Tourism and Politics

nemin temellerinin atıldığı yıllar da esas olmak üzere bu sektörün günümüze kadar geçirdiği evrelerin tarihsel açıdan incelenmesi, turizm özelinde müesseseleşmesinin ve uygulamalarının farkındalığının arttırılması ve bu sayede sektöre faydalı olmak üzere ülke geleceğine yönelik kat

Με την παρούσα εργασία θα επιχειρηθεί να δοθεί απάντηση στο κατά πόσο οι Ειδικές Τουριστικές Εγκαταστάσεις και η Ανάπτυξη Εναλλακτικών Μορφών Τουρισμού θα μπορούσε να ωφελήσει τις Ορεινές και Μειονεκτικές Περιοχές του Νομού Φθιώτιδας στο να αναπτυχθούν ώστε να επιφέρουν τα μέγιστα οφέλη στις τοπικές κοινωνίες που μαστίζονται από την ανεργία, τον οικονομικό μαρασμό και την πληθυσμιακή μετακίνηση.
Επιπρόσθετα, θα γίνει προσπάθεια προσδιορισμού των Ειδικών Τουριστικών Εγκαταστάσεων ή των Εναλλακτικών Μορφών Τουρισμού που δύνανται να θέσουν αυτές τις περιοχές σε τροχιά ανάπτυξης. Για το σκοπό αυτό θα πραγματοποιηθεί μια καταγραφή των χαρακτηριστικών του Νομού Φθιώτιδας, της τρέχουσας οικονομικής πραγματικότητας της περιοχής, των τουριστικών πόρων και υποδομών που διαθέτει, των φορέων που εμπλέκονται με την χάραξη τουριστικών και αναπτυξιακών πολιτικών τόσο σε περιφερειακό όσο και σε τοπικό επίπεδο.
Έπειτα, θα καταρτιστεί μια Ανάλυση SWOT, η οποία θα δώσει μια κατά το δυνατόν αντικειμενική εικόνα για τα δυνατά σημεία, τις αδυναμίες, τις ευκαιρίες και τις απειλές που προκύπτουν στο γενικότερο περιβάλλον του Νομού Φθιώτιδας.
Τέλος, θα γίνει προσπάθεια να δοθούν κατευθυντήριες γραμμές για την χάραξη πολιτικών με στόχο την δημιουργία των κατάλληλων Ειδικών Τουριστικών Εγκαταστάσεων και την ανάπτυξη εκείνων των Εναλλακτικών Μορφών Τουρισμού στον Νομό Φθιώτιδας τόσο από τοπικούς όσο και από Περιφερειακούς Φορείς.

The present project is going to attempt to give an answer whether the Specific Tourism Facilities and the development of Alternative Forms of Tourism could benefit the mountainous and non-favourable areas of the Prefecture of Fthiotida into developing in order to offer maximum benefits to local communities that are suffering by unemployment, economic withering and population movement.
  Furthermore, there is going to be an attempt to specify which Specific Tourism Facilities or Alternative Forms of Tourism could position these areas into a path of development. For this purpose, there is going to be conducted a research of the characteristics of the Prefecture of Fthiotida, of the current economic reality of the region, of the touristic resources and facilities that it has got, of the organizations that decide over touristic and development policies in regional and national level.
  Next, a SWOT analysis is going to be created, in order to obtain an objective image about the Strengths, the Weaknesses, the Opportunities and the Threats that exist within the general environment of the Prefecture of Fthiotida.
  Finally, there is going to be an attempt to give guidelines for the policy decisions, targeting to the creation of proper Specific Tourism Facilities and the development of adequate Alternative Forms of Tourism within the Prefecture of Fthiotida from the local and the regional organizations.

Purpose-Focusing on critical discourse analysis, this paper aims to propose a framework for analysing the way activist anti-tourism groups construct their social action of protest. The authors argue that activist groups use different narrative strategies to construct and legitimise their discourse of protest to convey social meanings for social action practices. This study represents an attempt to explain how anti-tourism activist groups have the agency to build different paradigms of protest rooted in particular views of tourism. Design/methodology/approach-As a result of the lack of research in this area, this study used a comparative case study methodology drawn on four case studies in the field of anti-tourism protest. Case study is deemed adequate to explore a complex social phenomenon, how activist groups differ from each other, in a specific socioeconomic context. A critical discourse analysis method is used to study primary (interviews) and secondary sources (reports, websites and online campaigns documents) of information, which express the activist group motivations and objectives to protest against tourism. Findings-This study's findings provide evidence in how discourse differs among the protest groups. Three narrative paradigms of protest are identified, which guide their agency: scepticism, based on a global and ecological approach; non-interventionist transformation, rooted in local community issues; and direct transformation, based on a sectoral problem-solving approach. These differences are interpreted as the consequences of the emergence and the development of different paths of protest according to specific social contexts and power relations in which anti-tourism groups are embedded. Originality/value-This paper provides a contemporary approach to anti-tourism activism within the context of social movements. This case study may be of interest to practitioners and international destination managers interested in gaining a better understanding of anti-tourism protest strategies, new anti-tourism narratives following COVID-19 and the opportunities and challenges for opening a dialogue with those involved in activism and social urban movements as part of sustainable tourism governance. Our results can also help activists to rethink how they integrate differences and particular strategic positions to avoid hindering collective action. This knowledge is especially useful for managers and authorities seeking to develop more accurate collaborative governance practices with local activists, and especially those interested in fostering participative action without marginalising the diverse range of local community perspectives.

Tourism development in any region is influenced by political culture and processes. It is inherently linked to the policies, agenda, decisions, outcomes and the type of government responsible for shaping policies related to tourism. The paper tries to find out the impact of political culture on tourism development. It also aims to assess the role of political culture in influencing tourist motivation through the data collected from urban tourist centres of the Southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Mixed method, consisting qualitative interpretation as well as descriptive and inferential statistics has been used to draw conclusions. It has come out from the study that the political culture of Tamil Nadu state may be characterized as a mix of subject and participant culture, where latter dominates the former. It can be concluded that the people of the state have always participated in political process through voting and changing the regime from time to time. The study also indicates that most of the people of the state are aware of their political obligations and actively participate in social campaigns and civic life. It can be concluded that the existing political culture in the state has compelled the political elite to think and work for the development of the state, including tourism development.

Addressing a dearth of literature in this area, this book provides a comprehensive overview and framework of study of the politics of religious tourism. Existing work shows awareness that politics is present but the approach has been one of benign neglect, and/or a priori assumptions about the role of politics in the management of sacred sites. Previous literature is fragmented into various perspectives and approaches that best serve different disciplinary interests. By understanding the politics of religious tourism through the various perspectives and approaches from the discipline of political science, law, public policy, and other fields, this book:

Focuses on how power is exercised regarding religious tourism.Looks at the governing institutions of religious tourism including the role of relevant governmental bodies such as ministries of tourism or national tourism boards, ministries of religion and/or culture.Covers the role and influence of religious governing institutions, such as state-supported church/mosque officials, and universities.

This book will be of great interest to researchers and students of religious tourism, pilgrimage, as well as related subjects such as political science, economics, sociology, tourism, law studies, and religious studies.

Bu bölümde sürdürülebilirlik bakış açısıyla yaratıcı turizm hakkında bilgi verilmektedir. Sürdürülebilir turizm hedeflerini amaç edinen yaratıcı turizm, turistlere yaratıcı etkinlikleri deneyimleme şansı sunarken aynı zamanda destinasyonun somut olmayan kültürel mirası ile yerel halkın da yaratıcı deneyim sürecine dâhil edilmesini sağlamaktadır. Kontrollü geliştirilmesi hâlinde sürdürülebilir kimliğini koruyabileceği düşünülen yaratıcı turizmin başarılı olması için yaratıcı deneyimlerin, sürdürülebilirlik bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda bu bölüm, sürdürülebilirlik bakış açısının korunabilmesinde yaratıcı turizmin rolünü vurgulamakta ve bu rolü “yaratıcı turizm”, “sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma”, “yaratıcı turizm ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma”, “turizm yaklaşımlarında ve turizm türlerinde yaratıcı turizm” başlıkları altında ele almaktadır.

Resumen: Esta ponencia, forma parte de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado en el marco de la Unidad de Docencia e Investigación en Desarrollo Turístico (UDIDET) de la Universidad Nacional de Lanús. La ponencia aborda la creación del turismo internacional como factor de desarrollo para los países subdesarrollados. El abordaje genealógico en sentido foucaultiano, significa analizar el saber-hacer en materia de desarrollo turístico en términos de estrategia y táctica de poder con el objetivo es situar dicho saber-hacer, ...

Las críticas a la velocidad, al cambio continuo o al crecimiento han formado parte de muchos debates sobre la deslegitimación del turismo de los últimos tiempos. De manera más o menos explícita, a muchos de ellos les subyace una dimensión ética cuando sugieren que podría o debería desarrollarse de otra forma. Por lo tanto, es tarea de la ética del turismo reflexionar sobre ellas. No obstante, aunque esta ha ido adquiriendo una gran relevancia en los últimos tiempos, aún se trata de una disciplina relativamente joven. Una de las tareas pendientes es la de superar las concepciones tradicionales y estáticas del turismo, porque, a diferencia de muchas actividades, es extraordinariamente heterogéneo, escurridizo y difícilmente controlable. Para avanzar hacia esa dirección, este número plantea un espacio de reflexión sobre la ética del turismo que toma en consideración una perspectiva analítica concreta: la aceleración social.

Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality, these days, is offering many useful applications that is attracting greater attention from tourism researchers and professionals. As, AR and VR technologies are evolving, the number of scientific applications is also at increase. VR and AR are proving their worth especially when planning, marketing, education, tourist sport preservation coming to light. The aim of this research paper is to highlight top technologies for Tourism and Hospitality with regard to AR and VR. 

Глобальный экономический кризис, ставший последствием пандемии, требует поиска инновационных решений. В частности, пандемия поставила сферу туризма в целом и малый и средний бизнес во всех странах мира на грань выживания и одновременно показала, какой огромный вклад вносит предпринимательская активность и туризм в ВВП стран мира. В условиях нестабильности международных процессов, экономического кризиса, закрытия границ вследствие пандемии представители туристической отрасли, политики многих стран задумались, какие направления туризма необходимо развивать в условиях турбулентности, какой новый продукт может предложить бизнес. Бесспорно, туризм является важным экономическим фактором во всем мире, который способствует росту экономики и занятости. Данная работа представляет собой анализ туристического рынка России в целом и Санкт-Петербурга в частности. В статье рассматриваются роль туризма как бизнеса, его влияние на экономику страны и региона и перспективы развития научно-популярного туризма как нового направления в российском и международном туризме, которому до настоящего времени практически не уделялось достаточного внимания. Статья может быть интересна представителям университетов и академических учреждений, представителям туристической отрасли и руководителям ведомств, отвечающим за развитие туризма. The global economic crisis, which has become a consequence of the pandemic, requires the search for innovative solutions. In particular, the pandemic has put the tourism sector as a whole, and small and medium-sized businesses in all countries of the world on the brink of survival and at the same time showed what a huge contribution entrepreneurial activity and tourism make to the GDP of the countries of the world. In the conditions of instability of international processes, the economic crisis, the closure of borders as a result of the pandemic, representatives of the tourism industry, politicians of many countries have thought about which areas of tourism need to be developed, what new product business can offer. Undoubtedly, tourism is an important economic factor all over the world. It contributes to economic growth and employment. This research is an analysis of the tourist market of Russia in general, and St. Petersburg in particular. The article examines the role of tourism as a business, its impact on the economy of the country and the region and the prospects for the development of popular science tourism as a new direction in Russian and international tourism, which has not received sufficient attention until now. The article may be of interest to representatives of universities and academic institutions, representatives of the tourism industry and heads of departments responsible for the development of tourism.

Resumen: Esta ponencia, forma parte de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado en el marco de la Unidad de Docencia e Investigación en Desarrollo Turístico (UDIDET) de la Universidad Nacional de Lanús. La ponencia aborda la creación del turismo internacional como factor de desarrollo para los países subdesarrollados. El abordaje genealógico en sentido foucaultiano, significa analizar el saber-hacer en materia de desarrollo turístico en términos de estrategia y táctica de poder con el objetivo es situar dicho saber-hacer, ...

Bu çalışmanın amacını, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşundan günümüze kadar kurulmuş olan hükümetlerin programları ile halen TBMM'de temsil edilen siyasi partilerin parti programlarında "turizmde sürdürülebilirlik" konusu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, sürdürülebilir turizm veya bu kavramı çağrıştıran kelimeler (turizmin çeşitlendirilmesi, doğa turizmi, kültür turizmi, eko turizm, yayla turizmi, alternatif turizm vb. gibi) belirlendikten sonra hükümet ve siyasi parti programlarında bu kavramların yer alıp almadığı incelenmiştir. Çalışmada yöntem olarak "içerik analizi" yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İçerik analizi özetle, metin içeriği toplama ve analiz etme tekniğidir. İçerik analizi ile, kayıtlı bilgi içeren her tür basılı, görsel, elektronik ve diğer türden belgelerin analizi mümkündür. Sosyal bilimlerde veri elde etmede sıklıkla kullanılan bir yöntemdir.

The article is devoted to the Russian system of agricultural insurance as an important tool for maintaining the financial stability of the industry. The historical aspect of the formation mechanism of the insurance agrobusiness in Russia is discussed; the main challenges of its current development with market participants are estimated.

Os locais associados a desastres ou atrocidades naturais ou provocadas pelo homem tornaram-se não apenas locais de memória, mas também atrações turísticas em si. A partir dessa situação, surge o objetivo desta investigação que é apresentar uma discussão sobre a motivação na visita a lugares caracterizados como dark tourism. Esta é uma revisão bibliográfica de natureza integrativa. A pesquisa foi via revisão bibliográfica em bases de dados: Science Direct, Ebsco, Scielo. Foi utilizado instrumentos etnográficos unindo as informações da coleta bibliográfica ao conhecimento do pesquisador sobre dark tourism. Foi selecionado um total de 48 bibliografias. Os resultados sugerem de uma forma geral que os turistas têm como motivação, para visitar lugares de dark tourism, o voyeurismo e a intenção de adquirir conhecimento e entender algo que não era conhecido, tendo como as emoções como forte fator interpretativo do local. Esta investigação oferece um debate entre a literatura e experiências de um viajante profissional e pode oferecer implicações críticas para empresas, planejadores comunitários e pesquisadores interessados.

The article deals with the analysis of the tourist destination images of Japan and its prefectures and contains the results of the research carried out both based on examination of official Japanese statistics and tourist literature in Japanese, English and Russian and social polls in Russia and field studies in Japan. In this paper we present the results of the research conducted by the specially created for this work original method of tourist literature review that allowed us to select prefectures most rich in different tourist images and to develop a typology of Japanese prefectures. To present day the research of such kind is a unique one not only about Japan but on the whole as well.

The article deals with the analysis of the tourist destination images of Japan and its prefectures and contains the results of the research carried out both based on examination of official Japanese statistics and tourist literature in Japanese, English and Russian and social polls in Russia and field studies in Japan. In this paper we present the results of the research conducted by the specially created for this work original method of tourist literature review that allowed us to select prefectures most rich in different tourist images and to develop a typology of Japanese prefectures. To present day the research of such kind is a unique one not only about Japan but on the whole as well.

We take our cue from Edensor (2017, p. 599) who points out that “it seems profoundly evident that no single account of landscape can claim to be singularly truthful, since when we are in and with the landscape, the inevitable selectivity of our attention means that we can never attend to most things”. This is why we need to discuss both the landscapes of travelling and the travelling of landscapes, bringing together scholarship from tourism (management) studies, human geography, socio-cultural anthropology and ethnology. We investigate the tourist landscapes that occur through both representational and non-representational (Thrift, 2007; Prince, 2019) mobilities of people, vehicles and vessels, ideas and information (Cresswell, 2006; Urry, 2007). By examining the ways in which tourism and leisure are experienced, practiced and performed, but also constitute various landscapes, we will take a closer look at mobile and embodied practices such as running and travelling on various transport modes such as ferries, cruise ships and coaches. We also discuss the ways culture and politics affect and influence the formation of touristic landscapes.

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Türkiye'de uygulanan kalkınma planlarından seçtiğim ikisini karşılaştırıp aradaki farklılıkları ve benzerlikleri ortaya koymaktır. I. kalkınma planını seçmemin sebebi ilk oluşundan, nasıl bir politika izlendiğinden ve ne tür eksiklikler olduğunu görmekten kaynaklanmaktadır. V. Kalkınma planını seçmemin sebebi ise henüz türkiyede uygulanan kalkınma politikalarının tam olarak bir siyasi iktidar tarafından uygulanamamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. İlk dört plan döneminde siyasi yaşamda büyük istikrarsızlıklar olmuştur. Bu nedenle planı hazırlayıp yürürlüğe koyan hükümetler planı tamamlayamadan ayrılmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Ekonomi tarihimizde ilk defa bir siyasi parti ve bir başbakan planı hazırlayıp sonuna kadar iktidarda kalıp uygulayabilmişlerdir. Bu da başbakan Turgut Özal ve anavatan partisinin uyguladığı V. Kalkınma planıdır. Çalışmada planların başarılı olup olmasının siyasi istikrarsızlıkla bir ilişkisi olup olmadığını ortaya koymak da temel bir amaçtır. Bu çalışmadaki diğer bir amaç kalkınma, plan ve kalkınma planı gibi kavramların ne olduğunu açıklamak, kalkınma planlarının neden uygulandığını hangi dönem ve koşullarda uygulandığını, ekonomi, sağlık, ticaret, dış ticaret konusunda ne gibi hedef ve amaçları olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın sonunda araştırmanın bulgularına, iki plan döneninin karşılaştırılmasına, sonuç ve önerilere yer verilmiştir. GİRİŞ Kalkınma sorunlarına çözüm arayan gelişmekte olan ülkeler, planlı bir ekonomi ile bu hedefin gerçekleşeceğine inanarak, "plan dahilinde kalkınma" modelini uygulamaktadırlar. Öte yandan, ekonomik planlama sadece gelişmekte olan ülkelere özgü bir politika olmayıp, gelişmiş ülkeler de piyasa mekanizmasının etkinliğini artırmak amacıyla farklı biçimleriyle planlı kalkınmayı tercih edebilirler. ancak, ekonomik ve toplumsal yapının gelişmesi için planlı kalkınmanın genellikle gelişmekte olan ülkeler tarafından tercih edildiği görülmektedir. Kalkınma planları; genel ekonominin tümünü, ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler arasındaki

This work addresses a critical analysis of the nature of cosmopolitan order encouraged by the World Tourism Organization. Given the growth of tourism activity and the challenges that it poses, this specialized agency of the United Nations has formally promoted equitable, responsible and sustainable development of tourism. However, the criticism of the principles from which the organization shapes tourism has put the focus on the objectives pursued. The conversion of these principles, included in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted in 1999, into an international convention, approved in September 2017, presents a new scene that this work outlines from the cosmopolitanism perspective.

Liberal ekonomi modelini benimseyen birçok ülke, gelişmiş G-20, G-10, G-5 vb. ülke sıralamasına girebilmek için kendi coğrafi bölgeleri arasındaki eşitsizliği gidererek bölgeler arası kalkınmayı dengeli bir şekilde sağlayabilme çabası içerisindedir. Bunun için pek çok ülke yatırımlarını öncelikle geri kalmış bölgelere yönlendirmekte, bunu yaparken de birtakım teşvik/özendirme araç ve/veya yöntemleri kullanmaktadırlar. Gerek özel sektörün gerekse devletin belirlenen bölgelerin gelişmişliklerinin hangi sektörler aracılığıyla sağlanacağı ise hazırlanan kalkınma planlarında belirlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda ülkemizde V. Menderes Hükümeti (25.11.1957-27.05.1960) ile birlikte hükümet programlarına alınan turizm sektörünün, bölgeler arası kalkınmışlık farkının asgariye indirilmesinde önemli bir rol oynadığı aşikârdır.
V. Menderes Hükümeti turizmle ilgili olarak; “Memleketimizin iktisadi inkişafına muvazi olarak turizm mevzuu da gittikçe artan bir ehemmiyet ve vüsat iktisab etmiştir. Tabii ve tarihizenginliklerimizi ve milli değerlerimizi içte ve dışta tanıtmak gibi mühim ve şümullü bir faaliyet mevzuunu da ihtiva eden bu işleri, matbuata müteallik vazifelerle birlikte bir umum müdürlüğün idaresi altında bırakmak artık mahzurlu görülmüş ve basın-yayın işlerini ayrı bir vekalete tevdi etmek lüzumu hasıl olmuştur” denilerek, turizmin basın-yayınla birlikte bir çatı altında genel müdürlük olarak yapılandırılması gerektiği belirtilmiştir (Esen, Emir ve Uyar, 2012: 26). Bu dönemden günümüze gelinceye kadar hazırlanan bölgesel kalkınma planlarında, turizm sektörüne mutlaka yer veriliyor olması, sektörün çarpan etkisinin farkındalığı açısından sektörel bağlamda ne kadar yol kat edildiğinin somut bir göstergesidir.
Bu çalışmada öncelikle kalkınma kavramı hakkında bilgi verilmiş, akabinde ülkemizde hazırlanan kalkınma planları, planlı dönem öncesi ve planlı dönem olmak üzere iki dönemde incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise Turizmde Politika ve Stratejiler bağlamında 10. Kalkınma Planı (2014-2018) Turizm Özel İhtisas Komisyon Raporu değerlendirilmiştir.

The article describes the experience of numerical score of socio-economic recreation and tourism  resources  of  30  dependent  states  and  territories  in  the  world.  The  choice  of  this  specific category of countries as a spatial object of study – dependent and non-self-governing territories – is conditioned by modern trends of growth of consumer tourist services demand for the unique, specific, secure and high-standard destinations. Such areas often have significant recreational potential that is almost unknown to the Russian market of tour offers, and because of this – not in demand.
The study found that almost all of the analyzed dependent countries offer a wide range of tourist and entertainment  services,  where  Anguilla,  Aruba,  Bermuda,  Puerto  Rico,  French  Polynesia  have especially well-developed infrastructure. For comparative characteristic and numerical score of socio-economic  recreational  and  tourism  resources  of  these  countries  the  numerical  score  matrix  is developed. It includes seven indicators, each of which is rated on a five-point grade scale. Following the results of the integrated assessment of tourism and recreational resources all analyzed dependent states and territories are grouped into five groups: 1) having the lowest characteristics of recreation and tourism resources (Wallis and Futuna, Niue, American Samoa, Pitcairn, Tokelau, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Falkland Islands); 2) having a lower middle resource endowment (Cook Islands, Anguilla, Montserrat, Norfolk Island); 3) having an average resource endowment (Gibraltar, Ceuta and Melilla, Saint  Helena,  Turks  and  Caicos  Islands,  French  Guiana);  4)  having  a  medium-high  resource endowment (British and US Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Martinique, Reunion, French Polynesia, Guam,  New  Caledonia);  5)  having  a  high  recreation  and  tourist  resource  endowment  (Bermuda, former Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico).
For a more objective assessment of endowment of recreational and tourism resources of dependent states and territories of the world it is also necessary to take into account the other types and categories of these resources. Nevertheless, the obtained results give overall representative characteristics of the tourism potential of main dependent states and territories worldwide, and the methodology itself is verifiable and for other similar entities of political map of the world.
Keywords:  dependent  states  and  territories  of  the  world,  recreational  and  tourism  resources, numerical score of development recourses of tourism.

Trough a Greek Tragedy structure, the chapter tries to point out the learning assets related with the commoning process of the Park Güell and the cry for the right for the tourist city. In 2011 the local government set a plan for the enclosure and protection by restricting the access to the Park Güell due to the emergence of diverse voices claiming against the negative effects of the progressive overcrowding of the park and in favour of the heritage protection. However, such decision was contested by the Platform for the Defence of the Park Güell, who claimed for the right to the park and against the idea of setting an open-air museum, arguing that everyone should continue to have free access to it, including tourists. Assuming this paradox, the Platform had brake the commoning frame, by evidencing the translocal and emergence configuration of the city to be claimed. And on the other hand, they faced the limitations of the discursive governance setting ruled by the administration. Among others: the tyranny of the scale avoiding the "local trap", the efforts against the will of the administration to make the issue Public, or the claim to include all the things at stake in the controversy that were pulled out from the political discussion.

Resumen: El artículo analiza la controversia en torno a la regulación del acceso al Park Güell de Barcelona a través del dispositivo metodológico de la Teoría del Actor-Red. Esta aproximación facilita el análisis de escenarios inciertos donde se ponen en duda la representatividad de los portavoces tanto políticos como técnicos. La aproximación desde el giro relacional híbrido conlleva desbordar y multiplicar los marcos preestablecidos de la acción política, ampliar la ecología de las prácticas que componen la realidad en juego; y desplazar y descentrar el objeto político del turismo.
Abstract: The paper analyzes the controversy surrounding the regulation of access to the Park Guell in Barcelona through the methodological device of the Actor-Network Theory. This approach allows the analysis of uncertain scenarios where the representativeness of the spokesmen-both political and technical-are questioned or rejected. The approach from the hybrid relational turn leads us to overwhelm and multiply preset frames of political action, to expand the ecology of the practices that make up the reality at stake; and to displace and decenter the political object of tourism.

Tourists are one of the most numerous categories
of Russian visitors to Japan. However, the
number of Russian tourists visiting Japan
annually is not very high, amounting just two or
three dozens of thousands annually. Visa
requirements are among the most serious
barriers hindering the growth of this flow. The current memo
examines particular ways in which the visa regime influences
Russian tourism to Japan, informal practices employed by
visitors in response, and the current prospects for Russian-
Japanese talks on this issue. Apart from statistics and media
sources I employ texts of the relevant online discussions in the
Vinsky Forum (the largest and the best managed online travel
community in Russia) and transcripts of interviews with seven
managers of travel agencies from four selected Russian cities
(Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
specializing in Japan as a tourist destination.

One Billion Tourist, One Billion Opportunities". Demikianlah tema yang diangkat dalam press release UNWTO pada momen World Tourism Day (WTD) tahun ini. Perhelatan global tahun ini di Burkina Faso berbeda karena memiliki makna bahwa mobilisasi wisatawan dunia yang tercatat di pangkalan data UNWTO (The United Nations World Tourism Organization) adalah untuk mengoptimalkan peluang aktor-aktor pariwisata di level internasional, nasional, maupun lokal. Peluang itu merujuk akan kemampuan pariwisata pada pertumbuhan ekonomi, penciptaan lapangan pekerjaan, dan pembangunan disegala bidang yang terintegrasi dengan sektor

Although tourism is increasingly viewed as an important issue for governments, analysis of the politics of tourism policy is less developed than in other areas of leisure policy. This article attempts to link developments in British tourism policy to wider policy contexts. The historic development of tourism policy from private interest group formation, through government subsidy to statutory status reflects patterns evident elsewhere in leisure. Similarly, the subsequent shift from pluralism through welfarism to economic realism in leisure is clearly reflected in the changing role of the national tourist boards in the last 25 years. Although private interest groups in tourism have benefited considerably from government intervention in the past, it seems that government has become progressively less inclined to treat tourism as a special case in recent years. It is argued that application of theoretical perspectives developed in the field of leisure policy can help to illuminate the processes driving the development of tourism policy as well.

Tal como outras motivações para se viajar ou deslocar para fora da sua área habitual de residência, as questões políticas e cívicas, para participação em reuniões ou comícios políticos, embaixadas, protestos ou mesmo revoluções, ou eventos como funerais de líderes políticos ou a coroação de um monarca, também são incentivos à viagem e ao turismo.
Contudo, existem mais movimentos de pessoas do que estes casos pontuais, relacionados com motivações de ordem política ou ideológica. Pouco estudado este fenómeno do turismo político, alguns autores dividem-se quando à definição do conceito, embora de certa forma, enquanto participação ativa política tenha semelhanças com o turismo de negócios, enquanto na sua vertente meramente patrimonial tenha mais em comum com o turismo cultural, nomeadamente com os novos nichos do Darktourism e do Thanatourism.
Ainda pouco ou nada expressivo em Portugal, quando comparado com outros países nomeadamente com os casos mais próximos da europa de leste, poderiam ser muitos os exemplos deste tipo de turismo no nosso país. Um caso paradigmático e que servirá por comparação a outros casos internacionais, é o caso do 25 de Abril e do modo como este turismo político poderia acrescentar valor a este acontecimento extraordinário da nossa história.
Importará definir acima de tudo a questão da motivação dos visitantes e qual seria a narrativa que unificaria estes elementos e estes lugares emblemáticos.

Like other motivations for travel or move out of your usual area of residence, political and civic issues, like to participate in meetings or political rallies, embassies, protests or even revolutions, or events such as funerals of political leaders or the coronation a monarch, are also incentives for travel and tourism.
However, there are more movements of people than these individual cases, related with political or ideological motivtions. Not to much studied, this phenomenon of political tourism, divided some authors as to the definition, although in a way, some defined as political tourism like active participation in political events, like to the business tourism, while on the other side has more in common with cultural tourism, particularly with the new niches of Darktourism and Thanatourism.

Yet little or nothing significant in Portugal, when compared with other countries particularly those in Eastern Europe, were could be many examples of this type of tourism. A paradigmatic case and for comparison to other international cases, in the case of 25th of April revolution and how this political tourism could add value to this extraordinary event in our history.
Should be defined first and foremost the question of motivation of visitors and what would be the narrative that would unify these elements and these emblematic places.

ABSTRACT

An under theorized area of Dark and War Tourism studies concerns the appropriation of tours for the perpetuation of political propaganda. Taking the case of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that separates North and South Korea this study demonstrates the extent to which heritage tours are used to present the political and military arguments of the South in order to persuade visitors of the justification of their actions in the ongoing conflict between North and South Korea.

KEYWORDS
DARK TOURISM, WAR TOURISM, HERITAGE, POLITICS, SOCIOLOGY, KOREAN WAR, NORTH KOREA, SOUTH KOREA, DMZ, PANMUNJEOM, MILITARY HISTORY, PROPAGANDA, PERSUASION, MANIPULATION, MILITARY HISTORY, CONFLICT STUDIES

Political tourism: civic awareness and leisure /
Turismo político: conciencia cívica y ocio (breves notas) /
Tourisme politique: conscience civique et loisir


Turismo político: consciência cívica e lazer (breves notas)

Resumo
Qual é o motivo que leva a visitar os campos de morte no Cambodja, os campos nazis de concentração ou o Valle dos Caidos, ir até ao mausoléu de Lenine ou ao túmulo de Marx, passear numa antiga quinta comunista na Polónia? Porque é que milhares de pessoas viajaram até Berlim para assistir à queda do muro ou observar os seus destroços? O que é que explica as viagens organizadas à Palestina? E as visitas a Portugal e às UCP’s alentejanas entre 1974-5? Todos estes lugares possuem um forte carga política simbólica que não é desconhecida de quem os visita. É certo que existem pelo menos dois tipos de visitantes: aqueles para quem esses lugares são o destino principal da sua viagem e aqueles que aí se deslocam no âmbito de uma viagem à região ou cidade. Em qualquer caso, aquilo que é oferecido como “produto turístico” é um “produto político”, numa dinâmica similar à do turismo religioso e às viagens organizadas a Lourdes ou a Fátima.

Estes destinos começaram já a ser estudados e alguns estão presentes nos tours turísticos de massas e de pendor convencional. Mas geralmente recebem outro nome e são agrupados a partir doutras motivações: “dark tourism”, “grief tourism”, “thanatourism”, “battlefield tourism”, “alternative tourism”, “tourisme de mémoire”, “tourisme solidaire”, turismo negro, necro turismo; nos textos dos movimentos alternativos apela-se ao turismo revolucionário.
Este texto começa por abordar a pertinência do conceito de turismo político para depois, através de exemplos concretos, descrever algumas das práticas deste tipo de turismo e concluir que se trata de um turismo que conjuga consciência cívica, política e lazer. Entre os numerosos destinos que podem ser considerados políticos escolhemos três: os campos de concentração, Israel-Palestina e os antigos países comunistas europeus. Faremos ainda uma breve referência a Belfast pós-Ira, à Croácia pós-comunista e ao Alentejo pós-reforma agrária.

Resumen: Esta ponencia, forma parte de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado en el marco de la Unidad de Docencia e Investigación en Desarrollo Turístico (UDIDET) de la Universidad Nacional de Lanús. La ponencia aborda la creación del turismo internacional como factor de desarrollo para los países subdesarrollados.

Resumen: El turismo, alcanza su nivel de masividad a partir de la II posguerra jugando un rol clave en el comercio internacional por los movimientos de capitales que representaba. Este fenómeno, fue analizado por las más altas instituciones internacionales de asistencia técnico-financiera (ONU, OCDE, FMI entre otras).

X JORNADAS NACIONALES y IV SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN -ACCIÓN EN TURISMO "Aportes de la investigación-acción al desarrollo turístico sustentable" Lanús; 12 y 13 de Noviembre de 2009 PLANIFICANDO EL DESARROLLO DEL SUBDESARROLLO -UNA (RE) INTERPRETACION DE LA PLANIFICACION EN TURISMO DURANTE LOS 60' y 70'.