Somaliland

The following text is a response sent to an email dispatched to me by the Chairman of the exiled Oromo Parliamentarians who struggle for the Independence and Self-determination of the 5 millennia long Kushitic Ethiopian Nation of the Oromos.
The Hamitic - Kushitic Oromo Nation - due to criminal, inhuman and evil persecution conceived by the colonial powers (France, England and America) and executed by the colonially promoted barbaric and incestuous pseudo-Christian Abyssinians - lost their kingdoms and were engulfed within the Cemetery of Nations Fake Ethiopia, which consists in the world's most tyrannical realm and the location of the world's more abhorrent, more enduring, and more multifaceted genocides. There are more than 45 million Oromos in Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia) and Kenya today, despite the notorious and pathetic falsehood propagated by Wikipedia.
The present text enumerates all the major points of historical distortion and falsification carried out and diffused by the colonial academia, mass media, and diplomats, as well as by their local agents and criminal executioners, i.e. the barbaric, incestuous and Anti-Christian tribes of Amhara and Tigray (: the Abyssinians), who usurped the fair name of Ethiopia, which historically denotes the land of North Sudan and the Kushitic Nation that prospered there either in the Antiquity or in the Christian Era. Both, the Oromos and the Arabic-speaking (but not Arab) populations of Northern-Central Sudan are the descendants of Ancient Sudan's (i.e. Ancient Ethiopia's) Kushitic populations.
Representative photographic documentation was herewith added to the text in order to better illustrate the topic.

Refutation of historical forgeries propagated by European colonials and incestuous Abyssinians
First published here:
https://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/2017/07/26/kushitic-oromos-ancestry-in-ethiopia-ancient-sudan-semitic-amharas-tigrays-abyssinians-ancestry-in-yemen/

These poems, composed in Somali and in English, provide a poetic reflection of the recently emerged debate on the theme of Caddaan Studies which means "White Studies". The criticism and counter-criticism contained in the debate dug so deep into life nerve of Somali Studies that over a thousand people participated. The poems, under the title "Inaugurating Caddaan Studies" were composed with a critical observation of the debate.

Dhambalin, a sandstone rock shelter, was discovered in autumn 2007. The unique site holds polychrome paintings including the first sheep paintings in Somali archaeology. There is an extraordinary originality in the paintings, particularly those of the sheep and goats. There are unusual quality images and styles of humpless cows of which some are headless. The fauna depicted include antelopes, dogs, giraffes, snakes and a turtle, some of which are associated with human figures wearing what appear to be headgears and holding bow and arrows in hunting scenes. Relative dating is possible perhaps through the superimposition of various styles of paintings. Also the site shares some similarities with the Neolithic or protohistoric Arabian–Ethiopian Style in the Horn of Africa. Hence, there is a need for a multidisciplinary approach to the ritual landscapes, religion and identity in the Horn of Africa. With its richness of fauna, including unambiguous depictions of sheep and various styles of depiction of bovine, the new site of Dhambalin will no doubt play a major role in shedding light on pastoral cultures and pre-historic symbolism in the rock art of the Horn of Africa.

This article argues that the Somali people have a distinctive view on heritage and a different approach to its preservation relevant to their society. It suggests that a locally appropriate theoretical framework for heritage management and archaeological research can only be achieved if this local approach is taken into consideration and integrated into archaeological and heritage methodologies. The lack of qualified Somalis and indigenous perspectives in the archaeological research and heritage management policies characterizes Somali cultural heritage and archaeological research history. This research shows that previous approaches that have been pursued lacked dialogue and incorporation of local views of heritage practice. This lack of dialogue has been of paramount importance for the failure of the preservation of Somali cultural heritage, evident both in the previous neglect of its preservation and in the current looting and destruction of archaeological sites in Somaliland, Puntland and south-central Somalia. It is demonstrated how Somali indigenous perspectives are concurring and contributing to world heritage management and archaeological research methods. I suggest that any heritage work must integrate local approaches and trained local groups should lead archaeological research and heritage management in order to achieve sustainable development and self-representation.

This study examines the impact of innovation on the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Target population of the study was 6930 SMEs in Hargeisa; a number provided by Hargeisa Local Government, and Somaliland Ministry of Trade and Investment as the two institutions issue business licenses to the small enterprises and medium enterprises respectively. A sample of 378 SMEs has been drown from this population. The study adopted both descriptive and regression analyses to estimate the impact of innovation. Regression results of the study reveal that innovation significantly affects the performance of SMEs in Hargeisa. The study finds that the effects of product innovation, marketing innovation and organizational innovation are statistically significant among these SMEs.

This volume is an edited compilation of the electoral legislation of Somalia between 1953 and 1969 - the only period in Somalia's history during which country-wide multi-party elections were held. In the course of these sixteen years, a combined total of nine electoral events took place in the British Protectorate, the Italian Trust Territory and subsequently in the independent Somali Republic. For practically each event, a new legal document was issued, addressing issues of political representation (the electoral system) as well as voting procedures. The sources for these laws, decrees and ordinances have become very scarce, particularly in Somalia itself.

This paper presents a comprehensive review and analysis of the available climatological data and information on droughts to examine the major causes of droughts recurrence in Somaliland by analyzing the drought occurrence in the past decades with special focus on drought categories and their impact on the livelihoods and sustainable development of Somaliland. The primary data used for this study was collected from the rainfall stations across Somaliland as well as climate data retrieved from CHIRPS gridded rainfall dataset. However, the main findings of the present study were; Somaliland is characterized by drought, which is known to have the most far-reaching impacts of all-natural disasters. This obvious challenge is most likely to aggravate due to slow progress in drought risk management, increased population and massive land degradation. The study also found a large-scale failure of the rains in 2016 Deyr season and have led to severe drought conditions across Somaliland, resulting in significant failure on growing season and record low vegetation. The most seriously affected areas in the current drought are the eastern regions. On the other hand, based on the available climatological data from the past, it clearly shows that Somaliland is likely to face extreme and widespread droughts in the coming years as climate change is anticipated to increase the intensity and frequency of drought. As a result, there is a clear need for increased and integrated efforts in drought mitigation to lessen the negative impacts of recurrent droughts.

Poverty prevalence dates back to the existence of human being and today it has occupied foremost place on human development agendas of virtually all countries of the world. In the Republic of Somaliland it has been a main challenge since the restoration of independence in 1991 and its alleviation is in the first pillar of the National Development Plan (NDP) and National Vision 2030, and also one of the country’s strategic goals to achieve MDGs by 2015 to fight poverty and improve the standard of living of underprivileged population. Nonetheless, actual achievements are still limited.

Islamic Microfinance which involves Shari’ah-compliant way of financing and providing credit without collateral or any property for guarantee to the marginally poor (too poor to have access to banks) for their business, is one of the most popular tools employed as part of a poverty reduction strategy, empowering and increasing the productivity of poor, giving social benefits to them in a sustainable way, and aiding economic development. However, in Somaliland it still remains fairly the same effect over the years due to misconceptions in Shari’ah-compliance, the institutions lagging behind and the like.

This study determined the role of the Islamic microfinance in poverty alleviation efforts in Somaliland and how this role can be enhanced. It was intended to establish and recommend Islamic microfinance and its principles that could raise poverty reduction and economic development in the country. This was in view of the fact that conventional microfinance that charges the prohibited interest cannot be used by and for the Somaliland population which are 100% Muslims.

The study was conducted through descriptive survey research design; data was collected in April 2012 to June 2012, using questionnaire, interview and document review techniques from two Islamic Financial Institutions of Kaaba Microfinance Institution and Salaam Financial Services, data was analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods and presented in tables and figures.

The paper finds that the two institutions have envisaged, as their prime objectives, to serve to the vulnerable poor and to have positive impact on their incomes. However, it concludes that the institutions partially address in practice the issue of financial exclusion of the poor.  They do not tap the wide variety of financial products and services which comply with Islamic law for the benefit of their clients particularly the hardcore poor and limited attention is paid to targeting the poor with their needs of financial services and products.

This research recommends that the government should establish an enabling framework for the institutions providing Islamic microfinance, and K-MFI and Salaam Financial Services should intensify their contribution to poverty alleviation by incorporating new pro-poor financial development policies and by expanding their financial activities into rural areas. Donor agencies including UN and other INGOs to make their income-generating activities in line with Shari’ah and comply with national policies in improving the standard of living of the poor people.

The orders-of-battle and strengths of the Allied forces in The East African Campaign (June 1940-November 1941). Based, mostly, on the official British, South African, Indian and French histories of that campaign, but, also, on the indispensable, unofficial, history of the King's African Rifles, Chris Kempton's study of the Indian Army and the Supplements to the London Gazette referring to the operations on
that forgotten theatre of war.  Additionally, important information is given into the East Africa Force/East African Command orders-of-battle (Sudan and Kenya mostly), not necessarilly directly involved in the campaign.

This thesis examines the complexities of today’s Somali diaspora involvements electronically to their homelands in educational development particularly the Somaliland (The Northwest of Somalia). Therefore, with this perspective approach, I will challenge and discuss that the Somali diaspora in their positive roles for educational institution building and sustaining through the remittance received by families basis and/or running the educational institutions itself.

The concepts of Somali diaspora in general, are the most important contributors of rebuilding the Somaliland country, after the civil war destroys mostly all social and national infrastructures.  Their contribution covers a very fast area such majors are includes the education, health sectors. On the other hand, they have many other financeable projects such the telecommunication, beverages and bottled water industries, which plays the local economic development. While they have also have direct inputs in terms of financial contribution on the other public infrastructures such as the roads, hospitals and particularly in the remote and rural areas. Therefore with this thesis; I will put my effort to show the contribution and relationship between the Somaliland diaspora communities and the educational sector particularly in homeland (the Somaliland).

This specific topic may have been discussed before, and with the literatures and reports reviewed during this period of my case studying; I come across different approach and thoughts, than the one I am applied here, and the most importantly here is to practice and show my capacity for academically in this field of study.  The most literatures, I reviewed and read argues that the Diasporas are the Biofuels which makes Somaliland to remain stable, peaceful and under good prospective developing in terms education, health, and public development. Lastly, mostly those returned diaspora runs as lectures, teachers, consultants etc. in the educational sectors where other fields such as the health, the returning doctors, nurse works this sectors respectively.

This essay will examine Somaliland's qualifications to gain recognition under the concept of statehood and rights of self-determination. This essay argue that the complexity of statehood theory and tension between the rights of self-determination and territorial integrity has delayed Somaliland's recognition despite the fact that she has fulfilled the criteria of statehood and has the rights for self determination. Moreover, the concept of recognition itself is also complex because it does not only involve legal aspect, but also political ones. Therefore, this essay will argue that Somaliland did not get recognition due to the complexity of international law and politics of recognition.

Compared to the few public higher education institutions in the prewar era, postwar Somalia boasts a large number of academic institutions at the tertiary level, mainly as privately owned universities. Although these community-initiated academic establishments are making tremendous contributions to the higher education sector, particularly in the absence of an effective national government, one can argue that much still remains at stake in terms of evaluation and quality assurance, key elements necessary for institutional accreditation and acceptance of credentials by other educational establishments issuing the same level of certificates. In this essay we aim to provide an overview discussion of the trends of higher education in Somalia and the way forward for newly emerged institutions, which have taken the bold initiative of changing the landscape of Somalia’s higher education.

Although a great paucity exists in scholarly studies on education in Somalia, the scarcity is more evident in the English studies area, particularly English as a Second Language (ESL) or English as a Foreign Language (EFL) (used interchangeably in this study), where almost none had existed until Mohamed Eno's MA TESOL Dissertation in 2005 and his recent article in the Journal of Somali Studies in 2017. Influenced by both the paucity and the latter study in 2017 1 , which recommended further examination of ESL/EFL area studies, this research investigates EFL students' perceptions of what they consider as more motivating or most motivating skill among the four second language acquisition (SLA) skills of reading, listening, speaking and writing. 2 Consequently, the results reveal that learners do not perceive more listening as a very motivating factor compared to more speaking, identified as the most motivating skill and ahead of more writing in the overall ratings. With very low results on the whole, more reading, on the other hand, is much below both speaking and writing in significance, though ahead of listening as a potential motivator. Interestingly, the findings also reveal persistent learner misunderstanding of the interlinkedness of the four skills, with a misperception that acquisition of one skill is independent of the others, as captured from an analysis of the vagaries in their responses.

Kelitaliyuhu (Diktataatoorku) waa shakhsi caan ku ah mucangagnimo, kursi ku dheg iyo in aanu u naxariisan cid kasta oo uu u arko in ay haysashadiisa kursiga khatar ku noqon karto xitaa mustaqbalka fog. Maqaal gorfayn cilmi ah ku samaynaya shakhsiyadda nafsiga ah ee kelitaliyaha oo lagu baahiyey shabakadda caanka ah ee 'Livescience' ayaa lagu sheegay in culimada cilminafsigu ay shakhsiyaadkii keliyeyaasha ah ee dunida soo maray ku tilmaameen dad qaba xanuun nafsadeed ah isla weyni waalli ah. Culimada oo tusaale u soo qaatay kelitaliyeyaashii caanka ahaa ee Joseph Stalin uu ka mid ahaa ayaa baadhitaanno ay sameeyeen ku ogaaday in kelitaliyayaashu ay ka siman yihiin xaaladda nafsadeed ee Narjasiyada loo yaqaanno 'Narcissism'. 'Narcissism' waa xaalad nafsiyadeed oo uu qofku ku dagmo jacaylka uu naftiisa u qabo iyo isla doonista wax kasta oo san, isla weyni, in uu isagu uun muhiim isu arko, waxa wanaagsanna helo xitaa haddii ay noqonayso in cid kale uu ku waxyeelleeyo. Maqaalka oo ka warramayey sida ay ku samaysanto kelitalisnimadu waxa uu sheegay in awoodda iyo madaxnimadu ay teed nafsiyadeed dhex dhigto qofka marka hore xaaladdiisu Narjasiga ahayd iyo deegaanka ku xeeran oo ay ugu horreyaan muwaadiniinta uu xukumaa, taas oo adkaysa in uu akhriyo waaqaca runta ah ee ka jira Meesha uu ka talinayo iyo dareenka ay dadka kale isaga ka qabaan. Daraasad arrintan lagu sameeyey oo uu maqaalku soo xigtay ayaa lagu ogaaday in awoodda ama madaxnimadu ay sideedaba qofka ku abuurto 'Ismoodsiis' afka cilmiga lagu yidhaahd, 'Ismoodsiiska gacan ku haynta' (illusion of control) oo ah in qofka madaxda ahi uu maskaddiisa ku qanciyo in xaaladda oo dhami gacanta ugu jirto iyo awood u leeyihiin in xaaladaha jira oo dhan ay maamuli karaan ama xallin karaan. Arrintan waxa ay

High poverty rates, unemployment, illegal immigration, etc. are the causes of low economy growth in Somaliland. Among the reasons of low economy is corruption. In the thesis, the researchers will examine the relationship between corruption and economy in order to analyze the impact of corruption on the economy and create practical solutions to solve it. The topic of the thesis will be based on “The impact of corruption on economic growth of Somaliland (with reference to Good Governance And Anti-Corruption Commission).Many young people are leaving the country due to lack of job because of low economy, there is nothing done to solve the poverty as Somaliland is dependent on foreign countries economically, these factors caused me to write about this factor in order for Somaliland to improve its economic competence.

The study of maps allows us to utilize information and technology to contribute to the betterment of society. New interactive forms of mapping are changing the way we understand natural and built spaces, and opening up new possibilities of development. At the same time, a deep understanding of the historical role of mapping is important to resisting and recovering from imperial domination. In order to subvert one form of knowledge production, one must understand the motives and methods of oppression. Maps reveal not only the geographic landscape, but also the landscapes of power and global politics. Just as they were essential to conquest, they are essential to liberation.

Tiro waa aragti dahsoon oo u taagnaan karta qiimayn, hilaadin ama cabbiraad. Astaamaha lagu tilmaansado tirooyinka waxaa la yidhaahdaa asto tiro. Habka dhaqanka ee tirinta afsoomaaliguna waa habdhismeed salkiisu yahay tobanle; waxaa ku jira eber iyo dhammaad li'i, waxaana uu bah la wadaagaa habka tirinta ee afafka kushitigga.

A detailed study on the orders-of-battle, strengths and commanders of formations and units of the Italian ground forces in Italian East Africa during World War II (1939-1941). Richly illustrated with photos, maps, plans, including an abundance of official records from the NARA archives and the Italian official histories.

This is a year-long research project aiming to understand to what extent armed groups can participate (sustain or undermine) in endogenous state-building projects. Case studies : Somaliland (successful integration and state-making) and South Sudan (failure of state-making, failed state, proliferation of armed groups).

Preconceived ideas, misperceptions, misunderstandings and distortions are omnipresent within this book which served as basic point of study and reference for the formation of the English colonial policy in the area of the Horn of Africa at the second half of the 19th century. As criticism, refutation and commentary will be published after the re-publication of the entire book, I welcome your comments that along with mine will highlight the destructive role and the racist nature of the English colonialism.
First footsteps in East Africa or, An Exploration of Harar
By Richard Burton
http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97f/index.html
Chapter II – Life in Zeyla
First published in AfroArticles, American Chronicle, and Buzzle on 20th July 2008
Republished on 23rd July 2008 here:
http://xaqsoor.blogspot.com/2008/07/northern-somalia-and-zeyla-described-by.html

Islaamku taariikh ahaan wuxuu lahaa dhaqan xoog badan oo dulqaad iyo xorriyadda fekerka iyo
hadalka, marka la eego arrimaha aasaaska u ah iimaanka. Ka hadalka iimaanka, iyo rumaysnaanta
diimeed lafteeda, waxay ku lug leedahay hadallo/qoraalo ay dhici karto inay daandaansanayaan dad
kale loona fasiro diin-cay ahaan. Jawaabta Islaamka ee kicintu waxay kusalaysan tahay ruuxinimada,
sharafta iyo saamaxaadda. Dhaqankan furnaanta iyo deeqsinimadu waxa aad loogu baahan yahay in
la soo nooleeyo waddamada Muslimiinta badan yihiin iyo bulshada maanta, gaar ahaan marka la
eego heerka xadgudubka ee walaaca leh ay ka yimaadda dulqaadasho la'aanta iyo fudaydka diimeed.

Farriimaha is huwan ee ay riwaayadda Aqoon iyo Afgarad siddey waa kuwo loo baahan yahay in mar kale la isu sheego maanta. Farriinta kowaad waa midda ay qorayaashu sheegeen, oo ku saabsanayd is-afagaranwaaga ka taagnaa bulshada dhexdeeda, oo ay sababtiisa ugu wayni ahayd aqoonyahankii dalka ku soo laabtay oo la yimi kala duwanaansho af, afkaar, hab-nololeed iyo fikir dhaqan-dhaqaale oo ay ka soo rarteen waddamadii kala duwanaa ee ay wax ku soo kala barteen. Farriinta labaad ee aan la sheegin waxa ay ahayd tan keentay saamayntii ay midhaha suugaanaysan ee riwaayaddu, gaar ahaan maansooyinka jiiftada u badan ee la codeeyey, ay ku yeesheen bulshada dhexdeeda. Qoraalkan waxa aynu ku eegi doonnaa gorfeyn ku saabsan farriimaha riwaayadda.

Executive Summary: Since 2014, waste production in Hargeisa has increased by 212%, yet literature suggests that less than 15% of this waste is collected by formal waste collection. This has created an exceptional environmental crisis exacerbated by lack of sustainable waste management (SWM). It is also a 'women's crisis' as they are often more exposed to chemicals and waste as a result of different socioeconomic roles, defined along gender lines. According to a study in Indonesia, and indeed in many countries, women continue to be expected to perform the bulk of domestic labour in and around the home, including sorting, removal, and disposal of household waste, which in many cases includes open burning of plastics and other household waste materials. Up to 33% of a woman's chemical burden can be passed on to her infant during gestation, through the placenta, as well as during breastfeeding (UNDP, 2017) negatively impacting not only the current generation, but the next one. Throughout Africa, SWM is usually the responsibility of devolved county or municipal authorities, and these entities have often failed to provide the required standard as managing waste is often beyond their capacity. Implementing community-based waste recycling is a sustainable solution to these issues. The overall ambition of this project is to provide realistic, implementable and sustainable opportunities to improve the quantity of plastic in the environment and simultaneously developing access to waged earnings. The proposal begins with the mission, scope and aims of the project; followed by Political and Situation Analysis and literature review explicating the growing need for sustainable SWM in Hargeisa, the proposal with an overview of objectives and anticipated outcomes. This project will be achieved under three broad groups of activities: 1. Data collection; 2. The establishment of a community steering committee; 3. Developing a piloting scheme in one community to test transportability and scaling up of the enterprise to other districts. Implementation of the proposal will be managed through a Somali business run by passionate, social entrepreneurs who have extensive local knowledge of Somaliland, and global connections that facilitate in delivering social and economic development and positive change. The project involves a wide range of stakeholders in the decision-making, most importantly, those of the communities in which we are working, which will emphasise knowledge-sharing to shape the response to local need.

Project Proposal Write
BADBAADO Group's areas of intervention, berkads are the only means of water preservation in this Select areas, to building barked to catchment raining water harvesting, for storing water that needs people to for dry season in gumbure.

A, pretty exhaustive, study on the orders-of-battle, strengths and commanders of formations and units of the Italian ground forces in Italian East Africa during World War II (1939-1941).  Fourth part. Richly illustrated with photos, maps, plans, including an abundance of official records from the NARA archives and the Italian official histories.

Dr. Abdishakur Sheikh Ali Jowhar (in Somali Cabdishakuur Sheekh Cali-Jawhar) was born in Borama, Somaliland; son of the late Sheikh Ali Jowhar, one of the most respected and loved Somali religious scholars. Dr Abdishakur was a remarkable man in his own right, he was a well-respected psychiatrist
based at Grey Bruce Health Services in Ontario, Canada, and  recently established a private clinic to treat his fellow citizens in Somaliland. He divided his time between Canada and Somaliland to treat his patients in both countries.
We lost a friend on May 13.

Aragtiyuhu waa gumaro qaran hantiyo noloshiisa oo dhan ta ugu weyn, haddii qarankaasi yahay mid curdin ah (sida Soomaalilaand). Isla sidoo kale waa hadyadaha ugu weyn uguna qiimo iyo qaayo badan
ee fac kasta uu ka dhaxlo facii isaga ka horreeyay.
“Hadba kooda sarakaca/waxa sahayda uga taga/kii horee sagootiyey” Xasan Ganay.
Dhinaca kale marka aynu ka eegno hantida macnawiga ah (ashyaada), daahfuridda sayniska, abuuritaan warshadeed, iyo wixii la hal maala dhammaantood muhiimaddoodu aad bay uga hoosaysaa marka lagu dhereriyo Aragtiyaha. Dhawridda ama illaalinta arrimahaasina sidoo kale wax ay ku xidhan tahay ama ku tiirsan tahay Aragtiyaha. Haddii hanti qarameed ka dal ay burburto waxa suurtagal ah in si dhakhso ah sidoodii ama halkoodii dib loogu soo celiyo, waa se marka qarankaasi xafiday/dhawray hanti maskaxeedkooda (sida Jarmal iyo Jabaan). Hase ahaatee, haddii hanti maskaxeedku maax-dumaan oo ay qaranka u soo hadho hantida macnawiga ah, hantidaasi si dhakhso ah ayay u gudhaa, qarankaasna waxaa ku habsada faqri iyo gaajo. Dhammaan guulaha sayniseed ee hore qaran u sameeyay waa qaar dib loo yagleeli karo, loona suuro galin karo haddii aanay lumin ama aanay dayacmin hab fekerkiisu. Halka haddii ay lunto hab fekerkiisa waxsoosaareed uu si dhakhsaa u qoomameeyo, waayana daahfuridda iyo ikhtiraaqyadiisii. Sidaa darteed ugu horreyn waa mid lagama maarmaan ah daryeelidda aragtiyahu. Ku dhisnaanta aragtiyaha oo loo eegayo hab fekerka waxsoosaareed waxa la helayaa hantida ashyaada ah, ku guulaysashada daahfur sayniseed, halabuurro warshadeed iyo wixii la hal maala

Prof. Muxammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis oo ah aqoonyahan u dhashay dalka Giriigga oo ku xeel dheeraaday sooyaalka dalalka Bariga Dhexe iyo Geeska Afrika ayaa wuxuu yiri: " Haddii ardayda Soomaaliyeed ee barata Sooyaalka (taariikhda), Degel-baadhista, Suugaanta, Sooyaalka Diimaha, iyo Falsafadda ay heli lahaayeen door/fakaag (fursad) ay ugu kuur galaan qoraalladii hore ee Masaarida, sida sheekadii Bad-mareenkii Qarqoomay, Sooyaalka Faraaciinta, sida ban-dhiggii wacdaraha lahaa ee socdaalkii Boqoraddii Xatshebsuut ay ku tagtay Arladii Bunt, iyo Qoraalladii dura/duraaye (qadiimiga ahaa) – laga soo bilaabo Strabo iyo Agatharchides, ilaa laga soo gaadho qoraagii lama-yaqaanka ahaa ee qoray The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, waxa ay run-ahaantii gar-waaqsan ahaayeen door-roonaanta (ahmiyadda) Dhulka Barakaysan ee Soomaalida (oo sida kalena xilliyo kala duwan loo yiqiinnay Arladii Bunt iyo Azania) " [4].
SHANTA MOORO-WADAAG” EE SABSABE IYO SI’UMAAL
By: Prof. Abdulkadir Salad Dorre, PhD in Geophysics: Somali National University
http://karanle.blogspot.com/2014/11/ma-soo-caarin-cirna-kama-soo-dhicin.html

Without project monitoring and evaluation, it is impossible to meet project objectives and maintain a high level of employee performance. In projects, Monitoring and Evaluation is one of the critical elements of the project management cycle. This study focuses monitoring and evaluation on project performance in NGOs. The specific objectives of this study were: Practices of monitoring and evaluation done by NGOs, tools and techniques use in monitoring and evaluation and to establish the relationship between monitoring and evaluation on project performance of non-Government organizations. The study design was descriptive. Primary data was collected for the analysis, the target population was 33 monitoring evaluation team and 17 project team leaders; the sample of this research was selected using a stratified random sampling method. The study found the monitoring and evaluation plan prepared by the involvement project managers, m & e experts, team leaders and consultants. Most respondents say, there is a separate budget for monitoring and evaluating projects activtes and also said no specific budget allocated monitoring and evaluating activities. The common tools and techniques are used logical frameworks, theory-based evaluations, formal surveys, rapid appraisal, and participatory methods. The factor affected in using the M&E system is the role of management in the operations of the M&E. According relationship between Monitoring & evaluation and performance There is a positive relation, (85%) of respondents are agreed there is a related m&e and project performance. The researcher concluded that contributing to factors necessary for improving project performance in NGOs are project planning and quality, employee skills, identification problems in planning, and environmental scanning. The researcher recommended that all NGOs focus on M&E to improve project performance; this is because monitoring and evaluation assists projects in understand the environment in which they operate and how to proceed.

Somaliland’s secession from Somalia did not follow careful cost- benefit calculations. It also did not involve the bargaining of a minority with a majority in power or a center. Nor did it cut-out a resource-rich region from the rest of Somalia. Nonetheless today (2018), after more than two decades without recognition, but continued (precarious) existence as a de facto state, Somaliland can be seen as one of the rare successful cases of secession in Africa. This chapter analyzes the factors influencing this ongoing process.