Total Institutions

W niniejszym tekście zaakcentowany jest głównie wątek przestrzeni fizycznej, w jakiej odbywana jest kara. Oznacza to, że analizie nie jest poddany system więziennictwa jako taki, a jedynie wizualny wymiar z nim związany. Architektura jest tutaj traktowana jako konsekwencja koncepcji odosobnienia i celów, jakim służy. Prezentowane rozważania osadzone są w wymiarze kulturowych założeń charak- terystycznych dla określonego regionu geograficznego (Europy, Ameryki Południowej i Północnej). Po- sługując się modelem Edgara Scheina (1990: 112), przydatnym do opisu kultury organizacyjnej, można odwołać się do pewnych założeń podstawowych leżących u fundamentów prawa karnego, realizowanych poprzez organizację instytucji totalnych funkcjonującą w danym kraju. Jest to zatem dobrze opisany w li- teraturze przedmiotu wpływ kultury narodowej na kulturę organizacji (Hofstede 2000; Hampden-Turner, Trompenaars 2000; Konecki, Chomczyński 2007). Warto jednak nadmienić, że przestrzeń więzienna nie jest jedynie wypadkową kręgu kulturowego, w który jest ona wpisana, lecz zależy od przeznaczenia i w związku z tym charakteru placówki penitencjarnej (stopień otwarcia/zamknięcia instytucji). Oznacza to, że w ramach tego samego państwa napotkać można odmienne sposoby zarządzania przestrzenią więźniów podporządkowane naczelnej funkcji jednostki. Ponadto, w jednym kraju mogą przecież istnieć zdecydowanie różne wobec siebie architektonicznie nowe i stare zakłady karne. Mimo tych zastrzeżeń, uczynienie z architektury głównego tematu rozważań ma sens, gdyż pozwala spojrzeć na standardy na- tury prawnej, etycznej czy filozoficznej, związane z karą odosobnienia, a realizowane poprzez fizyczne warunki izolacji skazanych.
Powracając do bazowego pytania, czemu służy kara, uważam, że warto poszukać na nie odpowiedzi w zabudowie więzień. Architektura obiektu i jego wnętrza więcej niekiedy mówi niż deklaracje polityczne odnoszące się do stosowania kary i celu pozbawienia wolności, a także godności osoby ludzkiej.

In the United States, thousands of young people reside in private schools aimed at reforming 'troubled teens'. These 'troubled teens' are young people who are considered to have emotional, behavioural and/or substance misuse problems. Therapeutic boarding schools are programmes that combine educational classes and group therapy in a self-contained residential facility that runs year-round. Case study interviews with former US-based therapeutic boarding school students demonstrate the role of sanism, adultism and epistemic injustice in constructing and regulating the 'troubled teen'. The schools' strict structure and surveillance culture could not override students will and their ability to find means to resist. The article's central aim is to centre the perspectives of former students and critique social control of young people in therapeutic boarding schools.

Crimes are usually defined by legislature specific acts performed with certain states of mind, usually termed as “mens rea” that must account for a punishment under law. But the question is about the psychology and sociolgy behind crimes and appropriate punishments. Measures to check crimes and human behaviour by way of punishments is the subject matter of this paper.

Negli ultimi anni il carcere è stato spesso protagonista delle cronache per vari motivi: l’abnorme sovraffollamento che nel 2013 ha portato a una condanna da parte della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo; le rivolte avvenute nei primi mesi della pandemia di covid-19; e, più in generale, la costante sofferenza che accompagna la privazione della libertà. Queste condizioni hanno inciso profondamente sulla vita quotidiana delle persone detenute, rendendo necessaria tanto una ricerca sul campo, quanto una riflessione teorica. Che tipo di istituzione è il carcere? Quali funzioni svolge? Come si caratterizzano i suoi spazi? Come si compone la popolazione che lo abita e quella che lo gestisce? Quali dinamiche si attivano tra questi gruppi? Quali declinazioni specifiche ha assunto in Italia?
Attraverso un’analisi dei dati (serie storiche e note osservative) e l’individuazione dei fattori più significativi che caratterizzano il carcere in Italia oggi (migrazioni, crisi economica, pandemia, conflittualità interna), il volume intende  rispondere a queste domande, provando a comprendere se possa ancora dirsi istituzione totale o, in alternativa, quali siano gli aggettivi e le funzioni che meglio lo descrivono.

The Indian Residential School (IRS) system in Canada directly affected 150,000 Indigenous children who were taken to state-sponsored and church-run institutions to separate them from their families and cultures. During the century and a half leading up to around 1970, over 130 IRS were scattered throughout the country. The role of architecture in this genocidal system is a crucial, but overlooked aspect of its realization. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Canadian government became increasingly involved in building and rebuilding the IRS, as a dedicated arm of the Department of Indian Affairs in Ottawa became a centrally controlled apparatus of architectural production. Passing from utopian space to evolving memory, the architectural remnants of the IRS system tell many stories, which are among those that need to be heard and acknowledged by contemporary Canadian society as part of its troubled relationship with Indigenous peoples. Through archival research, documentation, narrative, and critical analysis, explorations of four former IRS sites configure this thesis, each providing a lens on the space and memory of this difficult and often traumatic past. Located in Ontario and Manitoba, they were designed, fully or in part, by the little-known R.G. (Roland Guerney) Orr, Chief Architect of Indian Affairs from 1921 to 1935. Mapping architecture to ideology, I examine the development of the Mohawk Institute in Brantford, Ontario in the legal and political contexts of Indigenous-Canadian relations. At the abandoned Birtle IRS in southwestern Manitoba, the institutional intricacies of this broad view come into focus through a critique of the architectural program and its intentions. Nearby, at the site of the demolished Brandon IRS, the heap of leftover debris calls forth questions of collective memory, explored through conventional representations and their transformations in the art of survivors and post-residential school Indigenous artists. I consider the archive and its role in bringing forth the future at the former Shingwauk Hall in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, now the site of Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig, an Anishinaabe post-secondary institution, and Algoma University. Finally, I return to the Woodland Cultural Centre, located next to the Mohawk Institute building and whose staff are currently reimagining the former IRS based on feedback from the community. Rather than resting on conclusions, this thesis probes these difficult histories as an opening up towards the future, propelled by the past but open to spaces of divergence.

Una versión mejorada de esta ponencia fue publicada como un artículo de acceso abierto en la Revista Latinoamericana de Metodología de las Ciencias Sociales con el título: "La recuperación es para obedientes". Algunas articulaciones y ajustes metodológicos para el análisis de un tratamiento de adicción a las drogas". También está disponible en este perfil.
Esta ponencia reflexiona sobre la categoría institución total, y su pertinencia teórico-metodológica para investigar problemáticas recientes en el campo de la salud-enfermedad-atención.
Se consideran Internados, y trabajos de matriz foucaultiana, sosteniendo que la categoría institución total mantiene su vigencia analítica, junto con las nociones de disciplina, normalización, dispositivo y secuestro institucional.
En el escrito se propone un doble desacople: de la asociación disciplina-encierro, y de la asociación institución total-espacio cerrado, que suelen pensarse unidos.
Se aborda esta problemática desde una perspectiva etnográfica, con análisis documental, observación participante y entrevistas realizadas al interior de uno de los dispositivos terapéuticos ambulatorios -hospital de día- para la adicción de drogas que se incluyen en el amplio abanico de instituciones ubicadas en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires

Goffmanowska koncepcja instytucji totalnych stępiła się i rodzi dziś więcej py-tań, niż udziela odpowiedzi. Z perspektywy ponad pięćdziesięciu lat od wydania Asylums, narosło wokół pracy wiele nieporozumień, a defi nicja stała się rozmyta i niejasna, umożliwiając używanie jej do opisu nieomal każdej instytucji społecznej. Artykuł ma na celu zmianę tej sytuacji i zaproponowanie skorygowanej, wyostrzo-nej i dostosowanej do zmieniającej się rzeczywistości społecznej defi nicji koncepcji instytucji totalnych. Tok argumentacji rozpoczyna ulokowanie koncepcji w historii badań społecznych oraz w kontekstach jej aplikowalności. Kolejny krok stanowi rekonstrukcja krytycznych stanowisk na przestrzeni lat, pozwalająca zidentyfi kować słabe i mocne punkty Goffmanowskiej propozycji. Następnie artykuł podąża za in-telektualnymi dłużnikami Goffmana, którzy udoskonalają lub budują konkurencyjne propozycje teoretyczne na bazie przemyśleń dotyczących instytucji totalnych. Na końcu, korzystając z prezentowanych wcześniej w artykule uwag oraz pomysłów innych badaczy, zostaje przedstawiona autorska rekonfi guracja koncepcji instytucji totalnych. Główne pojęcia: Goffman; instytucja totalna; organizacja totalna; instytucja za-chłanna; instytucja przenikalna; instytucja reformująca.

Based on fieldwork conducted in seven French prisons, this paper examines the social criticism expressed by inmates (both male and female) about their employment conditions and wages. The gaps among their conditions and the common law (including absence of employment contracts and social protection and piecework wages), the inmates’ experience of work (in prison as well as before incarceration), and their knowledge of social issues give rise to repertoires of contention focused on low wages and production rates. Despite the prohibition of the right to strike, social criticism can turn into collective action. Inmates are aware that they suffer the denial of rights. Their speech and practices show that they consider themselves as employees and act as such.

This thesis argues that the presentation of the Roman military in Luke’s Gospel is highly surprising and hugely significant. In contrast to Matthew, Mark and John, Luke’s soldiers and centurions are presented in a positive light, which subverted the ancient audience’s expectations and demonstrated Missio Dei for those regarded as the most marginal – the Roman military. The dissertation demonstrates that while Cornelius the centurion was the first Gentile to be baptised, men of the Roman military were already among those converted and their reaction to Jesus, was the correct response of a disciple. Their example was, therefore, to be imitated by the early Christian community and, in fact, the Roman military were instrumental in the expansion of the church. In summary, the analysis reveals John the Baptist had an appreciation for the institution of the military and the courage to speak truth to power, while the centurion who had heard of Jesus had a faith that amazed the Son of God. 

Consequently, the Royal Army Chaplains’ Department (RAChD) could be provoked to replicate Luke’s mission to those largely forgotten by the civilian church and recognise the privilege and peculiarities of serving the institution of the Army. Centurions in Luke’s Gospel both received clear teaching about Jesus and separately, proclaimed Christ boldly. The RAChD should be confident, therefore, to speak of Jesus and his exclusive salvation. Thirdly, as the Early Church and Roman Empire expanded symbiotically, the RAChD should refine their cross-cultural evangelism to reach today’s mostly male, ‘millennial’ military and so ensure no man is left behind. Finally, the thesis concludes that by converting soldiers and officers in their networked locations around the United Kingdom, the ‘missing generation’ could return to the Church, meaning, once again, the military could be instrumental in the evangelisation of the nation.

This article presents the results of an empirical research carried out within Italian reception centres for asylum seekers. The article shows how reception centres can become a trap from which asylum seekers are no longer able to escape as they become victims of a process of social disempowerment making them dependent on the “humanitarian government.” This reproduction of dependence enables the reception system to carry out a subtle social control function, achieving the effect of confining asylum seekers within a concentrated place that can easily be controlled by the police. But this form of control is exercised even though the law does not provide any explicitly repressive means for keeping them under surveillance. So-called reception centres exert a centripetal force which is hard to resist, and which in a sense has an ability to trap asylum seekers more than any wall. The Italian reception system amounts to a form of “humanitarian confinement,” in that provides hospitality for asylum seekers, while subjecting them to a form of control enacted through humanitarian agents.

Initial training at military academies and officer training schools is an intensive period of socialisation; the transformation of new recruits into functioning military officer is expected to occur within a relatively short timeframe. Often this training is conducted in a socially detached environment that closely resembles Erving Goffman’s “total institution”. By design, this social isolation seeks to focus the development of a unique military identity congruent with the values of the broader organization. Yet such social isolation can also breed norms and behaviours that contradict values espoused by the government a military is bound to serve.
This chapter will mobilise Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social practice in an effort to understand the construction of military identity in air force officer basic training. Drawing on focus group data from air force training schools in the UK, US and Australia, I will explore the unique environment of the officer training institution, presenting Royal Air Force College Cranwell, The United States Air Force Academy and The Australian Defence Force Academy as social fields serving to coordinate a coherent and uniform air force habitus. The chapter will argue that a Bourdieusian analysis of training institutions offers a way to understand how divergence can occur between the values and norms of Government and those of the military in a liberal democracy. Moreover, this chapter will demonstrate the utility of Bourdieu’s theory to contemporary efforts to create representative and inclusive military forces.

El escrito reflexiona sobre la adecuación teórica y metodológica del recurso a las categorías institución total, dispositivo y disciplina, para investigar problemáticas recientes en el campo de la salud-enfermedad-atención, particularmente las denominadas adicciones a las drogas.
De la mano de numerosas investigaciones empíricas, ciertos conceptos se anudan en los análisis, asociándose disciplina-encierro, e institución total-espacio cerrado.
El escrito propone el desacople de estas nociones y la recuperación de su productividad analítica, desde la investigación en un dispositivo terapéutico ambulatorio para la adicción a drogas del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires.
Se aborda esta problemática desde una perspectiva etnográfica, con análisis documental, observación participante y entrevistas realizadas a profesionales de la salud de la institución, personal de apoyo y usuarios.
Se concluye que las formulaciones de Goffman y Foucault ayudan a comprender la existencia de modalidades de tratamiento para las adicciones a las drogas que, sin fundarse en el encierro como técnica primordial de control de los cuerpos, sostienen un proceso de clausura y despojo significativos; y que la renuncia a homologar la clausura, y el espacio cerrado a una materialidad, permitió dar realce a una vivencia de despojo subjetivo de parte de quienes se encuentran en tratamiento en la institución.

The following text presents my personal experience of psychological trauma as part of regular and ongoing processes of institutional (re)socialization into academe as a pre-tenure faculty member of color. In giving voice to this experience of trauma, the paper adopts a testimonio narrative function to highlight the shared nature of this experience even while foregrounding the uniqueness of my situation as a member of a marginalized and gendered body living in a specific geographical context and socio-political time. Though testimonio provides structure to my narrative, J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels—a series about individual and collective trauma at the mortifying hands of resocializing institutions—provide an incidental, but integral, narrative lens through which I make meaning and offer advice on surviving traumatic experiences in institutional spaces. RESUMÉ: En cours de titularisation professorale de la faculté et en tant que personne de couleur, c'est de mon expérience personnelle dont je parle et du choc émotionnel qui fait partie du processus normal et permanent des relations sociales dans les établissements du milieu universitaire. A travers cette expérience traumatique, le testimonio se présente sous forme de narration afin de mettre en lumière le vécu courant de cette situation même si mon cas spécial, puisque je fais partie d'un groupe marginalisé qui tient compte du sexe vivant dans un contexte géographique et une période sociopolitique particuliers, est mis en premier plan. Bien que le testimonio charpente mon récit, Harry Potter de J. K. Rowling, série sur le traumatisme personnel et de groupe causé par l'humiliation des relations sociales dans les institutions, apporte une perspective secondaire mais complète, à laquelle je donne un sens et offre des

Artykuł1 ma charakter empiryczny i stanowi podsumowanie kilkuletnich tereno- wych badań jakościowych poświęconych tematyce interakcji grupowych wśród wy- chowanków zakładów poprawczych i schronisk dla nieletnich. Poruszona została tutaj problematyka szeroko pojętych działań stygmatyzacyjnych na poziomie werbalnym i niewerbalnym, dziewcząt i chłopców zarówno wobec siebie (działania autostygma- tyzacyjne), jak i siebie nawzajem. W artykule omówione zostały także uwarunkowa- nia leżące u podstaw praktyk stygmatyzacyjnych, inicjowanych przez wychowanków, które determinują ich społeczną percepcję. Analiza materiału empirycznego dokonana została z perspektywy teorii naznaczania oraz koncepcji habitusu Pierre’a Bourdieu oraz Jeana Claude’a Passerona.

The practical and symbolic social effects of work on how imprisoned persons experience time are studied here from a sociology of work perspective. In the thinking of Donald Clemmer and Erving Goffman, two classic sociologists of the prison, the unity of the self-contained prison space goes together with a unity of time. In direct opposition to these approaches, the findings of a field study conducted in five French prisons suggest that the private life/work life split characteristic of paid labor is also relevant to the lives of incarcerated workers. Having inmates work improves prison security. For working inmates, meanwhile, work is a major means of re-appropriating space and time in a context of freedom deprivation. Prison labor is analyzed as an agency of socialization that connects inmates’ present lives with their past work lives.

In this article, following the steps of biography of things, attention will be paid to picture few different biographies of bread, which as an object of great importance appears constantly in Nazi concentration camp prisoners’ testimonies. It raises the question why certain objects are so strongly present in memory, while others remain in the dark. By tracing bread usages and trajectories in which metamorphoses occur, I try to better understand why memory of the camp manifests itself in relation to bread and what kind of forms it takes. Topics of memory as embodied rituals and habits present in everyday life, as well as, place of bread in the narratives will be also discussed in this paper. This study is based on biographical materials

El monstruo y el potro: el Homo sacer totalizado. Construcción del sujeto dominado a través del lenguaje cotidiano en dos instituciones totales, la cárcel y el ejército.

El sujeto dominado –Homo sacer– en las instituciones totales, cárcel y ejército, se construye en relación con un sujeto dominante –soberano–, que a través del lenguaje ejerce una desarticulación entre violencia y dependencia, los cuales se cristalizan en palabras que los nombran dentro de ambas instituciones, monstruo en la cárcel y potro en el ejército.

The subject dominated –Homo sacer– in total institutions, prison and army, constructed in connection with a dominant subject –soberano–, through language exercises a lack of coordination between violence and dependence, which crystallize in words that named within both institutions monstruo in jail and potro in the army.

Der von Marietta Meier, Gisela Hürlimann und Brigitta Bernet verfasste Bericht untersucht die 1999/2000 politisch diskutierte Frage, inwiefern und in welchem Ausmass in den psychiatrischen Anstalten Burghölzli (heute PUK) und Rheinau zwischen 1870 und 1970 Zwangssterilisationen und andere Zwangsmassnahmen vorgenommen wurden. Zu diesem Zweck reflektiert die Studie die Geschichte der Psychiatrie und ihrer Reformen (u.a. No Restraint), erarbeitet ein analytisches Instrumentarium, um Zwang, Gewalt und Agency in Institutionen und Gesellschaft zu fassen (informed consent, wie kommen Einwilligungen zustande), verschränkt diese Analyse mit den Kategorien Geschlecht und Schicht wertet ihr Sample aus 1330 Krankenakten nach einem umfassenden Katalog aus disziplinarischen und medizinischen Massnahmen (darunter Kuren, Elektroschockbehandlung, chirurgisches Eingriffe) aus, die intentional oder als Nebeneffekt Zwangselemente aufweisen. Die Studie wurde 2004 mit dem Förderpreis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für die Geschichte der Medizin, Naturwissenschaft und Technik e.V. (DGGMNT) ausgezeichnet.

Ethnic minorities have conspicuously been absent in public debates and scientific research on rising inequalities and Japan as “gap society” (kakusa shakai). Still, despite economic stagnation and lost decade(s), Japan has a significant and continuous inflow of new immigrants since the late 1980s. Today, Japan is an immigration country and in view of its demographic projection, the introduction of an active immigration policy is a recurrent topic in policy circles and public discussions since the late 1990s. This paper addresses the question if increasing ethnic diversity has led to new social inequalities? It focuses on the socio-economic integration of new Chinese immigrants and nikkeijin (returning Japanese emigrants and their descendants) in Japan. The comparative analysis shows great differences between these two new ethnic minorities. The Chinese minority is marked by an internal diversity between successful ethnic entrepreneurs and marginalized trainees. Successful Chinese entrepreneurs follow a transnational path of socio-economic integration, but Chinese trainees are completely excluded from Japan’s mainstream society. The nikkeijin are segregated into indirect short-term employment and not fully integrated into social security systems. In view of the low educational attainments of their children, they are on the path to become an ethnic underclass.

Cet extrait d'ouvrage a été publié dans l'ouvrage collectif suivant:
CEFAÏ D., PERREAU L., Goffman et l’ordre de l’interaction, Amiens, CURAPP-ESS/CEMS-IMM, 2012, pp. 109-137. L'ouvrage complet a été mis en ligne par les éditeurs sur Academia.

A new inmate, or `rookie', who enters a total institution usually faces `tests' and `games' organized by the 'old crew'. I argue that such initiation rituals are often designed by inmates in order to uncover a rookie's personal characteristics, such as toughness and cleverness. While such rituals may seem violent, they usually involve more skillful deception and tricks than pain and suffering. The basic idea is to persuade the rookie that he or she faces some tough choices and watch his or her reaction to adverse or unusual circumstances. The mock character of a typical test creates a fundamental problem for its validity since an informed rookie can simulate both toughness and cleverness. Thus, an informed rookie cannot be distinguished from one with the desired characteristics. This problem is well recognized by most knowledgeable inmates and motivates them to search for new games and tests. The result is a wide variety of competing tests, frequent changes of argot and the secret code of behavior. The initiation rituals are modeled as simple games and decision problems. The ethnographic material was collected by the author as a political prisoner in Poland in 1985.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, discussion re-emerged in many places, among them Poland, about how institutions that provide nursing home care (NHC) contribute to the social isolation of their residents; deinstitutionalisation (DI) as an alternative to collective forms of housing, in the form of sheltered housing and assisted housing, was brought to the fore. The aim of the research was to analyse these forms of housing in terms of the way deinstitutionalisation is perceived and understood by the creators of protected and assisted housing for people with disabilities. The applied perspective is the concept of the permeability of an institution, placed on a continuum between "permeable" and "total". The research also employed a critical discourse analysis, which included 20 statutes concerning protected and assisted housing. The results of the analysis indicate that there is a practice of transferring elements of institutional thinking and limiting human rights to those forms of housing that are intended to be an introduction to (or an implementation of) the idea of DI. The concepts of sheltered and assisted housing still include many features that may be identified with "total" institutions on the permeability continuum.

The present study draws on Scott’s (2011) notion of the Re-Inventive Institution and explores how gym members make sense and give meaning to their exercise regime. Overall, it is argued that for many participants gym exercise is more than physical training; it is also training for life. Based on a thematic analysis of 32 semi-structured interviews it is argued that gym workout is a means to create better versions of the self
on mainly three levels. First, gym participants perceive themselves to be efficient and productive in general. Second, gym training is believed to increase the control they have over their lives. Third, gym members associate their gym workout with amplified emotional resilience, believing
that fitness workout makes them not only fitter in a physical sense but also fitter and better equipped in a psychological sense. Surprisingly, a small group of regular gym users displayed more critical sentiments and distanced themselves from the images and values the gym stands for. The results of this study can be linked to broader political discourses on health and fitness that make use of corporate managerial
vocabularies and are based on ideals of rationalization and efficiency.

La comunicación que presentamos pretende mostrar las consecuencias que el sistema implementado por el sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos en Cataluña -por el que se realiza el reclutamiento, importación y suministro de mano de obra extranjera para el campo catalán- produce: un sujeto limitado en el justo goce de sus libertades y el legítimo ejercicio de sus derechos. La política migratoria la responsable del surgimiento de un sistema tal, cuyo germen está en la relación simbiótica Estado/Sindicato, cuyos intereses -la entrega just in time de la mano de obra y el control social del extranjero- se armonizan en su puesta en práctica. En los alojamientos, infraestructura del sistema, se procura la docilización de los individuos necesaria a su continuo suministro a través de variados dispositivos, entre ellos, normativas de alojamiento, supervisión constante y regímenes de visita.

I Quaderni de L'altro diritto vogliono essere uno spazio per la riflessione teorico-giuridica e la ricerca sociologica sui temi del carcere e delle istituzioni penali in genere, del governo dell'immigrazione, della devianza e dell'emarginazione sociale. La collana mira a evidenziare come operi in questi campi il "diritto in azione", vale a dire il fitto reticolo di credenze, conflitti, distorsioni e transazioni sociali attraverso il quale il "diritto dei libri" viene a contatto con la vita delle persone.

This “layered account,” based on qualitative research gathered at a county jail and state women’s prison, illustrates the ways in which organizational discourses and micro- practices encourage emotional constructions such as withdrawal, paranoia, detachment, and an “us-them” mentality among correctional officers. Using philosophies from Michele Foucault, the analysis extends theoretical notions of emotion labor, illustrates the harnessed yet pervasive nature of sexuality in a total institution, and sheds light on the emotional challenges faced by a troubled, hidden, and stigmatized employee group. The text jumps among theoretical arguments, notes about methodology and writing, and creative nonfiction vignettes and in doing so, attempts to embody the emotional and jarring nature of the correctional environment.

The objective of the paper is to explain a case of social innovation in mental health services, moving from a psychiatric hospital, classically a total institution, to a healthier, diversified, and personalized care service. The research was conducted by a participant observation method, on the long run, from 1996 to 2006 in Milan (Italy): more than 25 meeting and 40 semi structured interviews were conducted. It looks at a case of 'social entrepreneurship' in Milan which contributes to the transformation of a large, closed psychiatric hospital into a more open and therapeutic environment for mental health services users, as well as for ordinary citizens of the whole metropolitan area. Most of the literature correctly emphasize governance and administrative capability as crucial variable for satisfaction of needs, recognition of capability and sustainability of projects. The paper shows the relevance of exogenous resources, nonlocal mobilisations, and loosely connected social movement networks to enact communicative spaces and challenge closed and inertial policy communities.

The aim of this article is to outline the issues related to the specificity of the image of the writer and his role in society created in Tadeusz Konwicki’s early works. This stage in the writer’s life opens with the first short story that Konwicki published, namely “Kapral Koziołek i ja” from 1947, after which the initial model of his writing is subject to gradual erosion and ends between 1954 and 1955 with the novel titled Z oblężonego miasta. Investigating the motif of the creative work house on the basis of Z oblężonego miasta is a pretext for reflection on the category of the writer’s work. The article traces the motifs of the professional category of the writer, through analysing the constructions on which Konwicki’s narratives are based. At the same time, due to the analysis of social discourse in which the author participated, the article outlines the social functions he performed at a given time.

As investigações aqui reunidas se encaixam no âmbito da Sociologia da Memória (mais amplamente se relaciona também com a Sociologia da Mente e a Sociologia do Conhecimento). Para tal, partimos de uma abordagem relacional, processual e interpretativa-hemenêutica. O estudo da memória e da identidade, como fenômenos bio-psico-sociais imbricados, precisa levar as descobertas de outras áreas do conhecimento. Nesse sentido, diálogos com as Ciências Cognitivas e Filosofia da Mente foram aqui considerados. Discutimos processos de rememoração e de formação identitária entre ex-internos de uma instituição para menores abandonados e em conflito com lei. os. A tese se centra em três discussões principais. A primeira parte da tese retoma aspectos sociais, históricos e jurídicos acerca da institucionalização precoce, do abandono e do estigma. A segunda parte da tese se dedica a discutir questões ontológicas e epistemológicas da memória a fim de propor uma síntese teórico-metodológica que possa analisar os processos mnemônico-identitários no curso temporal. Essa discussão considera condições contemporâneas acerca do impacto e papel de tecnologias sociais na sociabilidade e na produção de conhecimento sobre o passado. A dimensão micropolítica dos processos mnemônico-identitários é discutida e entendida a partir da ideia de "dinâmicas de validação" dentro da rede de ex-internos pesquisada. A terceira parte do trabalho faz uma análise de relatos e narrativas sobre o passado institucional de ex-internos que frequentaram uma unidade de internação no interior de São Paulo, entre as décadas de 1940 e 1990. Para tal, apresentamos uma análise processual, multidados e multimétodos (etnografia, netnografia, entrevista em profundidade, entrevista coletiva e análise de redes a partir da extração de dados textuais em redes sociais) a fim de compreender como se dão os processos colaborativos de reconstrução do passado e de reconstrução de si no curso temporal, bem como os sentidos atribuídos pelos ex-internos do longo do tempo. Verificamos que houve uma "política da memória" que privilegiou a validação de certas versões sobre o passado em detrimento de outras. Com isso, houve um mútuo ajustamento de entendimentos sobre esse passado comum organizados em narrativas biográficas que acabaram por atender a "regimes emocionais”" específicos, marginalizando e silenciando, assim, entendimentos contraditórios aos validados na rede de ex-internos.

Abstract: The research falls into the scope of Sociology of Memory (more broadly Sociology of Mind and Sociology of Knowledge). From this field, we assume a relational, procedural, and interpretative approaches for analysing processes of remembering and identity formation among former inmates of an institution for abandoned minors. Memory and identity are nested phenomena with biopsychosocial dimensions which have been studied among many areas. Thus, we also considered arguments from the Cognitive Sciences and Philosophy of Mind. The thesis focuses on three main debates. The first part takes into account the social, historical, and legal aspects of early institutionalization, abandonment, and stigma. The second part focuses on ontological and epistemological issues of memory to propose a theoretical-methodological synthesis that enables us to understand mnemonic-identity processes over time. This debate also considers contemporary conditions regarding the impact and role of social technologies on sociability and knowledge production. The micropolitical dimension of the mnemonic-identity processes of knowledge formation is approached by the "Sociology of Understanding". The third part of this work analyzes narratives on the institutional past of the former inmates who attended a governmental institution in the Brazilian countryside between the 1940s and 1990s. We carried out a procedural analysis, multi-data and multi-methods (ethnography, netnography, in- depth interview, extraction of textual data on social networks) in order to understand how collaborative mnemonic-identity processes play out over time by emphasizing how some versions of the past are validated at the expense of others. We observed that the mutual adjustments of understanding of past experiences are pushed to a coherent biographical narrative that attends specific emotional regimes. As a consequence, contradictory narratives to the ones validated by the network of former inmates are marginalized and silenced.

Hendrik Trescher geht der Frage nach, ob und inwiefern Teilhabe für Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung an alltäglichen Freizeitaktivitäten auch jenseits eines pädagogischen Protektorats praktiziert wird bzw. möglich ist. Der Autor kommt letztlich unter anderem zu dem Schluss, dass viele Inklusionspotenziale ungenutzt bleiben. Eine zentrale Rolle spielen dabei Versorgungsinstitutionen, sie wirken dabei oft als Inklusionsschranken. Schlussendlich entwickelt er ein theoretisches Inklusionsverständnis, welches auf Diskursteilhabe beruht: Inklusion ist als Prozess der Dekonstruktion von Diskursteilhabebarrieren zu verstehen. Dieser Prozess muss sich in der Lebenspraxis vollziehen – in diesem Sinne werden auch praktische Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der Lebenssituation von Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung entwickelt.

Der Inhalt
•Teilhabe-Barrieren und Perspektiven für Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung
•Subjektivierungspraxen in der Totalen Institution
•Diskurs und geistige Behinderung
•Entwicklungsperspektiven inklusiver Freizeitgestaltung
•Inklusion verstanden als Dekonstruktion von Diskursteilhabebarrieren

Peter Kocan went down in the history of Australian literature for having written a pair of companion semi-fictions largely inspired from his experience as an inmate when his life imprisonment sentence was commuted to a ten-year confinement in a psychiatric institution. The Treatment (1980) and its sequel The Cure (1983) are classic asylum narratives chronicling Len Tarbutt’s institutionalization – a nineteen-year-old youngster confined in the maximum-security cell of a mental hospital to serve a life sentence. On another level, these two second person narrations can be construed as a national allegory of Australian historic convictism explicating the ruler-ruled relationship through the establishment of a panoptic repressive system.

Guten Abend und herzlich willkommen zu meinem Vortrag über das Schiff als so-zialer Ort. Ganz herzlichen Dank an Ulrike Kronfeld-Goharani für die Einladung, hier heute Abend sprechen zu dürfen. Das Thema meines Vortrages ist Teil meiner Dissertationsschrift über die Arbeits-kultur und die Konstruktion der Berufsidentitäten von Seeleuten auf international besetzten Handelsschiffen. Methoden Die Daten zur Bearbeitung meines Dissertationsthemas habe ich unter anderem während einer etwa zweimonatigen Feldforschung an Bord eines Containerschif-fes sowie in Interviews mit Seeleuten an Bord und an Land erhoben. Zudem greife ich auf eigene biographische Erfahrungen aus meiner Zeit als Mitglied meines Forschungsfeldes zurück. Diese stehen mir deshalb zur Verfügung, weil ich zuvor selbst die Ausbildung zur nautischen Schiffsoffizierin durchlaufen hatte, wobei ich etwa zwölf Monate auf international besetzten Handelsschiffen zur See gefahren bin, und nach meinem Studium mehrere Jahre als Dozentin an einer Seefahrtschu-le sowie als Ladungsinspektorin im Hafen tätig war, wo meine Aufgabe darin be-stand, die Aufsicht über das Be-und Entladen von Seeschiffen zu führen.

The criminal asylums as a symbolic form

The Government of madness is always a matter primarily
of spaces. The most extreme of these places – the one that
was born in Italy in the last quarter of the Nineteenth century
as “criminal asylums” – is hit by an ambiguous deposition
process. However, any changes interest these symbolic forms,
these places of confinement of non-we, cannot assume than
a margins redefinition of social sense and no-sense, another
segmentation of human thresholds and a remodulation of
the orders of the hierarchy. The fate of these marginal spaces
maintains, then, the codes of the next experience of social order
and its control to come.

Posłuszny, Ł. (2014). Bread and its Social Bonding Functions in a concentration camp, in: M. Błaszkowska, K. Kleczkowska, A. Kuchta et al. (eds.)Eating Culture, Culture of Food, Kraków

The article follows the multiple functions bread had in life of concentration camp
prisoners. At first a short history of bread in European culture is drawn to visualize
the immense panorama of places bread appears, but at the same time a key
part it plays in cultural and social processes until now. In the second part focus
of interest moves to hunger context of concentration camp bread appears in. Its
function as a tool of social control and objectification within the framework of
Erving Goffman Total institution theory is juxtaposed with various subjectivizing
forms bread morphs into when manipulated by prisoners. It provokes creation of
material and non-material culture on the one hand, and specific social bonds on
the other hand, which try to be partially explained by mechanisms named in Peter
Blau’s exchange theory.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird sich mit verschiedenen Konstruktionen von geistiger Behinderung auseinandergesetzt. Im Vordergrund sollen dabei weniger sonderpädagogisch-paradigmatische, sondern vielmehr in der Lebenspraxis diskursiv hervorgebrachte Konstruktionen stehen.
Ausgehend von einer kulturwissenschaftlichen bzw. diskurstheoretischen Perspektive, die geistige Behinderung nicht als naturgegebenes Faktum und individuelle Pathologie, sondern als sozio-kulturell gewachsene Differenzkategorie und Produkt machtvoller Diskurse versteht, wird in einem ersten Schritt exemplarisch die Frage aufgeworfen, welche Konstruktionen von geistiger Behinderung über den medial-öffentlichen Diskurs transportiert und damit zugleich auch innerhalb gesamtgesellschaftlicher Diskurse reproduziert werden. Bezug wird dabei auf die Ergebnisse einer Einzelfallanalyse genommen, die die exemplarische Analyse einer Ausgabe der TV-Talkshow Günther Jauch zum Gegenstand hatte. Hierauf aufbauend wird in einem zweiten Schritt der Frage nachgegangen, wo bzw. inwiefern sich diese medial vermittelten Konstruktionen ggf. in der Lebenspraxis von Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung widerspiegeln. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auf die Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojekts rekurriert, das (unter anderem) die Subjektkonstruktionen von Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung im Rahmen institutionalisierter Betreuungsverhältnisse untersuchte. Im Zuge der Auseinandersetzung wird anhand von Auszügen aus den genannten Forschungsarbeiten aufgezeigt, dass geistige Behinderung sowohl in der medialen Öffentlichkeit als auch in der institutionalisierten Betreuungspraxis mitunter als naturgegebenes Wesensmerkmal definiert wird, welches von Passivität, Hilfsbedürftigkeit und scheinbar kindlicher Unmündigkeit geprägt ist. Der Beitrag verfolgt vor diesem Hintergrund das Ziel, sich mit der aus diesen diskursiven Praktiken hervorgehenden Subjektivität von Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung auseinanderzusetzen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die theoretische wie praktische Erörterung dessen, was dies in Bezug auf den Vollzug von Inklusionsprozessen bedeutet bzw. wie Diskurse verändert werden könnten, um Inklusion, verstanden als krisenhafter Prozess der „Dekonstruktion von Diskursteilhabebarrieren“ (Trescher 2015, 333), voranzutreiben.