Urban Architectural Heritage

Building into the historic fabric has largely become one of the principal challenges of contemporary architecture. Unshackled from the messianic promises of Modernism and its large-scale programs of substitution of the ‘old’ with a cleansed a-chronic ‘new’, societies and architects alike stand emancipated against their own built legacy. Since the ‘90s, the same applies to the preservationist fixations that see heritage in the terms of artifacts maintained as lifeless testaments of their past .
In itself, the idea of heritage brings forth one of the most fundamental aspects in mankind’s endeavor for self-preservation and evolution, namely to preserve human values and memory. In these terms, safeguarding heritage becomes an act of responsibility involving equally an ethical stance, normative policy, and technical expertise. Nevertheless ‘cultural heritage’ is hardly exhausted as a mere catalog of artifacts that show ‘outstanding universal value’ , mainly because culture itself is embedded and evolving in the fabric of everyday practices and the living memory of the community.
The act of building in such context becomes case-specific, taking into account the esthetic and cultural valuations of the setting, as well as the preservation and empowerment of an ecosystem of human production. As such, it reflects both social bonds and the trace of an accumulated intellect. The problem ultimately becomes a call for ‘good practices’, informed by an elevated awareness of our individual and collective responsibilities. Once we deem it ‘architecture’, it becomes an almost Herculean task since all new proposals must stand their place from a glorified past that sometimes stretches to the point of myth.

This publication from ICOMOS Germany presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Flood Protection for Historic Sites, held in 2014 in Dresden. The interdisciplinary meeting focused on the urgent need for integration of heritage conservation into flood control concepts for historic sites. Whereas technical flood protection know-how has made considerable progress in recent years, the consideration of architectural and urban heritage values is often unsatisfactory. For the first time, experts from engineering and the cultural sciences as well as planners and administrators exchanged experiences and knowledge in this field of public service. Despite highly diverse conditions in different regions, cultures and development stages, much common ground was identified. First of all, the need was articulated to coordinate technical possibilities with social and cultural concerns early on in the planning process. As a result, the participants adopted the “Dresden Resolution on Flood Protection for His-toric Sites” which has subsequently been taken up in discussions by international experts.

Der Band der Hefte des Deutschen Nationalkomitees von ICOMOS präsentiert die Ergebnisse der internationalen Tagung, die im Juni 2014 zur Integration denkmalpflegerischer Belange in den vorbeugenden Hochwasserschutz stattfand. Nach den Katastrophenereignissen der letzten Jahre und entsprechend deutlichen Prognosen für die Zukunft werden immer häufiger großräumige Schutzmaßnahmen für Siedlungsgebiete gefordert und auch umgesetzt. Auf bautechnischer Seite waren dabei in den letzten Jahren große Fortschritte zu verzeichnen, die Berücksichtigung der betroffenen kulturhistorischen und städtebaulichen Werte ist hingegen dringend verbesserungswürdig. Wissenschaftler aus den Ingenieur- und den Kulturwissenschaften, Planer und politische Entscheidungsträger tauschten deshalb erstmalig fachübergreifend ihre Erfahrungen dazu aus. Bei aller Unterschiedlichkeit der Bedingungen, denen Schutzmaßnahmen in verschiedenen Regionen, Kulturkreisen und Entwicklungsphasen unterworfen sind, offenbarten sich viele Gemeinsamkeiten bei den Problemen, die der Hochwasserschutz in wertvollen historischen Ortslagen bereitet. Vor allem wurde die Notwendigkeit deutlich, technische Möglichkeiten und soziale und kulturelle Belange frühzeitig aufeinander abzustimmen. Im Ergebnis verabschiedeten die Teilnehmer ein Positions- und Strategiepapier, das als „Dresdner Erklärung zum Hochwasserschutz an historischen Orten“ bereits Eingang in die Fachdiskussion gefunden hat.

This book focuses on the ethnically composite, heterogeneous, mixed
nature of the Mediterranean cities and their cultural heritage between
the late Middle Ages and early modern times. How did it affect the
cohabitation among different people and cultures on the urban scene?
How did it mold the shape and image of cities that were crossroads
of encounters, but also the arena of conflict and exclusion? The 13
case studies collected in this volume address these issues by exploring
the traces left by centuries of interethnic porosity on the tangible and
intangible heritage of cities such as Acre and Cyprus, Genoa and Venice,
Rome and Istanbul, Cordoba and Tarragona

Раса Чепайтене (Вильнюс, Литва) — доктор гуманитарных наук, старший научный сотрудник Ин-ститута Истории Литвы, профессор Вильнюсского университета. Email: [email protected] ГОРОД КАК ТЕКСТ В научной статье исследуются вопросы влияния разных идеологических систем и поли-тических режимов (национализма, коммунизма, авторитаризма, неолиберализма) на урбани-стику и архитектуру на промежутке ХХ — начала ХХI столетий. Опираясь на теории визу-альной семиотики и коллективной памяти анализируются публичные пространства стран постсоветского ареала. Ставится вопрос, почему и каким образом разные политические режи-мы изменяют облик городов своих стран (особенно столиц) и какие последствия эти действия имеют на образ жизни и самосознание горожан. Исключительный интерес к данному региону не случаен, поскольку в нем видны особенно яркие следы идеологических манипуляций городским ландшафтом. В статье затронуты и наиболее пристально проанализированы такие конкрет-ные случаи идеологической манипуляции городом, как влияние тоталитарной (Москва, Минск), авторитарной (Ашхабад, Астана), националистической (Вильнюс) и современной неолибераль-ной ценностных систем. This paper examines the problems of impact of different ideological systems and political regimes (nationalism, communism, authoritarianism, neo-liberalism) on urban landscapes in XX-XXI cent. On the base of semiotics theory and collective memory studies (particularly using the theory by G. J. Ashworth), the public city space of the post-Soviet region is scrutinized. One of the important questions of the study is why and how different political regimes change the image of the cities, especially capitals, and what the consequences of these changes in relation to citizens' way of life and self-understanding are. Particular interest to this region is not accidental because of the especially sharp traces of the ideological manipulation with cityscape. This research notably focused on the cases of ideological control of cities in totalitarian (Moscow, Minsk), authoritarian (Astana, Ashgabat), nationalist and multi-cultural (Vilnius) and contemporary neoliberal systems of values.

In 1858, Queen Victoria was declared as the Empress of India and the British began to
formulate an ideology of an Empire where the sun never sets. In this new construct, the British projected themselves as legitimate and indigenous rulers linked directly to the Mughals, thereby creating a need to emulate the conquerors of the past that had absorbed the art indigenous to the countries they conquered, adapting them to suit their needs and ideas. Hence, a concerted effort was made to understand India's architectural heritage so that it could be selectively emulated as a means to model the future. The heritage was then reflected in the creation of new building typologies like courts, railway- stations, municipal offices, senates, post offices, banks, libraries, memorial halls, museums, theatres, government colleges and school buildings to meet the in the post-industrial needs of the British Empire in the subcontinent. This paper examines the notion of Indo-Saracenic architecture of the Indian subcontinent
to demonstrate how it was a hybrid of western spatial design, clothed in an indigenous building fabric. The evaluation shall be undertaken by examining the works of British architects in India who designed buildings for the various presidencies, as well as the
Indian royalty in the late 19th and 20th century. The paper will demonstrate how they used indigenous ingredients to portray many facets of imperial intent.

"Ang tesis na ito ay patungkol sa heritage sites ng Pilipinas sa anyo ng mga sinaunang istruktura at iba pang pook sa mga distrito ng Binondo at San Nicolas sa Lungsod ng Maynila (Sa riserts na ito, ang Binondo at San Nicolas ay ituturin bilang iisang Binondo.), gamit ang konseptuwal na balangkas ni Dr. Fernando Zialcita tungkol sa district studies. Ang mga distritong ito ay tahanan sa maraming pook na itinatayo bago sumapit ang Ikalawang Digmaang Daigdig, at sila ay tahimik na saksi sa mayamang nakaraan hindi lamang ng Binondo, kundi maging ng lungsod na siyang Kabisera ng bansa. Sa kasamaang palad, patuloy ang paggiba sa mga ito at ang madalas na ipinapalit ay mga modernong gusali na masasabing mas mababa ang kalidad o ang gamit kumpara sa pinagpalitan nito.

Kaya naman nagsawa ng komprehensibong sarbey at pag-iimbentaryo sa lahat ng potensyal at tukoy na pre-war heritage sites sa Binondo ng sa gayon ay makita ang magnityud ng kanilang pananatili sa lugar at magamit din ang nagawang tala bilang referens sa hinaharap at alinsunod din sa hangad ng gobyerno na masuri ang mga ito. Makikita ang baryasyon ng mga estilo ng arkitektura ng mga istruktura sa distrito, na nagpapakita ng natatanging karakter ng mga ito na makikita lamang sa naturang lugar.

Kaugnay rito, titingnan din ang papel ng gobyerno sa pangangalaga ng mga heritage site na ito, gaya ng tungkulin ng partikular na mga personalidad sa pamahalaan, at batas na naglalaman ng polisya at pamantayan sa pagtukoy at pagprotekta sa mga nasabing istruktura. Sa tulong ng mga bagay na ito, mahihinuha ang mga bagay na dapat gawin sa hinaharap upang matanto ang potensyal ng mga heritage sites sa Binondo, at makagawa ng plan tungo sa sustainable development ng distrito.
"

The issue of architectural cultural heritage preservation is really challenging in developing countries. Urban settlement transformation in the developing world was very slow before the industrial revolution but old urban fabrics experienced a significant structural transformation with commercial, economic, social and cultural changes. Iran is one of the ancient countries which have had numerous experiences in subjects of designing in historical places, but, due to lack of documentation, most of them are not perfect and have some problems. Successful projects help the cities to provide better living situation for their residents. The basic aim is reaching to the sustainable development with regarding to the historical values. So, urban design strategies that illustrate these specific principles and methods should be developed. This paper attempts to identify major approaches to revitalize Iranian historic cores. It focuses on ways to revitalize traditional structures, patterns and values in the process of regeneration of Bazaar-e- Tehran as the heart of Tehran. The study on construction in historical Fabric of Tehran, learning from the past and rethinking the concept of development are essential to put an end to the crisis of the protection of cultural heritage in a country with thousands of ancient sites and historic buildings. Finally, by focusing on new construction in Bazaar, try to compare it with fine projects and find the Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats and Opportunities and suggest the practical solution.

If you observe the map of a city, you automatically
focus on three elements: the core, the part where we seek
the very start and where the urban elements are full of
history; residential blocks and the street grid structure
that goes within; the limits of the city, the obstacles that
have influenced on the actual urban development and the
tendencies for the future come at last.
The plan of the city is very expressive. This document
and the personal experience of the urban environment tells
us about how have been created the living environment and
what are his values and his aesthetically accomplishments.
The most sustainable city-forming urban elements are:
the core or the bazaar, mostly representing the start of the
settlement; the residential block as a testimony of the way of
life within the architectural unit, but most of all representing
the relations between spatial and universal, individual and
collective, public and private; the public space as the most
important part of the urban space, including the private one.
In this study, we will focus on the core of the cities,
even though few examples have reached our days, but in
some cases they have shaped the morphological and spatial
structure of the city centers of today. Today we face the loss
of the old bazaars of Berat, Shkodra, Elbasan, Kavaja, Tirana
and partially the old bazaar of Korça. Meanwhile we can
still appreciate the old bazaar of Gjirokastra, Korça, Çarshia
of Peja and Gjakova in Kosovo.
We are aware that the logic of contemporary development
cannot accept the imitation of this architecture but it is not
permitted to alter the symbolic of this architecture, to destroy
history or even peoples’ heritage. These places are identified
as “locus”, as pathological elements in the urban body.
A “place”, a “locus” identified as such from the past
and present, must be preserved as an “idea”, today and
the days to come, independently from the architecture that
characterizes it, because it is or seeks to be a city-forming
idea, it is a cultural and social culture. It is a way of life and
behavior. It is memory and cradle to its identity.
Focusing the study on the old Albanian bazaars, we
aim to ease the reading and point to the values of an urban
phenomenon, identity the historical and spatial values of this
urban object, helping in the design of intervention programs,
to preserve the physical and spiritual homogeneity of urban
life.
For this purpose the maps of 1930-1950 of cities like
Berat, Gjirokastra, Korça, Elbasan, Kavaja, Tirana, Shkodra
and Peja and Gjakova in Kosovo have been redrawn. It will
reside in the urban morphology and the spatial structure in
the economic-social centres of these cities.
These centres in the Albanian cities are organized in
two ways: as separated neighborhoods in the centre or in the
periphery like Berat, Korça, Tirana, Shkodra e Elbasani, or
as e shopping street as a part of the street grid of the city like
Kavaja, Gjirokastra, Vlora and Gjakova.
Another interesting element is the position of the object of cult and of the administrative buildings in the bazaars
of the traditional cities. The towers of clock are elements
of reference in the urban landscape. We have cases where
the cult objects surround the bazaar from all sides like in
Tirana, when they surround the bazaar from only one side
like in Berat, Shkodra and Korça, create a line through the
bazaar like in Elbasan, and also they may have important
places within the bazaar like in Kavaja, Peja, Gjakova,
Vlora or Gjirokastra.
It is worth mentioning the urban nodes within and in
the perimeter of the bazaar that cannot be treated only as
crossroads but also as entrance or exit, as well as connection
points of the urban structure of the bazaars with the rest of
the city. These nodes may be points with a high level treading
activity. Sometimes, they may create tendencies to form
public spaces, without reaching entirely its characteristics
because of the non-inviting functions, their dimensions or
the high intensity of movement in them.
As a conclusion, the bazaars of the traditional Albanian
cities are the most active core of the city. They are multi functional
spaces, including cult objects and where the street
nodes are very live and active elements. Different analysis
can be done about the bazaars. Let’s hope that this study
have reached its purpose to know and appreciate them,
while facing the fact city life as it was, with all the identity,
traditional knowledge and spatial values is being lost.

This publication presents the discussions that took place during the International Training School “Hybrid Heritagescapes as Urban Commons in Mediterranean Cities: accessing the deep-rooted spatial interfaces of cities”, convened at The Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Center of the Cyprus Institute, in Nicosia, co-organised by the Cost Action TU1306 “Fostering knowledge about the relationship between Information and Communication Technologies and Public Spaces supported by strategies to improve their use and attractiveness (CYBERPARKS)”, between 30 October and 3 November 2017. Seventeen graduates and five tutors from various disciplines, such as history, archaeology, architecture, landscape design, urban planning and computer science, from 10 European countries visited Nicosia, the last divided capital in Europe to explore how Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and interactive narratives can contribute creative practices of using the built heritage of Mediterranean cities for the reactivation of neglected urban spaces through playful engagement and storytelling. The Training School was aligned with the long-lasting research interest of the Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Center of the Cyprus Institute in the study of Mediterranean cities and the safeguard of the built heritage and cultural rights of the communities that inhabit the divided capital.

The volume Who is afraid of the Matache neighborhood? Principles of urban regeneration for the Matache area - North Railway Station in Bucharest (Pro Patrimonio 2012) is a manifest book, a project book, a book witness to a concentrated urban activism phenomenon, that imagines that anyone can have an initiative and suggest solutions for neighborhoods and cities. At the time of the book's release, February 2012, the North-South Diameter operation seemed to be far from over and there was hope for Hala Matache to remain standing (unfortunately, it would be demolished on 25 March 2013). The volume created by Mirela Duculescu was awarded the ex aequo national prize for the book section, the National Architecture Biennial 2012.

The Matache area, in the center of Bucharest, has undergone dramatic and radical changes that have left their mark on the community leaving its neighborhood and heart, the historical monument Matache Hall (demolished overnight on 25 March 2013), in a state of social and economic disintegration. Civil society actions against the demolition of historical monuments drew attention to the need to regenerate and integrate the project, to modernize streets with more complex projects aiming to revitalize urban and social tissue.
Pro Patrimonio Foundation has been involved in rescuing the area and Matache Hall, and suggested hands-on solutions for urban regeneration and dialogue with the administration. Two witness-lines were born.

Volumul Cui i-e frică de cartierul Matache? Principii de regenerare urbană pentru zona Matache – Gara de Nord din Bucureşti (Pro Patrimonio 2012) reprezintă o carte-manifest, o carte-proiect, o carte-martor a unui fenomen de activism urban concentrat, care își imagina că oricine poate avea iniţiativă şi propune soluţii pentru cartier şi oraş. Zona Matache, din centrul Bucurestiului, a trecut prin schimbări dramatice și radicale care și-au pus amprenta asupra comunității, lăsând cartierul și inima sa, monumentul istoric Hala Matache (demolat în noaptea de 25 martie 2013) într-o stare de dezagregare socială și economică. Acțiunile societății civile împotriva demolărilor de monumente istorice au atras atenția asupra nevoii de regenerare și de integrare a proiectului, de modernizare a străzilor cu proiecte mai ample de revitalizare a țesutului urban și social.
Fundația Pro Patrimonio s-a implicat în acțiunea de salvare a zonei și a Halei Matache, propunând soluții concrete de regenerare urbană și dialogând cu administrația.

ABSTRAK Algemeene Vereeniging van Rubber Planters ter Oostkust van Sumatera (AVROS) merupakan sebuah Asosiasi Perusahaan Perkebunan Karet untuk pantai timur Sumatera, didirikan pada tahun 1910. Keberaadaan gedung ini adalah untuk menunjang kemajuan industry perkebunan yang berpusat di kota Medan. Makalah bertujuan eksplorasi desain dan kronologi fungsi Gedung AVROS dari dulu hingga saat ini dan relevansinya dengan perkembangan industri perkebunan karet dan kelapa sawit. Studi ini bersandar pada kajian pustaka berupa data-data sejarah dari berbagai sumber kemudian dilanjutkan dengan survei pengamatan terhadap arsitektur dan kondisi bangunan. Dari analisa data sejarah bahwa perkembangan perkebunan karet di tanah Deli tidak terlepas dari campur tangan Amerika dan Belanda yang mendirikan sebuah perusahaan patungan bernama Hollandsch-AmerikaanschePlantageMaatschappij (HAPM) pada tahun 1911. Untuk mengkomodasi kegiatan AVROS maka pada tahun 1918 mulai dibangun sebuah gedung yang dirancang oleh G.H. Mulder, dan difungsikan pada tahun 1919. Secara singkat desain gedung ini dapat disimpulkan menunjukan rancangan arsitektur colonial periode 1900-1920 seperti adanya gevel (gable) dan menara jam beratap kubah. Selain sebagai kantor AVROS, padaawalnya, gedung ini juga berfungsi sebagai kantor Konsulat Amerika di Sumatra. Dalam perjalanannya, gedung ini sampai saat ini menjadi kantor Badan Kerja Sama Pengusaha Perkebunan Sumatera (BKS-PPS). Dengan adanya pembenahan manajemen perusahaan perkebunan yang dikoordinasikan oleh pemerintah, BKS-PPS berkurang perannya saat ini sehingga beberapa ruang yang kosong di lantai dasar telah beralih fungsi sebagai bagian dari perluasan museum perkebunan Indonesia. ABSTRACT Algemeene Vereeniging van Rubber Planters ter Oostkust van Sumatra (AVROS) is an Association of Rubber Plantation Companies for the east coast of Sumatra, established in 1910. The existence of this building is to support the progress of the plantation industry based in the city of Medan. The paper aims to explore the design and historical function of AVROS building from past to present.and its relevance with the development of rubber and oil palm plantation industry. This study relies on a literature review in the form of historical data from various sources, then followed by an observation survey of architecture and building conditions. The analysis of historical data revealed that the development of rubber plantations in Deli land was inseparable from the interference of the Americans and the Dutch who founded a joint venture called Hollandsch-Amerikaansche PlantantMaatschappij (HAPM) in 1911. To accommodate the AVROS activities, in 1918 a building was designed by GH Mulder and functioned in 1919. Briefly, the design of this building showed the design of colonial architecture in the period 1900-1920 such as the existence of a gable and dome-roofed clock tower. Aside AVROS office, in the beginning, this building also functioned as the office of the American Consulate in Sumatra. In its journey, this 166

In the late 19th century Ethiopia was the last country to join the global trading network known by scholars as the Indian Ocean system. This direct involvement actively supported by the Emperor Menelik II has received little attention although Ethiopia played a significant part in the strong growth of capitalism going on in the region at that time. This article looks at the ‘human factor’ represented by the new wealth of contacts and exchanges that put Ethiopia more directly in relation with Aden, then the pivotal point of the Red Sea system. The focus is on Indians, one of the most active foreign communities to settle in increasing numbers along the Somaliland coasts, in Djibouti, and in Ethiopia. The question of the sources is at the heart of the paper, as exchanges between Aden and Ethiopia only emerge though scattered written records. The approach adopted here started with rare primary written documents emanating from Indians settled in Ethiopia. Additional sets of historical documents were put together from oral interviews I conducted in 2015–2016 with Indian families from Ethiopia as well as non-textual material that functions as documentary evidence for the influence that Indian builders and craftsmen had on architecture. The evidence gathered suggests that exchanges with Aden had a crucial role in the creation of a shared cultural and commercial space in the Horn of Africa. Trans-localities were created especially by the diffusion of the culture of the large trading companies operating between India, Aden, and the Horn of Africa.

In ancient times, bazaars were an included part of the city life; bifurcating from the city structure and reflecting each era's architectural characteristics. they are also the source of communications and trade activities. However, due to the quick changes in the cities' spatial configurations that we are living in and the mutation in the materials and methods of construction, these traditional spaces started to run a risk of possible identity loss and a risk of cultural memory alteration. However, despite the disturbing contradiction which is affecting the traditional allure of such spaces, they still reflect an undying identity. They still talk about the engraved collective memory through several architectural traits and lived experiences. Tunisian Medina is one such place that had seen its spatial configuration changing slowly affecting the bazaars initial state. The Medina is also a "particular space": it is one cradle of Islamic Arabic trait. Despite the absence of historical documents and official records, the relative conservation of Tunisian urban fabric is enough to permit serious research in the field. It is true that there are a large number of buildings in ruins that made the Medina look different from its old state. However, it is still possible to reconstitute traditional urban structures from contemporary analysis and oral testimony. Its formal configuration has undergone relatively few transformations since ancient times but it still reflect a remarkable typo-morphological continuity spanning over several centuries. What stimulated the exploration of this particular study is the resistive traits noticed in the Medina's bazaars in the modern westernized world. This article explores how the cultural continuity of traditional bazaars can be a stimulus to enhance the resistance against globalization-induced identity loss.

En la actualidad se entiende la “vida de barrio” como un bien escaso, que se conserva en algunas zonas privilegiadas. Las personas comunes y corrientes defienden esa “vida de barrio” a toda costa, sobre todo porque sienten su estilo de vida amenazado por la especulación inmobiliaria y por políticas públicas confusas y orientadas a la rentabilidad económica. Sin embargo, tratar de entender qué es la “vida de barrio” es más complejo en la medida que se analiza en detalle. No basta con tener un almacén en la esquina y con una feria de alimentos cerca de la casa, hay muchas otras variables que efectivamente generan esa “vida de barrio” y que se entrelazan unas con otras.
¿Cuáles son entonces estas variables? Tomando como caso de estudio el barrio Santa Isabel, es posible determinar qué características debe tener un barrio para poseer una buena calidad de vida. En primer lugar, para que se forme un barrio como tal, es necesario contar con una historia común. No puede existir un barrio en donde no hay historia. En segundo lugar, dentro de esa historia común se producen ciertos grupos de reunión en el mismo barrio: parroquias, juntas de vecinos, clubes deportivos y de amigos, centros de madres. Estos grupos van generando comunidad, van fortaleciendo las relaciones entre sus habitantes. En tercer lugar, la actividad económica local es fundamental para la subsistencia del grupo. Los almacenes, zapaterías, sastres, ferias libres, talleres mecánicos, maestros e industrias ayudan a que las necesidades básicas de la comunidad sean satisfechas.
Estos tres aspectos son fundamentales para poder considerar un lugar como un “barrio”. Sin embargo, las leyes actuales del mercado y de la política no necesariamente coinciden con este modo de vida. La rentabilidad, la ganancia por sobre la pérdida y las ansias de acumular riqueza son variables unilaterales y egoístas, por lo que se contraponen con la idea de comunidad.
El presente proyecto de título busca plantear una alternativa a los proyectos inmobiliarios que actualmente se desarrollan en el barrio Santa Isabel, buscando cuidar y reforzar las variables que permiten la “vida de barrio” y al mismo tiempo insertándose en la lógica del mercado actual.

This paper examines some of the ways in which the urban landscape was perceived in the context of 19th and 20th century Galician cities’ modernization process. The application of urban renovation strategies, mainly widening and alignment of the streets, combined with the appearance of the eclectic and Art Nouveau buildings is seen as deeply interconnected with the origin of the first gazes noticing the risk of loss for the typical elements in the historic cities. The research takes a qualitative approach by combining archive documents with journalistic texts of some Galician writers –Emilia Pardo Bazán, Antonio Rey Soto. The extension of these concerns was received in the first proposals and regulations took by architects –Mariano Fernández Ragel, Constantino Candeira, José María Banet - and politicians –Manuel Villar Iglesias, José M. Díaz Varela, Fermín Zelada-, towards the preservation of the historic cities as a heritage.

History of Międzyrzec Podlaski's oldest part - Piszczanka - starts in X-XII century. Spacial structure finally shaped in XVIII/XIX century and preserved up to present day without bigger changes, presents reflection and influence of historical, cultural and social mosaic of the city. Once there was Międzyrzec the city of many cultures and religions. Further the city grown up and in the beginning of XIX century it was one of the biggest cities in its part of modern Lublin region. Many times destroyed by wars and other historical conflicts but always rebuilt. Also many buildings and urban quarters which have high historical and cultural values has survived here. The biggest problem in the city is not enough usage of natural, cultural, landscape and touristic supplies of the region in order to renew local identity, city's reception and promotion. Next important problem is functional, communiational and spacial association of New Town and the rest of Międzyrzec, also insufficient protection of cultural and historical values of XVI century foundation and palace-garden complex. Conceptual directives for spatial reintegration of New and Old Town were worked over according to conclusions of many selfmade analyses. It is considered to order existing housing parcelation and to reintegrate it with the planned one. It is necessary to make the transport system more efficient by new cross-river connections. New Town's Market Square with the old trees needs to be restored, palace and garden complex revitalised. New services of culture, education, entertainment, sport and recreation are proposed in palace park near to Zna channel. There were also specified conditions of preservation historical and cultural values, and methods of shaping new buildings.

Dealing with the socialist urban legacy proved to become one of main challenges for the cities of Eastern Europe in the last decades. The fall of socialism found most of the socialist urban areas either as "rejected" heritage or as a sort of "devastated" spaces which had lost their functional meaning, symbolic significance, and any clear narratives. In such conditions, it is particularly important to watch out for those processes, which enable socialist urban legacy to acquire new languages and symbols in order to be included into the current social dynamics. This article explores the potential of the world modernist heritage discourse in giving a new approach to interpreting urban legacy of socialist era. Over the past decade, the sharp increase in the activities around rethinking and revitalization of modernist heritage turned into a global trend. For Eastern Europe modernist legacy appeared to become a certain lens, through which it is possible to explore various visions of the Eastern European urban past within different contexts. The article seeks to reveal how the global discourse of modernist heritage influences current perceptions and attitudes towards the socialist urban legacy in the Eastern European countries, and aims to find out to what extent it facilitates integration of this legacy into changing symbolic contexts.

The population of the city El Oued in Algeria has succeeded in adapting of the harsh climatic factors that characterize the region for the first nucleus building of the city were able to achieve the principles of sustainability by relying on the natural resources available in the environment and access to several goals including: protection from the heat and solar radiation by providing shadows with different planning and architectural methods, work on the air move through the traditional planning of the city which depends on the narrow streets and courtyards within the buildings, temperature regulation for day and night using sustainable building materials with low environmental impact. In this research, the authors tried to know the most important features of sustainability in the traditional urban fabric of the city El Oued, at the planning level and architecture design for the buildings. They tried to seek the impact of climate on both levels and how these processors contribute to the creation of local climate that provides an acceptable level of thermal comfort for the population and enable them to practice their various activities.

With the COVID-19 global pandemic, several governments across the world instated curfews, quarantines and various other forms of social restrictions such as stay-at-home orders and lockdowns. These measures not only severely affected artists and culture professionals as arts and culture facilities were closed to the public, but they also impacted the link between the arts and the local communities.

Urban Sketchers (USk) is a movement engaging a global community of artists and amateurs who gather in local communities to practice drawing on location. As an international movement, its influence has spread across several countries and cities, contributing to formal and informal gatherings to capture the dialogues and interactions with the community and its relations with the community space.

This paper examines the notions of globality and locality in their relations to the artistic expressions in the physical and virtual space. It also reflects on the expanded field of community arts under the context of social restrictions.

Abstract in English:

The article analyses the history of the Budapest City Beautification Society (Budapesti Városszépítő Egyesület), established in 1983 and later renamed as Budapest Urban Heritage Protection Society (Budapesti Városvédő Egyesület), from the beginnings to 1990, placing it into the cultural and political context of the 1980s, the last decade of state socialism in Hungary.

The activities of the society are interpreted as early civil activism. Although the members of the group were not expressly in opposition to the governments of the party state, they were highly critical of the urban planning and heritage management practices of the state socialist regime. The values which the Budapest City Beautification Society subscribed to and propagated, their efforts to preserve landmarks at risk, and the message conveyed by their publications did in many respects push the boundaries of the regime’s tolerance. At the same time, through activities designed to establish civic control and local advocacy, the Society became a model for other civil associations and advocacy groups, and thus indirectly promoted the development of civil society in late Socialist Hungary.

A central question of the article concerns the conditions under which the Budapest City Beautification Society was established and operated later. What kind of conditions were necessary for the foundation of such a society in the early 1980s, and what kind of compromises had to be made by its founders to gain official approval? As for the beginnings, the essay highlights the significance of contemporary mass media: the heritage protection movement was borne out of a popular TV show, Our Grandchildren Will Not See It Any More (Unokáink sem fogják látni), launched in the Hungarian state television in 1981.

In countries of the Eastern Bloc, various other heritage protection associations were founded during the same period. Like its counterparts in neighboring countries, the Budapest City Beautification Society also occupied a place somewhere between civil society and political dissidence. Although the regime did not consider the urban heritage protection movement as a serious political threat, the leading figures and officials of the Society were nonetheless subject to secret surveillance, due primarily to their connections to various dissident movements and groups.

The article is based on interviews with Mihály Ráday, one of the founders of the Budapest City Beautification Society and figurehead of the urban heritage protection movement in Hungary; on episodes of hisTV program launched in the early 1980s; on the City Beautification Society’s printed publications; and on surveillance reports and secret police files about the individuals associated with the Budapest City Beautification Society.

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Abstract in Hungarian:

A tanulmány az 1983-ban megalakult Budapesti Városszépítő Egyesület, későbbi nevén Budapesti Városvédő Egyesület alapításának és tevékenységének történetét elemzi a kezdetektől 1990-ig bezárólag, elhelyezve a mozgalmat az 1980-as évek kulturális és politikai kontextusában.

A szerző az egyesület tevékenységét olyan korai civil aktivizmusként értelmezi, amely, bár nem volt kimondottan ellenzéki, mégis kritikusan viszonyult a szocialista rendszer várospolitikájához, és a veszélyben lévő városképi értékek védelmében kifejtett tevékenysége, vállalt és propagált értékrendje, valamint kiadványainak üzenete, mondanivalója révén sok tekintetben a politikai tűréshatárokat feszegette. Másrészt azáltal, hogy igyekezett kialakítani a civil kontroll és a lakóhelyi érdekérvényesítés gyakorlatát, a Budapesti Városszépítő Egyesület mintául szolgált más civil egyesületek, érdekvédő csoportok számára is, azaz hozzájárult a civil szféra kiépüléséhez a késő Kádár-kori Magyarországon.

A tanulmány egyik központi kérdése az, hogy miért és milyen engedmények árán alakulhatott meg egy ilyen szervezet a kora ’80-as években, és milyen feltételek voltak szükségesek későbbi működéséhez. Az okok és előzmények kapcsán a szerző rámutat egyebek között a korabeli média jelentőségére: az örökségvédő társadalmi mozgalom legfontosabb előzménye és nyilvános fóruma ugyanis egy tévéműsor, az 1981-ben önállósult "Unokáink sem fogják látni" volt.

A keleti blokk országaiban ebben a korszakban számos helyen alakultak különféle csoportok az épített örökség védelmében. Ezekhez hasonlóan a Budapesti Városszépítő Egyesület és a többi hasonló magyarországi szervezet is a civil szféra és a politikai ellenzékiség határmezsgyéjén helyezhető el. A hatalom ezért, bár a jelek szerint önmagában a városvédő mozgalmat nem tekintette a rendszerre veszélyes tényezőnek, annak egyes vezetőit, tisztségviselőit mégis figyelte titkosszolgálati eszközökkel, elsősorban a korabeli ellenzéki irányzatokhoz, csoportosulásokhoz fűződő viszonyuk miatt.

A tanulmány a szerzőnek a mozgalom elindítójával, Ráday Mihállyal készült interjúira, az egykori televízióadások megjelent anyagára (Városvédőbeszédek I-II), valamint az egyesület kiadványainak elemzésére épül, de fontos forrásul szolgálnak azok az akták és titkos jelentések is, melyek az egyesület egyes tagjainak állambiztonsági megfigyelését dokumentálják.

Rarely has the value of modern architecture and heritage in the Japanese city been more trenchantly depicted than in Kon Ishikawa's classic "Tokyo Olympiad" of 1965. The monumental film that chronicles the 1964 Tokyo Olympic begins with a staggering scene of destruction: The image of a rising sun, representing the Japan that has similarly risen out of the ruins of World War II, seamlessly blends into a wrecking ball, vociferously knocking down complete ferro-concrete building facades. After these violent opening scenes and now framed by an ethereal, almost angelic score, the camera gracefully pans along the astounding architectural jewels that were created for the 1964 Tokyo Olympiad-the National Stadium by Katayama Mitsuo, the Komazawa Stadium by Murata Masachika, the Komazawa Gymnasium by Ashihara Yoshinobu, and the Yoyogi Gymnasiums by Tange Kenzo-and that catapulted modernist Japanese architecture into the global limelight almost overnight. This sequence of a dignified, quiet monumentality, devoid of people, harshly ends with a crosscut to a bustling, chaotic Tokyo street, underscored by a nervous score. On the most abstract level, the wrecking ball functions as a powerful symbol, "denoting the violence implicit in [Japan's overall] modernizing process" (Russell 2002: 218). On another level, these scenes seem to suggest that the old city naturally should give way for the new to emerge. Only the creative destruction of the outdated buildings and neighborhoods allows for the Olympic city to materialize. On yet another concrete level these scenes graphically depict the unsentimental and utilitarian treatment of building structures throughout the country's modern history. Like in few other places in the world, perfectly maintained ferro-concrete office buildings that couldn't be much older than 20 to 30 years at the time the film was made are torn down just because changed regulations, new building technologies, or a tense real estate market demanded bigger, more profitable structures. And indeed, few modern building structures last longer than 50 years in Japan. Wrecking balls are no longer used today, but the incessant replacement of outdated building structures continues to this day.

The paper explores the significance of the Merdeka-Kesawan that is a historic city center Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, it describes the conflicts and potentials outcome of heritage conservation and development interventions by carrying out the observation and the unstructured interview to the local communities. The group discussion meeting was performed to get a consensus on the statement of significance of the area. The Merdeka-Kesawan is the heart of Medan city that up to the date it still has control and organizes the economic activity of the town covering an area of approximately 62 hectares. The pattern of the Merdeka historic area was different from the Kesawan area. Until the late 20th Century, the pattern and townscape have significant changes. Besides, the study highlighted that the Merdeka-Kesawan is losing its character and functionality due to the development plans have much ignored the historic urban landscape. Therefore, it is recommended to the Medan Municipal Government to develop comprehensive planning through historic urban landscape approach. Besides, it needs to improve the level of collaboration between conservation organizations and the local community to achieve the perspective win-win solution. Medan Municipal should develop a Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) collaboration among conservation organizations and the local community to government in fulfilling the dual goals of heritage conservation and development.

Populated areas with long and
important routes in history often have their
fabric embroidered with valuable traces of their
past, creating “layers of time” and telling stories
of bygone eras. Nevertheless, there may be a
conflict between contemporary needs and the
protection of these remnants. The way urban
development performs in regard to architectural
and urban heritage preservation determines the
modern character of the cities.

The article discusses the competence problem of defining the cultural values of a small town, especially the spatial and compositional values of historical centers and creating a local spatial development plan (as a local law act) that will help to protect the unique features of space. The text includes recommendations for improving the quality of planning studies at the local planning level. Key words: local spatial development plan, recommendations, town, urban interior. STRESZCZENIE Artykuł porusza problem kompetencyjny na poziomie definiowania walorów kulturowych małego miasta, oceny wartości przestrzennych i kompozycyjnych historycznych centrów oraz konstruowania rysunku i zapisów miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego (jako aktu prawa miejscowego), które przyczynią się do ochrony unikatowych cech przestrzeni. W tekście zawarto rekomendacje w zakresie poprawy jakości opracowań planistycznych na poziomie gminy. Słowa kluczowe: małe miasto, miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego, rekomendacje, wnętrze urbanistyczne.

In these years when industrial sites are converted to new functions, we need to address their potential values not only by looking at built objects., but also addressing their open spaces. By way of an example – the so-called Carlsberg Square in Copenhagen, this article critically examines how open spaces are assessed during urban redevelopment. It discusses the underlying values and conceptions of 'good urban space' that impact on the future development of this area. Based on this case study, the article argues that the definition and management of cultural heritage must be rethought in order to form a richer ground for decision making on the future of urban industrial sites.

During the 17th-18th century colonial period on the Indian subcontinent, British colonial architecture flourished – including in the Bengal Delta. Although colonial architecture was inherently different from the traditional architecture of this tropical region, the monsoon climate and deltaic landscape forced colonial style buildings to incorporate a number of tropical architectural features to ensure climatic comfort. In the contemporary period, due to pressure from population density, many colonial buildings have been demolished and replaced with multi-story buildings. However, the tropical forces of this deltaic region need to be evaluated in order to re-create climate responsive architecture. This study aims to identify tropical architectural features inherent within colonial buildings of Khulna, Bangladesh, a city which formed a junction in the deltaic region during the colonial period. Four colonial buildings have been selected as case studies: two residential buildings, one m...

Integration into architectural or urban context as an evaluation criterion is claimed to be subjective and hardly substantiated. In spite of its ambiguity, it is generally accepted as one of the basic demands in architectural design. So what the context is in architectural design? The article explores specific understandings of architectural-urban context from characteristic perspectives in urban heritage protection and management. From perspective of architectural heritage protection, context is physical architectural objects nearby, perceived visually in a static mode, and respected in interventions by achieving harmonious relationship with it. From the point of view of cultural landscape, context is an interacting natural and man-made environment, constantly changing according to place-specific natural and cultural processes; its processual character and the accumulated meanings that rise from imbedded experiences ought to be continued in following architectural transformations. Historic urban landscape approach assumes that context is constantly developing through urbanization, cultural, social and economic processes, which cultural uniqueness and identity is saturated by place-based meanings, experiences and emotional relationships attributed by local community, ought to be contributed in present-day architectural transformations. From the point of view of sustainable development, context is an inherited cultural, social, material, economic resource and a source of traditional knowledge, performance and behaviours to be adapted and carried on towards a greater sensitivity to the environment, culture, climate, and place, and for the wellbeing of local community.

In this paper, Roman theatre buildings in Iberian Peninsula are classified by their state of preservation as part of the larger physical and socio-cultural context. The result is a range from written record and trace in the rural and urban landscape to physical remains in various states of preservation within rural archaeological sites, near modern settlements and in modern towns. This typology forms a basis to test correspondence, with the resulting distribution, of the variety observed in intervention types and scales ranging from excavation and publication to consolidation, conservation, restoration, and reconstruction. As elsewhere in the Mediterranean, the latter two intervention types would seem to parallel the establishment of local festivals in rural locations and near modern towns while the middle two accompany site-scale museumification in both urban and rural contexts. As such, the proposed contextual classification aims to contribute in a more comprehensive assessment of modern interventions in ancient performance buildings.

Kadifekale’nin kuzey yamacında yer alan Smyrna Antik Tiyatrosu’nun İzmir’in kültür yaşamına kazandırılması amacıyla İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi tarafından yürütülen kamulaştırma çalışmaları tamamlanarak yapının kazısına 2013’de başlandı. 2014 Nisan ayında, Antik Tiyatro ile Agora arasında kalan 25 bin metrekarelik alanın kamulaştırılarak, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı’nca planlanan “Mega Müzeler” arasında yer alan Ege Medeniyetleri Müzesi ile birlikte çeşitli kültürel ve ticari kullanımlara ayrılmasını öngören imar planı revizyonunun İzmir 1 Numaralı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kurulu tarafından onandığı basına yansıdı. Bu yazıda, böylece İzmir’in gündemine giren, kent mekânında antik tiyatro kalıntıları ile müze işlevi birlikteliğinin İspanya ve Portekiz’den dört uygulaması, İzmir için “mega müze” modeline bir seçenek oluşturabileceği düşüncesiyle, Roma Tiyatro Müzeleri başlığı altında tartışılıyor.