous attempts in the field, we elaborate these efforts bridging together WordNet relational semantics with theories of meaning from Cognitive Linguistics. We discuss some of the innovations we have introduced to the WordNet architecture, to better capture the polysemy of words, as well as Indo-European language family-specific features. We conclude the paper framing our work within the larger picture of resources available for ancient languages and showing that WordNet-backed search tools have the potential to re-define the kinds of questions that can be asked of ancient language corpora.

WordNet is a crucial resource that aids in several Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. The WordNet development activity for 18 Indian languages has been initiated in INDIA by the IndoWordNet 1 consortium using the expansion approach with the Hindi WordNet developed by IIT Bombay, as the source. After linking 20K synsets, it was decided that each of these languages should find the coverage of their respective language WordNets by using sense marker tool released by IIT Bombay.

Capturing the sentiments and the emotional states enclosed in textual information is a critical task which embraces a wide range of web-oriented activities such as detecting the sentiments associated to the product reviews, developing marketing programs that would be attractive for users, enhancing customer service with respect to its expectation until to identifying new opportunities and financial market prediction, besides managing reputations. Opinions and the emotions that are embedded in them, play a key role in decision-making processes, with different effects depending on the negative or positive valence of the mood. When the choice depends on some important features (i.e., time, money, reliability/efficacy, etc.) and on other opinions (which come from previous experience), could be crucial to make the best decision.

In this paper, we introduce the Filipino wordnet project (FilWordNet). Filipino is the national language of the Philippines spoken by some 90 million people as their first or second language. However, it has historically had a limited number of computational linguistics resources. Creating the Filipino wordnet can be seen as the first step to enable a wide range of research projects. We describe our process of building a wordnet, including issues with the Filipino language itself, its morphology and structure.

This study seeks to provide a methodology for building and developing an Arabic WordNet for lexicography purposes. The study aims to set a clear vision of the mechanisms for building an Arabic WordNet, taking into account the nature of the Arabic language and its lexical system; so that we can employ these mechanisms in the future in various forms of Arabic lexicography. The study comes in six main sections including the introduction then a presentation of the main problems, followed by an introduction of the proposed methodology to build the Arabic WordNet and how can we employ the WordNet in Arabic lexicography. Finally, a review of the results is introduced then the conclusions are discussed.

Abstract
The goal of this paper is to point out the importance of crowdsourcing and to present some of the most successful
projects that are functioning on the basis of this management model that originated in the business world, but it found its way into the world of culture and science. The ways in which crowdsourcing systems function are explored, as well as the technologies they are most commonly based upon. Some necessary requirements for the success of crowdsourcing systems are determined and best practice examples described, with extra attention given to the Natural Language Processing (NLP) projects that are carried out via crowdsourcing.

In this paper, we introduce the Filipino wordnet project (FilWordNet). Filipino is the national language of the Philippines spoken by some 90 million people as their first or second language. However, it has historically had a limited number of computational linguistics resources. Creating the Filipino wordnet can be seen as the first step to enable a wide range of research projects. We describe our process of building a wordnet, including issues with the Filipino language itself, its morphology and structure.

This paper describes our work in integrating three different lexical resources: FrameNet, VerbNet, and WordNet, into a unified, richer knowledge-base, to the end of enabling more robust semantic parsing. The construction of each of these lexical resources has required many years of laborious human effort, and they all have their strengths and shortcomings. By linking them together, we build an improved resource in which (1) the coverage of FrameNet is extended, (2) the VerbNet lexicon is augmented with frame semantics, and (3) selectional restrictions are implemented using WordNet semantic classes. The synergistic exploitation of various lexical resources is crucial for many complex language processing applications, and we prove it once again effective in building a robust semantic parser.

In this paper we highlight the main challenges in building a lexical database for Kurdish, a resource-scarce and diverse language. We also report on our effort in building the first prototype of KurdNet – the Kurdish WordNet– along with a preliminary evaluation of its impact on Kurdish information retrieval.

One has to mention the "eXtended WordNet" project, developed in 2003 at the University of Dallas (http://xwn.hlt.utdallas.edu/index.html). This project enhances WordNet 2.0 with a logical representation and a syntactic analysis of the definitions associated to the synsets. After the syntactic analysis, words from the definitions are disambiguated, with a gold, silver and normal quality (gold quality representing a manual evaluation). Since only 14 715 words out of 631 684 open-class words are gold quality (2,33%), we decided not to use this resource in our study. LDV-Forum 2006-Band 21 (1)-1-14 3 Goal and Method Our main goal is to describe regular polysemy relations of WordNet and to automatically detect their occurrences in the database. We then propose to enhance the lexicon by providing new lexical relations, in this case metonymy and metaphor relations. Our method has four steps. The first one consists in extracting "auto-referent" synsets, that is, synsets whose definition includes one word that shares the form of one of the defined lexical units. The second step consists in manually describing polysemy patterns

Topic Based Vector Space Model (TVSM) proposed a new vector space that its dimensions is composed of topics. Every term and document is represented by vectors inside this vector space. By using topics as dimensions TVSM tries to overcome word-mismatch between terms with similar topics in finding relevant documents to query. This study proposes to develop relations between terms using WordNet and thesaurus to help TVSM calculating similarity between documents. Relations between terms are represented by relation score. This study proposes a way to find optimal relation score for a set of documents. To help indexing documents with multi language terms this study also proposes to use dictonary to expand query terms. Topic based vector space model, wordnet, dictionary

In a conventional CAT (Computer Assisted Translation) system a human translator post-edits an automatically generated target language text using the keyboard. In this paper we extend a CAT system with speech input by which the translator speaks the translation, a process refered to as sight translation. We report several experiments to improve the performance of an automatic speech recognition system, taking advantage of machine translaton output and information from WordNet. Overall we outperform a baseline system which has no semantic information by an increased 1.6% word accuracy for the English to Hindi translation.