Security and Justice

Ostatniego ćwierćwiecza polskich przemian politycznych dotyka i niniejsza publikacja, która jest zbiorem artykułów przygotowanych przez pracowników naukowych i doktorantów z różnych ośrodków w kraju. Prace dotykają zarówno polityki wewnętrznej, jak i zagranicznej państwa, co oznacza, że odnoszą się do stosunkowo dużego obszaru poznawczego. Zdecydowaną przewagę uzyskały w tej tematyce problemy zewnątrzpaństwowe odnoszące się do Unii Europejskiej, polityki zagranicznej, kilku aspektów bezpieczeństwa europejskiego i międzynarodowego, migracji wewnątrzeuropejskich czy Kościoła katolickiego. Wszystkie te kwestie mieszczą się w ogólnych zarysach „wybranych problemów politycznych” państwa polskiego w latach 1989-2014. Zadaniem niniejszej publikacji stało się przybliżenie Czytelnikom takich problemów politycznych Polski z ostatniego ćwierćwiecza, które wymagają dodatkowego komentarza, pogłębionych analiz podmiotowych i przedmiotowych oraz ciągle aktualnego spojrzenia metodologicznego i merytorycznego.

To engage properly with the Somali National Army, to understand it in the hope of improving stability and the lives of over 12 million Somalis, good basic information on its composition and characteristics is necessary. Authoritative accounts on the subject have been scarce for over 25 years. This account seeks to detail the army’s dispositions across southern Somalia, and, more importantly, the brigades’ clan compositions and linkages. Clan ties supersede loyalties to the central government. The army as it stands is a collection of former militias which suffer from ill-discipline and commit crime along with greater atrocities. Estimates of numbers are unreliable, but there might be 13,000 or more fighters in six brigades in the Mogadishu area and five beyond.

This author wrote his doctorate thesis on post-conflict army reconstruction, submitting it in 2011. Continued research on the subject in the intervening seven years indicates that his theoretical propositions can be refined and improved. This article examines refinements to the model, and then applies those refinements in detail to the Afghan case. In so doing, it shifts the focus from potentially altruistic state-building to a case that was driven by pure national-strategic interests. Issues surrounding the liberal peace ideology dominate recent army reconstruction in conflict-affected states. The liberal peace underpinning is of supreme importance, so much so that in many discussions, it is internalised and accepted virtually without thought. This paper will advance the body of knowledge by establishing, for the first time, a theoretical basis for the widespread failure of army reconstruction in Afghanistan. The empirical basis builds on extensive previous research by other scholars. The resulting model can also be applied to better explain outcomes in other similar cases.

The present study examines the steps taken since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in the field of internal security and assesses commitments made in the areas of fundamental rights and civil liberties. The study examines the development of the EU Internal Security Strategy, with special attention paid to fighting terrorism and organised crime. It also investigates the activities of the main EU agencies involved in internal security policies. The study finally sketches out the key challenges lying ahead for EU internal security policies, with particular consideration paid to the role that the European Parliament will be called upon to play.

This report identifies empirical evidence on the outcomes of security and justice (S&J) interventions, and provides a visual overview of its findings in an evidence gap map. The evidence gaps appear where outputs and outcomes are less tangible and more difficult to operationalise and measure. The evidence is scarce for a number of justice-specific output and outcome categories, but stronger evidence can be found on more general outcomes and outputs that apply across a wider range of intervention types.

The evidence mapping included a rigorous review of the S&J evidence base. To conduct the review, selected sources – including journal indices, online research and evaluation repositories, resource centres and experts – were interrogated. Studies that explored interventions and results were included in a database and coded according to the publication type, thematic focus, intervention, output and outcome categories. The database is also available to download.

Improving defence accountability and effectiveness is even more difficult when wars are actively underway. Southern Somalia bears considerable resemblance to previous counterinsurgency theatres in Afghanistan and Iraq, and thus considerations of defence assistance should be actively informed by those campaigns. The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) intervention force has been critical to seizing much of the towns and terrain now freed from the Islamist Al-Shabaab insurgents. But after 13 years AMISOM’s power is waning. There are vanishingly few instant and game-changing initiatives donors could take quickly to aid the build-up of Somali military forces either at the federal or regional levels. Yet decentralised Federal Member State governments represent important political forces in southern Somalia, and since 2012 efforts have been made to reinforce them.

The accessible and accountable provision of security and justice is one of the main requirements for a peaceful society and sustained social and economic development. Security provision and access to justice are regarded as essential public services, are fundamental building blocks in promoting good governance, and are critical for the creation of a secure environment at both the local and national level. This briefing helps to address the current gaps in knowledge and understanding of security and justice between those actors at the district level and those in Kathmandu. It is based on discussions and interviews in Dhunchhe, the headquarters of Rasuwa district, and in Chilime Village Development Committee during May 2010.

""V današnjem sodobnem in hitro razvijajočem se svetu je nekaj povsem normalnega, da v relativno kratkem času na dokaj enostaven način prepotujemo velike razdalje in da so nam (vsaj preko svetovnega spleta) željene dobrine dosegljive praktično ves čas. Vendar je to le ena plat globalizacije. Po drugi plati ta »napredek« prinaša tudi številne negativne izkušnje. Ena izmed teh je vsekakor porast čezmejne kriminalitete, ki se ne ozira na meje, narodnosti, vero, prepričanja in vrednote. Na takšno stanje so se organi preiskovanja in pregona odzvali na različne načine. Med drugim so okrepili tudi mednarodno policijsko sodelovanje. Na nivoju Evropske unije tako obstajajo številni instrumenti za boj zoper nadnacionalno kriminaliteto. Sorodni instrumenti obstajajo tudi na območju JV Evrope. Eden izmed teh je Konvencija o policijskem sodelovanju v jugovzhodni Evropi, ki je bila podpisana leta 2006 na Dunaju. Konvencija predstavlja odličen primer regionalnega povezovanja na področju policijskega sodelovanja in se v marsičem lahko smatra za prvi pravi poskus sistematičnega in celovitega urejanja področja policijskega sodelovanja na območju JV Evrope. V nalogi so na podlagi konvencije predstavljeni instrumenti in ukrepi, s pomočjo katerih policijskega organizacije stremijo k preprečevanju raznovrstnih oblik organizirane in čezmejene kriminalitete. Kljub dobro pripravljeni podlagi pa ugotavljamo, da regija zaostaja za Evropsko unijo, še posebej pri operativnem izvajanju teh instrumentov. V zaključku so izpostavljene težave pri implementaciji konvencije in priporočila za prakso.

It is quite normal and fairly simple in today's modern and rapidly developing world to overcome long distances in a relatively short period of time. Also it is normal to have (at least online) all desired amenities available practically 24/7. But this is only one aspect of globalization. On the other hand, this "progress" comes with many negative experiences, one of them being an increased cross-border crime. As such it has no issues with national borders, ethnic origin, religion, beliefs nor values. The law enforcement authorities have responded in various ways. Among others, by strengthening the international police cooperation. At the European Union level, there are numerous police cooperation instruments that represent useful tools in fighting transnational crime. Similar instruments exist in Southeast Europe. One of them is represented by The Police Cooperation Convention in Southeast Europe, signed in 2006 in Vienna. The Convention represents an excellent example of regional police cooperation integration and can in many ways be considered as the first real attempt to systematically and comprehensively regulate the field of police cooperation in the region. Based on the Convention various police instruments and measures are described a disseration, aiming to prevent various forms of organized and cross-border crime. Despite the sound foundation the Convention offers, we find that the region is lagging behind the European Union, especially in the phase of operational implementation of such instruments. In conclusion, the convention's implementation issues are raised and recommendations for practice are provided.""