Symbiotic Architecture for building and urban rehabilitation

REHAB 2015 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Historical Buildings and Structures Volume 2 Porto, Portugal 22-24 July Edited by Rogério Amoêda Sérgio Lira Cristina Pinheiro REHAB 2015 Proceedings of 2nd the International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Historical Buildings and Structures Edited by Rogério Amoêda, Sérgio Lira & Cristina Pinheiro  2015 The Editors and the Authors All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the Publisher ISBN 978-989-8734-07-5 e-ISBN 978-989-8734-10-5 Published by Green Lines Instituto para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development Av Alcaides de Faria, 377 S 12 4750-106 Barcelos, Portugal mail@greenlines-institute org http://www greenlines-institute org 1st edition, July 2015 Published in electronic format Print on demand Legal Notice The Editors and the Publisher are not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information Foreword v Foreword REHAB 2015 – 2nd International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings and Structures aims to proceed with the discussion on built heritage and the preservation of its legacy, that was established in the first edition of the event. The importance of conservation of historical constructions (built landscape, urban fabrics, buildings, and engineering works) are of utmost importance to preserve the cultural references of a community and was deeply discussed on March 2014, in Tomar (Portugal). Under the main topics of discussion, subjects of preservation and rehabilitation methodologies and technologies, as well the importance of the economic and social impacts of preservation practices were covered as the main leading guidelines for the conference debate. Furthermore, different communities’ scales (local, regional national or even worldwide) and authenticity interpretation raise different questions and approaches, and therefore different solutions that are worthily to study, to compare and to experience. The sustainability approach was again covered, highlighting the importance of the commitment between heritage preservation and technical requirements related to its occupancy and use, such as energy efficiency or materials recovery. Inclusivity was also an important aspect under discussion as public historical sites and buildings need to be adapted to receive different kind of visitors (children, elderly or handicapped persons) and to establish an adequacy with the perceiving of the physical environment and information contents. As a Special Chapter, Historical Centres were brought into a particular approach highlighting the complexity of their preservation, maintenance and rehabilitation. Historical urban fabrics raise unique problems of preservation and promotion, and have highlighted the needs of specific solutions to be applied. This second edition of the REHAB conference also gave stage to early stage researchers and students willing to share the results of their research projects, namely post-graduation projects and doctoral projects. REHAB 2015 received a significant number of such proposals the quality of which was confirmed by the members of the Scientific Committee. This high quality level encourages the organisers to keep on this path and attract young researchers to have the stage and present their work. vi REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) We would like to express our gratefulness to all the partners and sponsors of REHAB who joined efforts to make it a significant Conference. Our special word or recognition to the Municipality of Porto, to the Youth Foundation (Fundação da Juventude) and to the Bureau of Tourism of Portugal - Porto and North. A special word of gratitude to all Members of the Scientific Committee who reviewed the papers and made suggestions that improved the quality of the individual works and the overall quality of the event. The Editors Rogério Amoêda Sérgio Lira Cristina Pinheiro Organizing Committee Organizing Committee Rogério Amoêda Sérgio Lira Cristina Pinheiro vii ix Scientific Committee Scientific Committee Alessandro De Masi João Coroado Milan Polytechnic II, Italy Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Portugal Ángela Barrios Padura Jorge Branco University of Seville, Spain University of Minho, Portugal Artur Feio José Luis Campano Calvo University Lusíada, Portugal University of Salamanca, Spain Ataa Alsalloum Josep Lluis i Ginovart University of Damascus, Syria University Rovira i Virgili, Spain Austin Parsons Juan García-Esparza Dalhousie University, Canada University Jaume I, Spain Carmine Falasca Julio Calvo Serrano University “G D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy University of Granada, Spain Cristina Pinheiro Koenraad Van Cleempoel Green Lines Institute, Portugal Hasselt University, Belgium Enrico Quagliarini Maria Cristina Giambruno Technical University "delle Marche", Italy Polytechnic of Milan, Italy Enrique Torrero Fuentes María Isabel Sardón de Taboada University Castilla La Mancha, Spain University Alfonso X El Sabio, Spain Esther Hiu Kwan Yung Maria Rosaria Vitale The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China University of Catania, Italy Fernando Branco Mário Mendonça de Oliveira University Lúrio, Mozambique Federal University of Bahia, Brazil Francisco Fernandes Paulo Cruz University Lusíada, Portugal University of Minho, Portugal Gabriella Caterina Paulo Lourenço University of Naples, Italy University of Minho, Portugal Georges A. Tanguay Petr Kabele University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic Görün Arun Ricardo Mateus Yildiz Technical University, Turkey University of Minho, Portugal Humberto Varum Rogério Amoêda University of Porto, Portugal University Lusíada, Portugal x REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) Ron Lovinger Teresa Ferreira University of Oregon, USA University of Porto, Portugal Ruth Liberty-Shalev Victor Echarri Iribarren The Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel University of Alicante, Spain Sally Stone Vlatka Rajþiü Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom University of Zagreb, Croatia Sérgio Lira Wan-ki Chow Green Lines Institute, Portugal The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China Takayoshi Aoki Zeynep Aktüre Nagoya City University, Japan Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey Contents xiii Contents Foreword Organizing Committee v vii Scientific Committee ix Partners xi Contents xiii VOLUME 1 Chapter 1 – Rehabilitation of historical sites, buildings and structures: examples and practices Seismic vulnerability assessment of Handa Akarenga Building, Handa, Japan 3 O Balal & T Aoki Sydney Water’s Strategic Heritage Asset Management Program (SHAMP) 11 P T Bennett Urban settlements, rural architectures and conversion of the landscapes of Basilicata during Land Reform. Documentary research and knowledge about the restoration of the village of Santa Maria d’Irsi 19 A Bixio, D Verrastro & G Damone From Casino to historic landmark in 85 years. Ensenada México 29 C M Calderón Aguilera & C Robles Cairo Graphic elevation of a cloister in the Cistercian monastery of Valparaiso in Zamora - Spain J L Campano Aguirre, J L Campano Calvo, F González Alonso, P Carrasco García & A Farfán Martín 41 xiv REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) The rehabilitation of the Engenho Central (Central Sugarcane Mill) of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 49 M E Castore Territories of discourse: Salford’s communities in a changing landscape 59 A Catalani & P Panas Pier pressure: best practice in the rehabilitation of British seaside piers 67 A Chapman Rehabilitation of farm houses and barns – limits of salt content 79 H De Clercq & S Godts Analysis and consolidation of masonry vaults in the restoration of historical constructions 89 F De Guglielmo, F Ribera & M Angelillo Anastylosis of a unique ruin at Umm el-Qanatir 97 Y Dray The gothic cathedral as museum: tourism and spatial use at the basilica of Saint-Denis 113 L Dykstra Process of rehabilitation of a XIXth century building in the city of Porto. Surveys, monitoring and intervention 131 T C Ferreira, A Costa, J Silva, J Gonçalves & P Mendes The complex engineering design challenges of masonry arch bridge rehabilitation 139 S W Garrity The restoration of wood: application to the paneled ceiling of the exhibition hall of the “Escuelas Menores” of the University of Salamanca 151 F J González Alonso, J L Campano Aguirre & J L Campano Calvo Traditional Balkan log-houses and sustainable architecture. Preservation of cultural values 157 A G Kotevski The application of nanotextiles in the conservation of the Premonstrate monastery 165 K Kroftová, M Šmidtová & J Witzany Rio Grande Custom House: a proposal for contemporary administrative spaces 173 E Kuchpil & A P Santos Castalla Castle. Architecture and restoration in the 21st century in Alicante 185 J A Mira Rico & J R Ortega Pérez Seismic improvement of historical dry masonry building using basalt fibre ropes: the case of Lossetti Tower in Beura-Cardezza (Italy) 195 F Monni, E Quagliarini, S Lenci, P Clini & R Nespeca Rehabilitation and change: the IBA Emscher Park case 207 I Peron Design of roof structures in the rehabilitation process 213 A Salihbegoviü & A Salihbegoviü Rehabilitation of a unique building in the historical and cultural center of the Spanish capital, "La Antigua Posada del Peine" B Serrano Pérez, M Serrano Pérez, R Magro Andrade & M J Retana Maqueda 223 Contents xv Influence of the wood mechanical properties in the dovetail joint behavior 231 K Šobra, P Fajman & J M Branco Conversion of historic masonry constructions and structural characteristics of walls by intramural reinforcement 243 N Takiyama, F Matsuno, T Kumagai, N Idate, K Hara & K Kobayashi Fitting-type joint model for traditional wooden structure 255 N Takiyama, N Idate & Y Yamada Keeping the fathers alive: the conservation of funeral architecture in Ugarit 263 T Teba & D Theodossopoulos Conservation techniques and valorization strategies for rock-cut architecture 279 A Versaci & D Indelicato & A Cardaci Restoration and extension of Baeza Town Hall. Baeza. Andalcía. Spain. 2001-2012 291 I de Viar Antoni Gaudí and the Cathedral of Mallorca a hundred years on. Restoration of the restoration 301 A J Villalonga Vidal & M Gambús Saiz Strengthening of damaged historic vault structures in the Premonstrate Monastery at Teplá with composites based on high-strength fibres and epoxy resin 311 J Witzany, T ýejka, K Kroftová & R Zigler Chapter 2 – Economics and management of historical sites, buildings and structures Problem issues with using transfer of development rights (TDRs) for built heritage conservation controversial cases in Hong Kong 323 J Hou & E H W Chan A calculation model of the harmful effects of road traffic in the historic centers of major cities 331 R Magro, M J Retana, A Ventoso & M Serrano Strategies for the rehabilitation of the monumental Cemetery of Bonaria in Cagliari, Italy 339 P Mura Sustaining heritage conservation and community access in Melbourne’s most popular cultural attraction: the Former Abbotsford Convent Arts and Cultural precinct 349 A Smith & M Maguire Chapter 3 – Tourism and promotion of historical sites, buildings and structures From Greek town to Turkish tourism resort: Kayaköy since early 20th century 361 Z Aktüre The touristification of the ancient city of Pingyao, between renewal and new problems 371 F Chignier-Riboulon & Cui Can Heritage and global resources: Draa Valley in Morocco P Raffa 379 xvi REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) A replica Roman villa in Egypt: the house of Serenos in the oasis of Dakhla 389 N Warner Chapter 4 – Authenticity and built heritage How to make rehabilitation intersubjective: the “Gesture” tool 403 P Abreu & P Esteves Rejuvenating the urban wet market as an authentic community space. Case study: Pudu Market, Jalan Pasar Kuala Lumpur 413 R Ahmad & M A R Megat Akhbarruddin Reviving the authentic cultural landscapes of Siamese community. Case study: Kampung Balai, Bachok Kelantan 423 R Ahmad & M S Ismail The conservation of Muro Leccese’s olive oil mill: authenticity and rehabilitation 435 E Brocca & D Besana The urban center of San Demetrio (Italy): historical analysis after the 2009 earthquake 445 C A Cacciavillani & C Mazzanti The Municipal Hall of Crevalcore. Remarks about history as a tool for restoration project 453 C F Carocci, C Circo, C Manfredi, L A Scuderi & C Tocci A participatory approach for built heritage preservation. Case study: the Municipality of Sassano, Italy 463 G Caterina, M R Pinto, S Viola, A Bianchi, D Diano, T Napolitano, P F Biancamano & A Onesti Traditional constructions and earthquake in L’Aquila, Abruzzo 471 S Cecamore Disturbed heritage now disturbing. The case study of the historical area of Kǀm ad-Dikka 481 M Damir Small-scale architecture of timber in historic gardens 491 A Drexel & A Eberhart Degradation by intervention and loss of authenticity in historical centers 503 C C Falasca The sugar factory of Pinos Puente. The relentless drive of the Meadow of Granada 513 G Fernandez Adarve, F J Lafuente Bolivar & J M Santiago Zaragoza Knowledge and dating for preservation of historical and cultural significance of the building: the case study of the medieval Castello quarter in Cagliari (XVII-XIX century) 523 D R Fiorino, C Giannattasio, S M Grillo, V Pintus, M Porcu & M S Schirru Rome’s sampietrini pavements: a material identity to be preserved 535 F Geremia Travel in Time. Is it the informal a heritage to be preserved? E Giani 545 Contents The question of authenticity in preservation of modern architecture xvii 555 M Hadighi Authenticity as a sustainable value of holistic conservation 565 Ö Karakul Casanueva and its “Torre de los Jerónimos”. Identity and patrimonial feeling 571 F J Lafuente Bolívar, G Fernández Adarve & J M Santiago Zaragoza JAI TEK: Aibar, Benabarre, Beruete… 581 M Mujika & R Villamayor The maker’s authenticity: including the craftsperson when replacing in-kind 587 A Parsons The authenticity of architectural heritage: a definition of an evaluation methodology 595 R Reis & A Alegre Proof of concept: wrestling with F. L. Wright’s historic affordable housing vision 605 G Snyder & M Jarosz Building on the Past: exploring the intersections between energy, environment and authenticity through an ethnographic study of renovation 615 T Yarrow Index of Authors 625 VOLUME 2 Chapter 5 – Inclusivity of historical sites, buildings and structures Capturing the realities through digital preservation and scanning techniques: the case of ZouMaTang Ancient Village, China 633 A Cheshmehzangi, E Ch’ng & D A Adkins Discussing inclusivity of historic sites: Istanbul Historical Peninsula 645 A S Ergenoglu Accessible Museums: approaches, methods and tools to stress inclusivity 657 V Giacometti Tactile maps for historical buildings: design methods and approaches 665 A Greco Adapting historic structures for the blind and visually impaired: a comparative analysis of navigational technologies 673 E H Helfers, M Pochily, J Muir, & J Flattum Enhancing cultural venues through accessibility: recent experiences in Italy and Portugal 683 A Laurìa, S Di Salvatore & T Heitor The complexities of heritage preservation in multicultural environments: identification, conservation and management D Whelan 693 xviii REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) Chapter 6 – Inspection and monitoring of historical sites, buildings and structures Historic centres’ surfaces. Integrated procedures for survey, diagnosis and conservation 705 M Balzani & F Maietti Inspecting historic buildings using ontologies 715 R Cacciotti & J Valach Vibration characteristics of a brick lighthouse in Japan 725 AM Hidaka & T Aoki Monitoring of traditional dwelling in Mediterranean climate: an approximation 735 V Jiménez-López, C M Calderón-Aguilera, G Bojórquez-Morales, A Luna-León & C García-Gómez Protective effect of clay plaster for the fire design of timber constructions 745 J Liblik & A Just Seismic assessment of baroque buildings: large scale inspection tools for the meshing process and the validation of numerical models 755 C Limoge Schraen, C Giry, F Ragueneau & C Desprez Techniques of massive data capture: experiences in the Gothic Cathedral of Tortosa 767 J Lluis i Ginovart, A Costa-Jover & S Coll-Pla Assessment of the South aisle in Canterbury Cathedral, UK 777 P B Lourenço, G Karanikoloudis, N Mendes & C Corallo Vibration characteristics of historical masonry buildings based on seismic observation 789 M Miyamoto & T Hanazato Typology based method for choosing old masonry walls inspection procedures 799 L F Ramos, F M Fernandes & D Chesler Applying the principles of intervention in Libyan historic buildings 809 S M Tarhuni Non-destructive techniques used in the chapel of Muñoz. Cathedral of Santamaria of Cuenca, Spain 821 E Torrero, N Arroyo, D Sanz & V Navarro Chapter 7 – New materials and products for the rehabilitation of historical buildings and structures Applied materials valuation in the chromatic reintegration of polychrome facades 833 M Juan Baldó & J L Regidor Ros Design method and chromatic characterization of restoration mortars for concrete façade panels 841 J Miranda, J Valença, L Sousa & E Júlio Lime-based repair mortars with water-repellent admixtures: laboratory durability assessment 851 C Nunes & Z Slížková Rheological properties of hydraulic grouts used in consolidation of brick masonry walls D Oktay, N Yüzer & S Ulukaya 861 Contents The potential of wood-based solutions for sustainable rehabilitation xix 869 J M Silva & J Branco Mechanical behavior of two-wythe brick masonry walls injected with hydraulic lime grout 879 N Yüzer, D Oktay, S Ulukaya & E Y Gökyi÷it-ArpacÕ Chapter 8 – Sustainability principles and practices in the rehabilitation of historical buildings and structures Energy modeling and historic masonry building energy retrofit 891 N Ahn Energy use reduction for sustainable reuse of public heritage buildings: the stakeholders’ perspectives 901 O K Akande, D Odeleye, A Coday & C Jimenez Bescos Reducing environmental impacts by closing life cycle of buildings and materials 911 R Amoêda The HQDIL method to assess the sustainability of an historic center case of Mansourah K’bira (Algeria) 921 S Farida & M Said Documentation tools and decision systems for built heritage rehabilitation 931 E Gigliarelli, L Cessari & G Quattrone The redevelopment of the Roebling complex in Trenton: a case study in historic preservation and sustainable design 941 J D S Hatch The rehabilitation and sustainability of vernacular heritage housing: a case study in Madeira Island 951 A M T Martins, J S Carlos & E Vieira Between sustainability and preservation, a case study approach 959 R Millo-Steinlauf Life cycle assessment of energy retrofitting solutions for Portuguese buildings from the 70s 969 R Morbey, R Mateus & L Bragança The sustainability of façades preservation: LCA of maintenance techniques for finishing 979 M Paleari, M Lavagna & A Campioli Energetic refurbishment results of single house according to their construction period 989 A Pérez Fargallo & J Canivell Garcia de Paredes Evaluation of bioclimatic design features of vernacular architecture in Cyprus. Case studies from rural settlements in different climatic regions 999 M Philokyprou, A Michael, A Savvides & E Malaktou An evaluation tool for the rehabilitation of existing university residences 1009 E Romano Eco efficient recovery of historical buildings and eco innovation of building elements A M Scolaro 1017 xx REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) The sustainable reuse of existing buildings 1029 S H Stone Symbiotic Architecture for building and urban rehabilitation 1037 E Zamperini & S Lucenti Comparative study on preservation and reuse of historical buildings between China and Japan: a legal and policy perspective 1047 S Zheng, L Cai & Y Chen Chapter 9 – Historical centres Tiberias; Historic City with no Historical Center 1057 A Amiri Strolling city centers: the issue of accessibility versus the recovery and conservation of historical pavements 1067 A Arenghi, B Chiarelli & I Garofolo Methodology for analysis and urban critical survey of the historical centre of the blue city of Jodhpur 1077 M Balzani, F Maietti, P Massai & L Rossato Earthquake pedestrians’ evacuation in historical urban scenarios: a combined simulation model including human behaviors and post-earthquake modifications 1085 G Bernardini, M D’Orazio, E Quagliarini & L Spalazzi Active preservation and use of historical urban centers – the case study of the Belgrade old city core 1095 M R Blagojeviü & M Nikoliü Interstices: a virtuous chain to reanimate historical centres 1105 G Carnevale Conservation and restoration in the post-seism reconstruction plan of Fossa. Typological and construction features of the urban fabric 1115 C F Carocci & S E Petrella The historical centre of Crevalcore (Bologna). Seismic damage, historical characters, rehabilitation strategies 1125 C F Carocci & C Tocci Recycling/reuse: the project dimension of historic cities conservation 1135 N Carrà A semiotic reading of the urban context and its layering through the illustrative example of the city of Bari 1143 V Dario Rehabilitation vs. renovation: re-using landmarked houses in the historic centre of Athens 1153 A Dimitrakopoulos The urban archaeology contribution to city design C Fallanca 1169 Contents xxi Understanding place. An empirical appraisal of the appropriation of historic built environments 1179 J A García-Esparza From billiards to Vice-Chancellery: Fremantle’s West End 1187 S Mcgann From disused production buildings to working machines in the historic city 1197 P Miano The impact of conflict on the treatment of architectural heritage: Walled Nicosia, Cyprus 1207 C Pieri Green spaces as a strategy for urban heritage preservation of historical center Ensenada, Mexico 1219 C Rivera Torres & E Padrés León Using the heritage trail to rehabilitate Boston’s Government Center 1229 T M Rohan Urban archaeology: a planning proposal in sensitive areas 1235 A Taccone Conservation and restoration in the post-seismic Reconstruction Plan of Fossa. Architectural features and external finishes of the historical centre 1243 M R Vitale & C Serra The rehabilitation of Italian small historical centers: Monasterace, a recent case-study 1253 M Zampilli & F Geremia Index of Authors 1263 Chapter 8 Sustainability principles and practices in the rehabilitation of historical buildings and structures 1037 Symbiotic Architecture for building and urban rehabilitation E. Zamperini & S. Lucenti DICAr, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy ABSTRACT: Processes of increase in urban population have always been characterized by an alternation of phases in which densification of existing urban fabric prevailed, with other in which the prevalent phenomenon was urban expansion. Phases of density increase are related to physical constraints or economic-political issues. Expansion prevails in periods in which constraints disappear. In recent decades, the housing bubble has fostered the so-called urban sprawl, which irreversibly subtracts room for agriculture and natural environment. The goal of sustainability imposes to hold down land consumption. Nevertheless, evolution of needs and changes in activities require adequate spaces. This paper proposes the use of symbiotic architecture to requalify and rationally densify urban fabric: the possibility to create new built volumes in already-urbanized areas prevents the creation of new infrastructure, allowing to allocate resources to the redevelopment of existing ones; the increase of building density consent neighbourhoods to reach a critical mass of inhabitants allowing the establishment of new services. Proposed solutions cannot be regulated by general rules; they should be governed by specific urban plans based on the study of the anthropic load on existing infrastructures and on the protection of already saturated areas from property speculation. 1 INTRODUCTION In the frame of the today world crisis we have to discuss new approaches to the urban development which have to take seriously into account redensification strategies, that could contrast the tendency towards urban rarefaction and land consumption that prevailed in recent decades. In fact the equilibrium between the density of the urban (and social) fabric, quality of life of present inhabitants, and sustainability – intended as non-exhaustion of irreproducible resources – of urban policies is not a matter of average urban indexes only but must take in account also specific local features. In particular, the paper will try to relate problems that are well-known at urban scale with solutions at the scale of urban fabric and of individual building. 2 LIMITS AND URBAN DENSITY In history there has been an alternation of phases in which densification of the existing urban fabric prevailed with other in which the prevalent phenomenon was urban area expansion. Phases of density increase are related to presence of physical constraints or economic-political issues; the main limit to the expansion of the cities could be classified in three categories: 1038 REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) - Logistical limits due to the availability – different in each age – of specific means of transport and communication, that put a limit to the dimensional development of the city; - Morphological limits due to the specific site: seaside, rivers, mountains, unhealthy places (i.e. morass, areas subject to flooding); - Anthropical limits/issues, which are limits self-imposed by people, for example: city walls, urban regulation or preference for property speculation in central areas. Territorial expansion prevails in periods in which either physical constraints are removed or passed, or economic-political issues disappear, or limitations imposed by politics become not mandatory1. The demolition of city walls, a new urban plan2, motorisation (which allow to overcome a physical obstacle)3 produce the expansion of the city and a subsequent urban rarefaction phenomena. Furthermore, during time specific (aesthetic, traffic, hygienic) issues promoted interventions in city centres considered too dense and cluttered, aimed at rationalize or rarefy the city fabric. 3 URBAN EXPANSION-CONTRACTION PHASES IN EUROPE Since Middle Ages a process of urbanization began and it spread out in different ways all over Europe. This process was originated by socio-economic features mainly due to the technological and agricultural innovations which allowed the expansion of cultivated land and increased the unitary productivity. These innovations favoured population growth and created a surplus of manpower that could leave countryside and converge towards the main inhabited centres increasing their size, creating urban crafts and stimulating market recovery after the early medieval crisis (creation of local fairs and markets) (Cherubini, 1972). During Middle Ages, usually the increase in urban population took place by implementing in parallel an increase in building density within circles of defensive walls and the construction of suburban neighbourhoods outside the city walls on the main roads. Medieval circles of walls had generally a quite small thickness and they did not require neither internal nor external large unbuilt belts (Rocchi, 1908); the construction of new circles of walls was frequent and this meant that many circles of walls were gradually absorbed in urban fabric by constructing new buildings in adherence to them. The construction of new walls allowed to defend suburban neighbourhoods that developed in a radial pattern from the city, however it also enclosed the unbuilt spaces between one neighbourhood and the other; initially they were mainly dedicated to vegetable gardens, and later they were gradually built. Thus the succession of circles of walls gave birth to alternating phases of rarified expansion and building densification. In the Renaissance the evolution of firearms led to a gradual but radical transition from medieval fortification to the so-called bastion fortification. In the first phase there was a shift to very thick walls (up to 6 meters) which opposed a large masonry mass to cannon shots, then less thick walls were built with a rear embankment which – creating a less rigid structure – cushioned shots (Rocchi, 1908); inside the circle of walls, in addition to the space directly occupied by the embankment a further space was needed «to facilitate the defenders’ manoeuvre and the carriage of materials and munitions» (Fara, 1993). The new fortification method also required the creation of an open area outside the walls – the esplanade – and of a raised embankment – the glacis – which was separated from the walls by the moat and prevented the vision of the walls themselves by the besieging and the direct fire of enemy artillery (Fara, 1993). To realize these free spaces, the demolition of pre-existing buildings and urban fabric was necessary, although it has not always been realized for reasons of cost. Moreover, all these spaces (even when the demolition of existing buildings wasn’t required) were excluded from building and other productive activities for centuries through the establishment of military servitudes4, thus creating a clear break between city and countryside absent in earlier times (Fara, 1993). 3.1. Urban expansion-contraction phases in Modern and Contemporary Ages Since the 19th Century, a general rarefaction and expansion phenomena have prevailed. Chapter 8 Sustainability principles and practices in the rehabilitation of historical buildings and structures 1039 Hygienic theories showed that overcrowded neighbourhoods lacking adequate sanitations were unhealthy; furthermore narrow and winding streets created problems to modern transportation and urban traffic, and they could easily be obstructed by barricades during riots and revolts. These issues led to two different strategies of interventions in urban areas: in new districts and suburbs, ordered and sparse building fabric were built; in historic centres, plans for building renovation were implemented. In the reorganization of the urban fabric one of the main aims was to enhance the grandeur of the urban landscape; to do this often private initiative was favoured leaving freedom of demolition of historic buildings, of property speculation and of social expulsion5. The strategy of wide urban demolitions continued for a long time to be prosecuted, however, in Italy in 1910s Gustavo Giovannoni proposed the theory of building “thinning-out”, which recommended the selective demolition of most decayed buildings to create open spaces and improve urban centres hygiene, thus avoiding radical demolitions and property speculation that lead to urban fabric restructuring. For building new residential neighbourhoods needed to accommodate large masses of workers, due to economic reasons the dominant trend was for long to concentrate large numbers of people in long and close-ups series of terraced houses (prevailing within United Kingdom) or in large compact buildings (typical of continental reality). In these neighbourhoods the building fabric was different from that of city centres – and peripheral with respect to it – but also from countryside, thus giving rise to a new place: the suburb (De Paoli & Candura, 2011). Since the beginning of 19th century, in reaction to this trend some utopians (e.g. Robert Owen and Charles Fourier) developed hypotheses of new neighbourhoods or towns characterized by very low building density (Benevolo, 2004). Instead, at the end of the century, the project of the Garden city was developed by Ebenezer Howard and that for the Cité Industrielle by Tony Garnier (Giedion, 1984). However, only in the early decades of 20th century the idea of adopting a rarefied urban fabric was implemented on a large scale with the construction of vast neighbourhoods by German and Dutch functionalist architects (Aymonino, 2000). In parallel to these realizations other theorizations were made. The most important6 is the Ville Radieuse by Le Corbusier (1924) which goes in the opposite direction to the above mentioned projects; in fact the Franco-Swiss architect develops a project of city with large green spaces (the covered area is approximately 12%), but – imagining buildings with 11 floors and indefinite length – the building density is approximately four times that of the metropolises of the time (Aymonino, 2000; Benevolo, 2004). 3.2. War damage and postwar reconstruction The two World Wars caused terrible damage to the historic urban fabric all over Europe, especially the second with large carpet bombing that destroyed entire districts of many cities. In the postwar period in Italy the refurbishment of both the damaged and the untouched city centres were led by property speculators (Crocioni, 1978). Vast suburbs of poor quality building were built and almost always building contractors provided them with poor services and scarce links to basic infrastructure networks. The most used building type was the isolated apartment house placed inside the block and not along its perimeter (Aymonino, 2000); the new urban morphology underlying these neighbourhoods was first elaborated by Modern Movement architects, however the implementation had not the same urban quality of ideal projects and of the few realized plans (Zevi, 1997; Benevolo, 2004). In this period a huge expansion of cities happened: Italian census of 1971 notices that 55% of the building existing at that time was built after 1946 (Crocioni, 1978). 3.3. Historical centre recovery and territorial administration during the 1970's and the 1980's Since the 1970s some cultural7 and economic8 factors led to the elaboration of a new approach to urban development that led technicians to pay attention to social and building redevelopment of city centres, to limit energy consumption of new buildings9 and to contain the expansion of urban perimeters. In areas of city centres that were not renewed after the war, the poor sanitary conditions – due to building decay, inadequate services and limited size of houses – made houses inadequate to contemporary lifestyles (Cinieri & Zamperini, 2013a). In Italy, to private initiatives – which tended to the expulsion of the lower middle classes and often to building re- 1040 REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) placement – municipalities and agencies for public housing opposed public initiatives aiming to the reuse of existing buildings as social housing maintaining original inhabitants (Turri et al., 2010), passing from the physical preservation of building to the protection of the urban environment and of its inhabitants (Benevolo, 2004). Sometimes other public bodies tried to integrate their real estate activities with plans for urban renewal10. With it regard to containment of urban expansion, some urban plans receded from earlier forecasts of disproportionate and isotropic expansion – based on exaggerated predictions of population and production growth – and attempted to regulate expansion in adherence to rational development hypothesis (therefore to manage and follow the real expansion directions) and to protect natural green areas and peri-urban agriculture11. 3.4. Construction industry development in 1990s and 2000s up to the burst of housing bubble In subsequent decades (1990s and 2000s) construction industry restarted to grow and – in particular in occidental world – a new phase of urban expansion took place, following low density expansion models, with a large spread of single-family homes residential neighbourhoods. These years rarefied urban expansion was accompanied by the formation of peri-urban fringes which dissolved the city/countryside limit. Peripheral urban fabric is unbundled in scattered fragments interspersed with fringes of agricultural land. In this configuration both landscape and urbanscape are morphologically untraceable(Socco et al., 2007); in addition residual and fragmented agricultural areas lack the minimum size to achieve economies of scale in production, while the low population density of scattered built areas prevent to reach the critical mass for the realization of an adequate network of infrastructure and services. To these critical factors we have to add the mix and combination of sensitive functions (e.g. residential areas and schools) with other incompatible with them (e.g. busy roads, industries) (Socco et al., 2007). Close to major urban centres, the territory undergoes a process of metropolisation; the growth of smaller towns – independently regulated, but catalyzed by the proximity of the centre of attraction – leads to the fusion of the various adjacent urban fabrics, creating a new entity difficult to be governed with municipal level planning instruments (Oliva, 2008). The idea of house as a refuge asset and source of income – which in the postwar period had been the engine of the enormous growth of construction industry – untied from real housing needs and eventually led to the outbreak of the housing bubble in 2008, which has been followed by the present deep crisis (Zamperini & Lucenti, 2014). 4 THE PROBLEM OF LAND CONSUMPTION Although it seems intuitively clear, in technical literature there are various definitions of the phrase “land consumption”. These are derived from the different meanings attributed to the two terms consumption and land. In this paper, to the word consumption we will attribute the meaning of “use of a resource that lead to its loss”; the term land identify the cortical layer of earth not covered by water, but we will consider it in the reductive meaning of not urbanized – both agricultural and natural – land. Unlike other natural resources, «land is a finite environmental resource, not reproducible and not renewable» (Oliva, 2008): the transformation of extra-urban (agricultural or natural) land for new uses is not reversible and the consumption of land (to be intended as a resource) becomes a serious problem that affects society as a whole, whose management should be claimed by society itself (Salzano, 2008). Indeed the single private operator does not take into account possible negative externalities that its works cause to society and it has almost never self-interest to provide public services (Camagni, 2007). However preservation of agricultural and natural land is fundamental as it plays a multiple role: in the preservation of ecosystems, in the protection from hydrogeological risks, in the mitigation of local distortions to climate (e.g. urban heat islands), in food-producing, in psychophysical well-being of people thanks to their link to cultural factors and to possible leisure use (Gardi & Dall’Olio, 2013). As a consequence, the problem of land consumption may have different interpretation and therefore different quantitative estimation, for example: Chapter 8 Sustainability principles and practices in the rehabilitation of historical buildings and structures 1041 - loss of soil permeability, relevant because related to hydrogeological problems; from this point of view, small green areas included within urban fabric must not be considered as consumed land (e.g. gardens private family dwellings); - loss of cultural value caused by deletion of historical signs of rural territory anthropization; in this light, agricultural land converted to urban park must be considered as consumed land; - loss of economic viability of cultivation or loss of ecological function; both of these losses are due to the dimensional reduction of agricultural and natural land connected to the fringing of the urban limit which gives rise to residual spaces too small or fractionated to be conveniently cultivated or to be able to accommodate a given ecosystem; from this point of view green areas of modest dimensions included in urban fabric – or agricultural areas abandoned because too small – must be computed as consumed land. 4.1. The limits of deregulation The phenomena of deregulation accentuated land consumption, since it has subjected the government of urban expansion to the oscillation of political vision of parties that alternate in the administration of the territory, rather than to a technical culture capable of interpreting the real socio-economic needs of the area (De Paoli & Candura, 2011). In recent years, many theorists launched a broad debate on the sustainability of the urban model based on the temporariness of programs, which pushes towards a continuous and endless expansion, and they tried to investigate the causes that led to the crisis of this model. Deregulation has been identified as one of them; deregulation should not be interpreted as a total lack of rules, but as freedom of non-application and as a possibility of direct negotiation between public and private, procedure that has been used mainly in the absence of an appropriate regulatory framework able to allow «a multi-level government» of territory (Camagni, 2007); indeed only this kind of government can place policy choices in a broad vision that is capable of driving growth process to resolve territory issues (as clearly shown for Milan area in Mezzi, 2008). 5 SYMBIOTIC ARCHITECTURE AS A STRATEGY FOR URBAN DENSIFICATION Deregulation failure highlighted the necessity the need to drive the processes of urban fabric evolution with rules which take into account the specific local features. In particular due to the ecological importance and to the irreversibility of changes, the aim of putting a stop to land consumption should be assumed as a priority. The choice to consume new agricultural or natural land should be limited to those cases where some needs of society cannot be satisfied otherwise, and only when it is demonstrated that these requirements have a necessity and a duration in time comparable to the need of land protection (Salzano, 2008). As an alternative strategy to land consumption, the paper proposes to consider a priority the rehabilitation of abandoned peripheral areas (functional redensification) and the addition of new volumes in existing built contexts (building redensification); the latter type of intervention is particularly important because it is potentially a capillary action instrument for the implementation of new strategies for “rational and targeted densification” that can improve urban quality. From this point of view, the critics to bigness made by Vittorio Gregotti are significant; he consider bigness as the out of scale and self-referentiality of project, which characterized most of the projects in the decades at the turn of the millennium.; to bigness he opposes the concept of precision that «presupposes the need of the meaning of every detail and of its relation to the whole» (Gregotti, 2010). Building redensification interventions must be carried out primarily in those contexts where a low building density coexists with a general downgrading of architecture, and with the absence of an overload of infrastructures or with the possibility to enhance them. While designing interventions in these built contexts, the «theory of destruction» (selective action and expression of a judgement on existing buildings; Gregotti, 1997) and the «theory of conservation» (suspension of judgment and ambition to the full protection; Bellini, 2005) antagonize each other (Zamperini & Lucenti, 2014). Some reasons emerge against the theory of destruction: the ideological nature of the selective judgment, the historical-documentary value of existing buildings, the presence 1042 REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) of built asset in cultural landscape and memory (Albanese, 2009), the environmental unsustainability of this approach (Cinieri & Zamperini, 2013b). Instead the «theory of conservation» admits its own limits. These limits are technical – because everything is subject to change over time – and ethical – because the needs of conservation may come into conflict with the needs of contemporary life – therefore the theory of conservation doesn’t propose to embalm built heritage, but to govern its evolution, maximizing its preservation (Bellini, 2005). In the conservative approach to existing urban fabric and buildings the addition of new volumes must be seen as an alteration of built fabric and it can also require the modification of existing buildings. Nevertheless, the construction of such volumes in new housing areas would cause an irreversible consumption of agricultural or natural land. The construction of new built volumes gives rise to a conflict between the needs for conservation of built heritage and of territory. In this context, the acquisition of sensitivity on issues of conservation and sustainability has given rise to a new approach to the conflict between the different instances: that of Symbiotic Architecture (Zamperini & Lucenti, 2014). 5.1. Symbiotic Architecture Within the general framework of the theories of building conservation and of sustainable approach to the problems of construction industry, Symbiotic Architecture aims to combine the protection of existing constructions (intended as a material evidences of culture) and the need to act on them to fulfil the social needs of the present population (i.e. architecture has to be lived and not abandoned to museification, so it must be made accessible and consistent with the needs of the present life) and of future generations (Zamperini & Lucenti, 2014). In line with the theories expressed by Marco Dezzi Bardeschi12, the basic idea is that the approach to intervention on built environment should be based on addition, avoiding – as far as possible – demolitions that remove evidences of the material culture both of the original builders and of those who worked on the building over time. Furthermore – basing on the biologic theory of symbiosis – we think that the addition may originate a synergy with the existing building. Indeed the addition must not be a parasite which exploits pre-existence and harms it: a symbiotic relationship should be achieved in which both host and symbiont derive benefits from the dialogue and the mutual interaction (e.g. functional and technical upgrade, aesthetic requalification, cultural valorization) (Zamperini & Lucenti, 2013; Zamperini & Lucenti, 2014). Interaction of new volumes and existing buildings can have different levels of symbiosis: - the most basic level of interaction simply involves saturation of residual degraded spaces within building fabric; although it decreases free surfaces, this type of intervention upgrades occupied spaces, it can positively renew the image of urban context and it can stimulate a wider requalification; the addition of new building volumes in an already built context can also enlarge the social mix of inhabitants and users and – in the case of low building and housing density – it can expand the user basin reaching the critical mass of users needed to implement new territorial infrastructure (Camagni et al., 2013); - a level of more complex symbiosis can be achieved with a direct constructive interaction between addition and pre-existence (e.g. superelevation or extension in adherence), in this case additions may take advantage of pre-existence at the structural level, but in reverse they can provide benefits by upgrading pre-existence from the formal, typological/functional (increase floor surface of housing, equip them with new balconies or toilets, increase the variety of their dimensions; add new vertical connections), and technological (improvement of thermohygrometric performance of the envelope through thermal insulation or solar shading, improvement of structural performance, integration of new equipments) points of view. 5.1.1. Proposed methodology As seen, at the turn of 19th and 20th century, shared theories of intervention were present and almost indiscriminately applied in various contexts, since they used to superimpose a new autonomous system on the existing one. Today current sensitivity lead instead to act respecting existing building and urban systems, thus it’s not present a unified approach in contemporary action, nor it should be proposed. Instead the approach to intervention has to start from the spe- Chapter 8 Sustainability principles and practices in the rehabilitation of historical buildings and structures 1043 cific conditions of the city and of the urban fabric. In general, the proposed methodological approach imposes that top priority is given to requalification of built environment rather than to land consumption. Although the paper does not deal with this issue, we believe that the priority should be given to re-functioning large brownfield sites (e.g. former industrial and military areas) that constitute unused enclave within the city, often fenced and impermeable to people transit, thus a functional barrier in the city13. Instead the paper focuses on strategies of rational urban densification to guide city transformation, strategies that must rely on punctual but diffused interventions to be practiced at building scale in existing urban fabric. In high density areas interventions should be oriented towards minimal additions in residual de-qualified spaces, aiming especially at encouraging typological mix or at establishing absent functions with a particular care not to overload existing infrastructures. In low density areas, typological analysis plays a key role in the identification of possible residual spaces spread and of ways to act on them, holding steady requalification of building fabric – and not property speculation – as the aim of building redensification. In fact it is exactly in this peripheral building fabric (made of terraced or detached houses, and isolated blocks of flats) that redensification interventions must be concentrated, furthermore in this less qualified fabric risk of speculative interventions – that worsen the quality of urban fabric rather than favour requalification – is greater. In both cases, «the theme of urban form is crucial» (Camagni, 2007) because – as noted above – the fringing of urban fabric reduces the efficiency of the city, thus increasing its compactness becomes a crucial goal for the rational management of urban evolution. 5.1.2. Examples of interventions in consolidated fabrics: the reading of built fabric In various contexts urban densification is already ongoing. Although urban restructuring is prevalent – giving rise to the demolition of the existing fabric and to the construction of a more dense new fabric with different types, in various ways some projects start from reading the types of consolidated urban fabric in which they act, and then define interventions that adhere to the concept of symbiotic architecture, as here presented. Among them some notable examples are: - insertion of new volumes in hutongs – courtyard houses of Beijing historic fabric – which provides an upgrade of existing buildings, protecting this fabric from urban restructuring14; - expansion of the typical British terraced houses (many examples are in London) with additions of garden studios to the main building; this interventions saturate part of the back yard but it allows to adapt living spaces to the needs of the household15; - in fabrics made of terraced houses, an alternative strategy for urban densification that eliminate land consumption is the rooftop addition16; it can be carried out with or without modification of building type; in the first case the new floor could be distributed by a walkway balcony, in the second each house would be expanded vertically (Zamperini & Lucenti, 2014); - in the case of a less dense fabric (e.g. urban peripheries in USA and Canada17, but also European garden city) in which there are isolated single-family homes surrounded by gardens on four sides, it is possible to insert new houses in the spaces between two buildings18; - in the case of denser consolidated urban fabrics (e.g. in Japan and Europe) some projects for the saturation of the interstitial spaces have been realized, although sometimes provocative19; - widespread interventions that add volumes in adherence to buildings to improve the overall behaviour of urban system (eg. Indian urban centres or European peripheral social housing20); - rooftop addition (one or more floors) on multi-storey buildings (Zamperini & Lucenti, 2014). In particular cases the initiative to intervene on building fabric, is not determined by reasons of redensification or technical/functional upgrade; the idea of modifying architecture can derive from the choice to change the way of living in a building fabric due to specific social issues21. Therefore – in addition to ensuring land saving and to having economic influences (e.g. reduction of heat loss and therefore of management costs) and technological (e.g. installations upgrade) – symbiotic interventions on urban fabric may also have social and cultural repercus- 1044 REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) sions, since changing the morphology building blocks can change inhabitants’ ways of living and this can lead to social conflicts when the initiative is not by inhabitants themselves. 6 CONCLUSIONS From what has been written, the need to find a balance between respect of environment and collective development of a community emerges. Architecture as a social discipline cannot avoid its role as interpreter of the instances of transformation and as guide of evolution of current city. The crisis in the model of unlimited urban expansion and the role of disciplinary foundation that sustainability has gradually taken require to rethink the strategies of urban transformation, evaluating the rational redensification of urban fabric to improve the efficiency of infrastructure and increase urban quality. For this purpose it is necessary to assess the compatibility and the effects of new insertions into consolidated fabric to create symbiotic architectures, making it possible to establish a new virtuous circle. ENDNOTES 1 Milan Master Plan drafted by eng. Cesare Beruto (1884-89) is an example in which the presence of disincentives to build outside of the plan, without a binding system of constraints neutralized a superimposed urban limit not commensurate with real urban needs. (De Finetti, 2002). Beruto’s Plan provided indeed an isotropic development of the city inside an annular area around old town, moreover it solicited to keep large unbuilt area for the extraction of raw materials and for cultivation. However due to transportation needs, the expansion of urban fabric did not respect the plan: along main roads it exceeded Beruto’s limits, while large areas within this limit, but far from main roads, remained unbuilt (Mercandino, 2006). 2 For example, in Barcelona urban expansion was prevented by the 1250 m belt of non aedificandi military servitude set by Philip V of Bourbon, King of Spain, after the War of Succession (1702-13) to prevent the growth of the city, which supported the opposing dynasty, the Habsburgs. By the beginning of 19th century in Barcelona the free spaces of 18th century urban fabric within city walls had been completely saturated and the continuous population growth had led to an unsustainable population density, in some areas in 1700 inhabitants/ha, with critical sanitation. Only after mid-19th century political conditions changed, the walls were demolished (1849) and – removed the military servitude – the city could return to expand thanks to the Plan Cerdà (1859) (Morbelli, 1997). 3 For example the city of Genoa is surrounded by mountains and first expanded in the plain near the seaside along which people and goods could move by ship, subsequently since the end of 19th Century – when transport systems improved – new district rose up on the hills. 4 Particular is the case of Vienna; to protect internal walls, a glacis was present with a depth from 200 to 300 m. In this case, even after the creation in 1704 of outer walls (the Linienwall), to protect peri-urban villages, a non aedificandi military servitude was kept. The presence of this buffer zone forced the expansion of suburbs between the two bounds and left an unbuilt ring around the old town (Morbelli, 1997). 5 Although cases of expansion and rectification of urban streets (e.g. Strada Nuova in Pavia) or insertion of new tracks on the existing urban fabric (e.g. Sisto V urban plan for Rome; Giedion, 1984) have taken place since the Middle Ages, in 19th century this approach was systematically applied in many urban centers, emblematic in this sense is the case of Paris in which Georges Eugène Haussmann promoted urban renewal through the Grands travaux: widespread building demolition, which radically changed the face of the city. During his Grands travaux Haussmann realized the Grande croisée – a couple of perpendicular streets cutting in four the historic centre – and many grandiose squares from which radially departed wide connecting boulevard; at the architectural level, the works aimed for the realization of tidy façades – whose monumentality was given by the repetition of a regular rhythm – and urban perspectives oriented towards focal points (churches, palaces, fountains). All these initiatives were included – and partly determined – by a general plan to allow the control of the city in the event of uprising, for which the expression embellissement stratégique was coined (Morbelli, 1997). Later this strategy was widely pursued in Italy, especially during the fascist period. 6 In addition to the Ville Radieuse it is important to remember also the linear city (which recalled a previous project for Madrid by Soria y Mata) proposed by Russian architect Miljutin in which distinct functional areas (industrial, transport, residential and green filter) alternate inserting as a large cut in the territory and creating a fabric with scarce average density (Aymonino, 2000, Mercandino, 2006). Chapter 8 Sustainability principles and practices in the rehabilitation of historical buildings and structures 7 1045 Since late 1960s a new sensitivity to environmental and social problems spread and, from this, the awareness – supported by research commissioned by the Club of Rome (1972) – that it was necessary to put a limit to growth developed (Mercandino, 2006). 8 Particularly important was the oil crisis that followed the Yom Kippur War (1973) which caused an economic stagnation and led to a reduction in new buildings. 9 E.g. the first Italian law on energy saving in buildings (L. 373/1976) dates back to the 1970s. Afterwards in the 1990s a more organic discipline was given by L. 10/1991. In the 2000s the D.Lgs. 192/2005 implemented the Directive 2002/91/EC and introduced the energy certification of buildings. 10 E.g. the Building Development Plan for Pavia University by Giancarlo De Carlo proposed the refurbishment of fragments from the old town to host both buildings related to education and mixed residences for students and common people; the indications by De Carlo for the historic centre were later partially implemented by the Master Plan by Campos Venuti and Astengo (1976), which promoted social housing in the historic center of Pavia (Lucenti & Zamperini, 2015). 11 To this last category also belong the modern urban plans. During the 1970s and 1980s in Pavia, Italy, with the mayor Elio Veltri, the urban plan by Campos Venuti and Astengo put a limit to the urban expansion, trying to avoid the land consumption (more than 20 years later, the effects of that urban plan preserved the landscape) (Campos Venuti & Oliva, 1978). 12 Indeed a motto by Dezzi Bardeschi is «Rather add, not subtract resources from the context» (Dezzi Bardeschi, 1991). 13 Some transformations of brownfields favoured by urban plans are ongoing in Milan, involving the redevelopment of large sites for new services that aim to be the engine for the redevelopment of the city (Metrogramma, 2011); other are ongoing in Barcelona: here – thanks to a better reading of the context – the conversion of former industrial areas with multi-scale urban interventions has allowed urban renewal (Acebillo, 2007). For a concise study of refurbishment of military areas in Italy see Turri et al., 2008. 14 E.g. Hutong Bubble 32 (2009) by MAD architects and beijing hutong (2010) by archiplein. 15 E.g. in London: Shoffice (2012) by Platform 5 Architects, Tree House (2014) by 6a architects, The Dove House extension to a Victorian terraced house (2012) by Gundry & Ducker and Payne House (2012) by Paul Archer Design. 16 E.g. Treehouses Bebelallee (2010) by blauraum in Hamburg, Germany. 17 In Canada and in the United States the phenomenon of sprawl is widespread (for example, in Canada 60% of houses are located in individual lots with single-family homes) (Frisch, 2006). 18 E.g. Haffenden House (2014) by Para-Project in Syracuse, NY, USA, and Shaft House (2010) by Atelier rzlbd in Toronto, Canada. 19 In Japan new buildings are often constructed in empty lots between buildings, such as: Garden & House (2011) by Ryue Nishizawa, in Tokyo and Chemist’s Shop (2011) by Tky Japan and Nikipen! in Osaka. In Europe, many interventions and projects of densification involve to build in residual spaces between buildings in high density urban fabrics, such as: House Extension For A Cellist (2011) by cut architectures, Keret House (2012) by Centrala - Jakub Szczesny in Warsaw, Poland, Parasite Office (2011) by za bor architects in Moscow, Russia, Floating Grounds (unrealized) by HSH Architektur in Berlino, Live Between Buildings (2013) by Mateusz Mastalski and Ole Robin Storjohann. Moreover, both in Japan and in Europe have been built interesting inclusion work volumes in viaducts, saturating the gaps between the piers, as: Le Viaduc des Arts (1995) by Patrick Berger in Paris, France, Viadukt (2010) by EM2N in Zurich, Switzerland, and Studio beneath the Railway+Step Plaza (2012) by Jun Yanagisawa – contemporaries. 20 For example in Paris various interventions on social housing have carried out; e.g. Tour Bois-le-Prêtre (2011) by Frédéric Druot and Lacaton & Vassal and Square Vitruve (2013) by Atelier Du Pont. While in Milan some projects of rooftop addition have been drafted and built, such as: Sopralzo di un edificio residenziale comunale (2007) by Studio Albori and Riqualificazione e Ampliamento del complesso residenziale A.L.E.R. (2009) by Mario Cucinella Architects. 21 Some examples are social housing neighborhoods built in Italy in the 1970s and 1980s (e.g. the Vele of Scampia in Naples, the Corviale in Rome and the ZEN in Palermo): mega building within which organized crime found protection and a way for its development, fostering social conflict between inhabitants. Instead another example is the pilot project for the decolonization of the Israeli settlement of P'sagot in Palestinian territory developed by the design studio Salottobuono, in which the building fabric typical of Israeli settlements is modified to make it assume the typical features of Palestinian buildings which is congruent with the ways of living of the Palestinian population (Tozzi, 2010). REFERENCES Acebillo, J. 2007. Il modello Barcellona. Dedalo 23(1): 34-37. 1046 REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) Albanese, F. 2009. Urban retrofitting. Domus 926. Aymonino, C. 1971. Origini e sviluppo della città moderna. 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De Bixio, A. 19 79 Clini, P. 195 1095 Coday, A. 901 Bojórquez-Morales, G. 735 Coll-Pla, S. 767 Bragança, L. 969 Corallo, C. 777 Branco, J. M. 231, 869 Costa, A. 131 Blagojeviü, M. R. Brocca, E. 435 Cacciavillani, C. A. 445 D’Orazio, M. Cacciotti, R. 715 Damir, M. Cai, L. 1047 Costa-Jover, A. Damone, G. 767 1085 481 19 1143 Calderón-Aguilera, C. M. 29, 735 Dario, V. Campano Aguirre, J. L. 41, 151 De Guglielmo, F. Campano Calvo, J. L. 41, 151 Desprez, C. 755 89 Campioli, A. 979 Di Salvatore, S. 683 Can, Cui 371 Diano, D. 463 Cardaci, A. 279 Dimitrakopoulos, A. Carlos, J. S. 951 Dray, Y. 1153 97 REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) 1266 Drexel, A. 491 Hatch, J. D. S. 941 Dykstra, L. 113 Heitor, T. 683 Eberhart, A. 491 Helfers, E. H. 673 Ergenoglu, A. S. 645 Hidaka, M. 725 Esteves, P. 403 Hou, J. 323 Fajman, P. 231 Idate, N. Falasca, C. C. 503 Indelicato, D. 279 1169 Ismail, M. S. 423 Fallanca, C. 41 243, 255 Jarosz, M. 605 Farida, S. 921 Jimenez Bescos, C. 901 Fernandes, F. M. 799 Jiménez-López, V. 735 Juan Baldó, M. 833 Farfán Martín, A. Fernandez Adarve, G. 513, 571 Ferreira, T. C. 131 Júlio, E. 841 Fiorino, D. R. 523 Just, A. 745 Flattum, & J. 673 Karakul, Ö. 565 Gambús Saiz, M. 301 Karanikoloudis, G. 777 Garcia de Paredes, J. C. 989 Kobayashi, K. 243 1179 Kotevski, A. G. García-Esparza, J. A. García-Gómez, C. Garofolo, I. Garrity, S. W. Geremia, F. 157 165, 311 735 Kroftová, K. 1067 Kuchpil, E. 173 139 Kumagai, T. 243 535, 1253 Lafuente Bolivar, F. J. 513, 571 Giacometti, V. 657 Laurìa, A. 683 Giani, E. 545 Lavagna, M. 979 Giannattasio, C. 523 Lenci, S. 195 Gigliarelli, E. 931 Liblik, J. 745 Giry, C. 755 Limoge Schraen, C. 755 Godts, S. 79 Lluis i Ginovart, J. 767 777 Gökyicit-Arpacc, E. Y. 879 Lourenço, P. B. Gonçalves, J. 131 Lucenti, S. González Alonso, F. J. 41, 151 Luna-León, A. 1037 735 223, 231 Greco, A. 665 Magro Andrade, R. Grillo, S. M. 523 Maguire, M. Hadighi, M. 555 Maietti, F. Hanazato, T. 789 Malaktou, E. 999 Hara, K. 243 Manfredi, C. 453 349 705, 1077 1267 Index of authors Martins, A. M. T. 951 Philokyprou, M. 999 Massai, P. 1077 Mateus, R. 969 Pinto, M. R. 463 Matsuno, F. 243 Pintus, V. 523 Mazzanti, C. 445 Pochily, M. 673 Mcgann, S. 1187 Porcu, M. 523 Pieri, C. 1207 Megat Akhbarruddin, M. 413 Quagliarini, E. Mendes, N. 777 Quattrone, G. 931 Mendes, P. 131 Raffa, P. 379 Miano, P. 1197 Ragueneau, F. 755 Michael, A. 999 Ramos, L. F. 799 Millo-Steinlauf, R. 959 Regidor Ros, J. L. 833 Mira Rico, J. A. 185 Reis, R. 595 Miranda, J. 841 Retana Maqueda, M. J. 223 Miyamoto, M. 789 Retana, M. J. 331 Monni, F. 195 Ribera, F. Morbey, R. 969 Rivera Torres, C. Muir, J. 673 Robles Cairo, C. Mujika, M. 581 Rohan, T. M. 1229 Mura, P. 339 Romano, E. 1009 Napolitano, T. 463 Rossato, L. 1077 Navarro, V. 821 Said, M. 921 Nespeca, R. 195 Salihbegoviü, Amir 213 Nikoliü, M. 1095 Salihbegoviü, Amra 213 Nunes, C. Odeleye, D. 195, 1085 89 1219 29 513, 571 851 Santiago Zaragoza, J. M. 901 Santos, A. P. 173 Sanz, D. 821 Oktay, D. 861, 879 Onesti, A. 463 Savvides, A. 999 Ortega Pérez, J. R. 185 Schirru, M. S. 523 1219 Scolaro, A. M. 1017 979 Scuderi, L. A. Padrés León, E. Paleari, M. Panas, P. 59 Serra, C. 453 1243 Parsons, A. 587 Serrano Pérez, B. 223 Pérez Fargallo, A. 989 Serrano Pérez, M. 223 207 Serrano, M. 331 Silva, J. 131 Peron, I. Petrella, S. E. 1115 REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.) 1268 Silva, J. M. 869 Zheng, S. 1047 Slížková, Z. 851 Zigler, R. 311 Šmidtová, M. 165 Smith, A. 349 Snyder, G. 605 Šobra, K. 231 Sousa, L. 841 Spalazzi, L. 1085 Stone, S. H. 1029 Taccone, A. 1235 Takiyama, N. 243, 255 Tarhuni, S. M. 809 Teba, T. 263 Theodossopoulos, D. 263 Tocci, C. 453, 1125 Torrero, E. 821 Ulukaya, S. 861, 879 Valach, J. 715 Valença, J. 841 Ventoso, A. 331 Verrastro, D. 19 Versaci, A. 279 Viar, I. de 291 Vieira, E. 951 Villalonga Vidal, A. J. 301 Villamayor, R. 581 Viola, S. 463 Vitale, M. R. 1243 Warner, N. 389 Whelan, D. 693 Witzany, J. 165, 311 Yamada, Y. 255 Yarrow, T. 615 Yüzer, N. 861, 879 Zamperini, E. 1037 Zampilli, M. 1253