Scope

It has become the norm in many projects to view the traditional trade-offs as classic problems to 'solve'. This approach often suppresses the creative exploitation of paradox within the triple constraint. The principles and practices of Polarity Management TM introduce a refreshed perspective by supporting the 'either/or' problem solving approach with the 'both/and' rationale, which allows the triple constraint trade-offs to be held in respectful dialogue. Without the effective management of the triple constraint as an interrelated system, projects run the risk of becoming separated from purpose. This paper undertakes to explore the dynamics of the triple constraint by considering their 'mutualities' as polarities to manage in order to bring a refreshed perspective to the time vs. cost vs. scope dilemma. An integrated model is proposed that considers the exploitation trade-offs as polarities to manage in an effort to sustain an optimum compromise as a function of the anticipated project outcome.

Projects are generally undertaken because they are part of the plans to meet business needs and charter organizations to new levels of performance. Projects are however constrained by conflicting demands and competing priorities within the project environment. Neglecting to manage these constraints accurately and effectively may be sufficient to condemn a project even if all other project management activities are performed to a high standard of excellence. The aim of this paper is to improve the interpretation of the triple constraint and its dynamics and indicate how this may advance the delivery of project success. An integrated model is proposed to facilitate the strategic management of the triple constraint trade-offs as a function of the project higher purpose.

To achieve a certain degree of information systems security different techniques have been proposed and implemented. It is the aim of this paper to form a basis for their evaluation and comparison. For this purpose a general framework of security is established by defining its scope, most common threats against the security, and two kinds of different comparison and evaluation criteria. The first criteria is a set of requirements on the secrecy and confidentiality of information while the second consists of several structural requirements which we believe are essential for a successful and powerful security technique. In our evaluation we include the Discretionary Models, the Mandatory Models, the Personal Knowledge Approach, the Chinese Wall Policy and the Clark and Wilson model of security. Giinther Pernul received MSc and the PhD degrees from the University of Vienna, where he holds an Associate Professor position at the Department of Information Engineering. Shortly he will take over a full professor position in Information Systems at the University of Essen, Germany. His main research interests are information systems analysis, modelling, and design, computer security, and database management systems.

Social Studies seen as helping pupils acquire relevant knowledge, positive attitudes, skills and values which in effect will equip them to be competent, concerned, reflective and problem solvers by the Junior High School (JHS) curriculum.
Forming a better conception about Social Studies has necessitates the need to research into the scope of content of Social Studies in the Colleges of Education in Ghana since the subject is taught mostly by diploma teachers from the country’s thirty-eight public teacher training colleges. The research methods chosen for this study are; both qualitative and quantitative (mixed method). The study revealed that the scope of content of the College of Education Social Studies course structure does not reflect the tools needed by individual to solve personal and societal problems as compared to the JHS syllabus. Final year teacher-trainees’ current knowledge base about the scope of content of Social Studies as a problem solving was inadequate. It was recommended that at least two credit hours course should be designed and mounted on the current Junior High School (JHS) Social Studies syllabus for students in Colleges of Education as part of their programme of study. This will help mentees to become familiar with the content of the syllabus, making it easy in their selection of valid content, setting of appropriate objectives in their teaching and even the mode of using appropriate assessment tools.

It has become the norm in many projects to view the traditional trade-offs as classic problems to 'solve'. This approach often suppresses the creative exploitation of paradox within the triple constraint. The principles and practices of Polarity Management TM introduce a refreshed perspective by supporting the 'either/or' problem solving approach with the 'both/and' rationale, which allows the triple constraint trade-offs to be held in respectful dialogue. Without the effective management of the triple constraint as an interrelated system, projects run the risk of becoming separated from purpose. This paper undertakes to explore the dynamics of the triple constraint by considering their 'mutualities' as polarities to manage in order to bring a refreshed perspective to the time vs. cost vs. scope dilemma. An integrated model is proposed that considers the exploitation trade-offs as polarities to manage in an effort to sustain an optimum compromise as a function of the anticipated project outcome.

The fact that some dominant holdings have hold the power of media led various problems in terms of society and individuals who practice this profession. Media employees has been losing autonomy over against media bosses due to the fact that increasing heavy working conditions, declining personal rights and the absence of an established union.
Journalistswho used to express their opinions freely in an objective way in order to inform and raise public awareness, has been transformed into people who are biased and dictated due to the monopolization in the media sector. Many journalists who do not accept this situation and would like to carry out their work within the professional principles of
journalism has remained unemployed. At this point, within the bounds of possibility of new communication technologies, a new term described as boss-free journalism, has emerged.
This study will examine the practices of this particular kind of journalism. It focuses on reflections of developments in media sector on journalism proffession, the term of massfunded journalism and the opportunities offered by the new media. Moreover, it presents the findings of in-depth interviews with Ünsal Ünlü, Şükrü Küçükşahin and Gökhan Özbek, who have been conducting boss-free journalism.

Many construction projects suffer from changes to the scope of the project during the construction phase. Because the changes ultimately lead to substantial cost overruns and major scheduling delays, scholars and practitioners worldwide are assessing their impact and the critical causes behind them, but are finding it challenging to ameliorate or eliminate them with appropriate strategies. To mitigate the consequences of scope creep, it is beneficial to first identify the critical root causes so that appropriate strategies can later be implemented. The aim of this study is to identify the scope creep indicators (SCIs), then analyze and quantify the impacts of implementing best practices. For this purpose, a structured survey was developed and distributed to qualified professionals involved in construction projects. The research team collected 37 completed surveys, and used appropriate statistical data analysis to obtain the results. The results revealed that communication among owners, the number of oversight entities, and the project's location are three important factors that lead to scope creep, and that alignment, partnering, front-end planning, material management, and dispute prevention are important to mitigating its cost. The outcomes of this study will assist project managers in identifying potential sources of scope creep early in their projects, and in applying appropriate BPs to minimize their impact throughout the execution of construction projects.

The prefix be-, which appears in a variety of verbal forms and constructions in Lithuanian, has not been subject to a detailed and theoretically informed synchronic description. This paper attempts to fill this gap by providing an account of the two most clearly identifiable aspectual uses of be-: (i) its being part of the periphrastic forms expressing the avertive meaning recently established as a cross-linguistic gram; (ii) its use in the positive and negative continuative forms. I discuss the semantics and use of these constructions, and pay particular attention to their interactions with other aspectually relevant categories of Lithuanian.

The paper deals with a curious phenomenon of quasi-synonymy that occurs
in Russian between sentences with non-negated and negated predicates
in the construction with the adverb dolgo ‘for a long time’. Consider sentences
like Chainik dolgo zakipal ‘It took the kettle a long time to boil, lit. Kettle
for a long time boiled’ vs. Chainik dolgo ne zakipal ‘It took the kettle a long
time to boil, lit. Kettle for a long time not boiled’. The paper is an attempt
to define the semantic and pragmatic mechanisms of such quasi-synonymy,
as well as semantic and aspectual classes of predicates where it occurs.
It also considers subtle semantic, pragmatic and communicative differences
associated with non-negated and negated construction, respectively.
Such quasi-synonymy occurs primarily in cases when the predicate belongs
to the aspectual class of accomplishments and denotes a telic process
or action with a desired result (‘to boil’, ‘to cool down’, ‘to warm up’,
‘to grow up’, ‘to finish’, etc.). Those predicates include two major semantic
components, that is, a lasting process or action and an instant result. In the
imperfective aspect they allow at least two possible interpretations, namely,
of a process and that of a result. Similar interpretations of sentences with
such predicates occur due to different scope assignments of negation and
dolgo. In sentences with non-negated predicate dolgo has scope over the
‘process’ component in the verb; in sentences with negated predicate negation
has scope over the ‘result’ component of the verb while at the same
time falling into the scope of dolgo. The former type of sentences describes
long-lasting processes, whereas the latter type describes long-awaited results,
which pragmatically amount to the same thing.

The scope order of clausal categories has been claimed to be universal. In this paper we adopt a universalist cartographic approach to clausal syntax. By discussing the categories of speech acts, evaluation, epistemic modality, scalarity, volition and deontic, as well as other kinds of modality, we illustrate a striking regularity in strategies of scope-taking in German Sign Language (DGS): the wider/higher the scope of a clausal operator, the more likely its expression will occur with a high body part by way of layering; namely, descending from the eyebrows to the lower face, tentatively to the shoulders, and finally switching to manual expressions. For intermediate operators a left-to-right concatenation strategy is employed, and low categories are expressed by way of a manual right-to-left concatenation strategy. Hence, we propose a highly regular natural mapping of the scope-order of clausal categories onto the body. This sort of mapping can also be observed in other sign languages and may turn out to be universal.

En este trabajo de investigación se logró determinar la huella de carbono de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, sede Quito, campus
sur; el valor obtenido para el año 2012 fue de 873,88 toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente. La metodología aplicada es el
“Protocolo de gases de efecto invernadero” que establece el cálculo de tres alcances, denominados Scopes. Para la UPS-Sur, el Scope
1 relacionado con el uso de combustibles es de 16,82 toneladas de CO2 eq, el Scope 2 mismo que tiene que ver con el consumo
eléctrico es de 209,07 t CO2 eq y el Scope 3 que considera las emisiones de GEI por la adquisición y utilización de insumos, por la
descomposición de residuos sólidos orgánicos y de descargas líquidas, tiene un valor de 647,99 t CO2 eq.
Puesto que en el año 2012 había 3870 individuos realizando actividades dentro de las instalaciones de la UPS-Sur, es posible
establecer un valor per cápita anual de H-C de 225,81 kg de CO2 eq emitidos hacia la atmosfera.
Para verificar estos resultados se empleó el software SimaPro 7.3, con el cual se obtuvo un total de 861,03 t CO2 eq. La diferencia
entren los dos valores de huella de carbono se debe a que en el software no se considera los residuos ni las descargas líquidas del
campus.

This paper identifies risks of scope and organizational risks in IT projects during the merger period in telecommunications companies and proposes actions for risk mitigation. It adopts an interpretive epistemology in an exploratory case study. The results include a list of unique risks about IT projects in such period, and recommendations for mitigating the risks, which were identified through the research. The theoretical contribution is a list of risks during the merger of telecommunications companies, and to the practical part, this contribution enables project managers to apply the identified findings and mitigations to the risk management in IT projects in a similar setting.

This article highlights the heuristic usefulness of “cultural triangulation”, a concept attempting to exceed the dominant schemata for the analysis of intercultural relations in current comparative cultural studies, which are generally limited to binary mechanisms of the type (culture) A "sees”/constructs/influences/dominates (culture) B. In contrast to this reductionist tendency, I argue that all (inter)cultural processes have an ideologically filtered nature and consequently imply the mediation of the relationship between A and B via an intermediary C, to which various roles are assigned (e. g., to hide/alter/compensate/reverse various power relations, which are under no circumstances obvious or inevitable). My study explores the dynamics of this mechanism of cultural triangulation by analyzing some of the most representative travelogues to China written by Romanian authors during the communist era: G. Călinescu’s Am fost în China Nouă (I’ve Been to New China, 1955), Eugen Barbu’s Jurnal în China (Chinese Diary, 1970), and Paul Anghel’s O clipă în China (One Moment in China, 1978).

Public Sector versus Private Sector comparisons are a debate which seems to be a never ending topic. It is very difficult to take stand for either of these two forms of administration. The reason behind that is not unknown but obvious as both provide scopes in different ways. Job satisfaction describes how content an individual is with his or her job. The happier people are within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. This paper surveys both the sectors in most of the aspects of analysis.. As the current findings show, jobholders vary regarding the extent of ambivalence experienced with respect to their attitude toward their job. The current findings also open up opportunities for further research regarding the consequences of job ambivalence. For instance, the present findings imply that job performance of individuals with high versus low job ambivalence may fluctuate such that job performance is comparatively high when positive beliefs and affective experiences are salient and thus predominate at a certain point in time but that their performance may be comparatively low at other times when negative beliefs and affective experiences are salient and predominate. In this respect, research could, for instance, collect manager perceptions of performance consistency. Future research should aim to replicate the present findings with larger and more diverse samples as well as profit from the use of multiple-item scales to measure job performance.

We are grateful to the audience of the Current Advances in Caucasian Studies, Macerata, January 2010, for useful feedback to the talk this paper is based on, and to Yury Lander for critical comments on the draft version of the paper. We acknowledge the invaluable help of all our Adyghe consultants. All faults and shortcomings are ours.

Justifikasi Projek : Ketua Yayasan AAT meminta proyek ini dijalankan untuk mendukung yayasan dalam kegiatan donasi sosial pendidikan-nya. Aplikasi mobile untuk Yayasan Anak Anak Terang kelak akan membantu tercapainya visi misi yayasan AAT yang bergerak sebagai perantara orang tua asuh dan anak-anak asuh. Mempermudah orang tua asuh dalam melakukan kegiatan donasi dan memantau yayasan serta anak-anak asuhnya, mempermudah akses ke pelaporan yayasan yang transparan sehingga meningkatkan kepercayaan orang tua asuh dengan yayasan, serta mempermudah komunikasi antara orang tua asuh dengan yayasan melalui fitur-fitur dalam aplikasi. Anggaran untuk proyek ini sebesar Rp 50.000.000,00. Anggaran tersebut sudah termasuk biaya maintenance selama 2 tahun setelah aplikasi diluncurkan dan pembiayaan pengembangan aplikasi. Perkiraan keuntungan yang diperoleh dari aplikasi ini adalah peningkatan jumlah donasi dari orang tua asuh hingga 10% dari total donasi per tahun.

We tested 3-to 5-year-old English-and Mandarin-speaking children on their interpretation of sentences like The elephant didn't eat both the carrot and the capsicum. These sentences are scopally ambiguous. Adult English speakers favour a weak interpretation of such sentences, with negation taking scope over conjunction (i.e. the elephant probably ate one of the vegetables, but not both). In contrast, adult Mandarin speakers favour a strong interpretation of the corresponding Mandarin sentences, with conjunction taking scope over negation (i.e. the elephant ate neither vegetable). The Semantic Subset Maxim predicts that children acquiring all human languages should initially prefer the strong (subset) reading of such sentences. Alternatively, the Question-Answer Requirement Model predicts that children should initially prefer the scope reading that constitutes a good true answer to a question under discussion in the context. We designed a task in which the weak reading of our sentences corresponded to a good true answer to the question under discussion. We found that children across languages nonetheless preferred to assign a strong interpretation to our test sentences, providing empirical support for the Semantic Subset Maxim.

How many charged degrees of freedom are necessary to accommodate a certain amount of 't Hooft anomaly? Using the conformal bootstrap for the four-point function of flavor current multiplets, we show that in all (3+1)d superconformal field theories the 't Hooft anomaly of a continuous flavor symmetry is bounded from above by the 3/2 power of the current two-point function coefficient, which can be thought of as a measure for the amount of charged degrees of freedom. We check our bounds against free fields and SQCD in the conformal window.

Adverbs are considered to be a specific word class and lexical category that helps explain the referent of a verb or sentence. With respect to syntactic and semantic criteria, adverbs classified with different approaches in the literature are divided in two as wide or narrow scope. They are called sentential adverbs when scope over the entire sentence with a wide scope and they mark evidential, attitudinal, speech-act, epistemic, etc. meaning in a sentence. In this study, the syntactic and semantic features of adverbs in Turkish are analyzed in terms of the information structure of Turkish. In addition, the hierarchical order of different types of adverbs by scope are included in the analysis, as determined in the example. The samples included in the analysis were taken from the Turkish National Corpus.

AMBIGUITY: LEXICAL AND STRUCTURAL.


An expression with more than one normal sense or meaning is ambiguous. To demonstrate ambiguity it is sufficient to indicate two senses. In the broad sense of ‘animal’, every human is an animal; in the narrow sense, no human is an animal. In the nonexclusive sense of ‘or’, every human is human or human; in the exclusive sense, not even one human is human or human. A human that is human or human, in the exclusive sense, is not both human and human, thus not human. An ambiguous non-compound expression is lexically ambiguous in the narrow sense. A compound expression containing a lexically ambiguous constituent is lexically ambiguous in the broad sense. Consider ‘every animal is not a human’. Reading ‘not’ with broad scope and ‘animal’ in the broad sense, it expresses the true negative proposition “not every animal is a human”. Reading ‘not’ with narrow scope and ‘animal’ again in the broad sense, it expresses the false universal proposition “every animal is a non-human”—which is logically equivalent to “no animal is a human”.  A compound expression is structurally ambiguous in the narrow sense if none of its non-compound constituents are ambiguous but it expresses senses having different logical structures or forms.  The broad sense drops the restriction to non-ambiguous constituents. The last example is structurally and lexically ambiguous in the broad senses. Lexical ambiguity of constituents is sometimes essential to structural ambiguity of compounds. Consider ‘every number but one is positive’. Reading ‘one’ denotationally can yield a false proposition implying that one is not positive. Reading ‘one’ quantificationally can yield a true proposition implying that there is only one number that is not positive—taking ‘number’ to refer to non-negative integers.

This study investigates the reason why wh phrases are illegitimate in postverbal positions in Turkish while they are free to scramble in the preverbal area. The common view in the literature is that prosodic and interpretive properties of focus and wh phrases, i.e. taking obligatory primary stress and being non-recoverable, are inconsistent with the properties of the postverbal field, which is a destressed area reserved for backgrounded elements. Focusing mainly on wh data, this study proposes that phonological and interpretive effects of postverbal wh phrases that cause ungrammaticality can be derived from overt syntax. Building on empirical facts revealing the scope of focus is read directly from overt syntax, it is proposed that a postverbal wh phrase, being a variable, stays in a position where it cannot be bound by its operator, hence the ungrammaticality.

"Despite the fact that many Engineering Institutions in India are planning to start undergraduate courses in Biomedical engineering and even the number of students seeking these courses is on the rise, the existing Biomedical engineering (BME) graduates in India are finding it tough to find a placement in the job market. In order to analyse the reasons leading to this situation, a survey is being conducted. The preliminary results of the survey indicate that there exists a gap between the
undergraduate BME syllabi of various universities and the needs of the industry: certain subjects of the current curricula are irrelevant to the Indian industries, there is a need to include other relevant subjects and further, the laboratory sessions are inadequate. Most of the respondents feel that electronics engineers are preferred to
Biomedical engineers by the Biomedical firms due to the fact that the Biomedical engineers’ knowledge of electronics is inadequate. This paper presents the preliminary outcome of the survey thus being conducted and focuses on the need for revision /modification of the syllabi."

Following Klinedinst & Rothschild (2012), we argue that conjunctive readings of sentences where disjunction takes scope above an existential modal have a different explanation from that needed in the case where the modal has wide scope. When disjunction takes wide scope, we argue, following Meyer (2016b), that the conjunctive reading results from a structure involving an occurrence of the lexical item else in the second disjunct (overt, or covert).

The scope of public reason determines which political decisions should be taken ac-
cording to its standards. In this paper, I defend a broad-scope view of public reason, ac- cording to which every single political decision should be justified by public reasons. In the first part, I argue that, despite the unclarity of Rawls’ position, it is compatible with the wide-scope view. In the three following parts, I refute the main arguments in favour of the narrow-scope view of public reason. Finally, I offer an argument for the wide-scope view and conclude that it is preferable from the point of view of political liberalism.
//
El alcance de la razón pública determina qué decisiones deben atenerse a ella. En este artículo defiendo una concepción de la razón pública de amplio alcance, según la cual todas las decisiones políticas deberían estar justificadas por razones públicas. Prime-ro sostengo que, aunque la postura de Rawls es confusa, es compatible con una razón pública de amplio alcance. En las tres siguientes secciones rechazo los argumentos principales en favor de una razón pública restringida. Después ofrezco un argumento a favor de la concepción amplia y concluyo que ésta es preferible desde el punto de vista del liberalismo político. PALABRAS CLAVE: Rawls, liberalismo político, razón pública, alcance, argumentación pública.

Objective: Study the scope, dangers and predictors of outcome of deep neck space infections in our setting.
Study Design: Retrospective cohort.
Setting: Public Academic Tertiary Hospital.
Method: Case files retrieved utilizing ICD-10 version 10 codes that met the inclusion criteria for deep neck space infections (DNSI) from January 1, 2012- June 30, 2016 were analyzed.
Results: Thirty-three cases of DNSI with a M:F = 1.75:1 were studied. Age range was 6 months - 82years with mean = 35.3 years ± 26.0 Figure 1. In this, 60.6% presented early (≤ 7days) while 39.4% late ( that is after 7 days). The submandibular space predominated (n = 20, 60.6%) then the Space of Gilette (n = 5,15.2%) Figure 2. Major source was odontogenic (n =19,57.6%) with 57.9%, 26.3% and 15.8% for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd mandibular molars, respectively, which tend to be extensive. We recorded a case that extended to the coccyx. Almost half had causally-associated co-morbidity (n = 15, 45.5%); predominantly anemia (n = 8, 24.2%) Figure 3. Parenteral Ceftriazone/Augmentin with Metronidazole for 24-48 hours before surgical intervention of which 36.4% were delayed interventions. All had ICU management which improved outcome.
Morbidity and mortality rates were 24.2% and 15.2% respectively with the latter often following upper airway obstruction from Ludwig’s angina in 80% of which three-fifth expired before surgical intervention from late presentation.
Conclusion: Extensive deep neck space infections with their attendant morbidity and mortality remain frequent in our environment. Early diagnosis and early identification of predictors of outcome with prompt intervention are key to satisfactory results.

En el marco normativo nacional la educación en Colombia se encuentra regulada desde la Consti-
tución Nacional el artículo 67, el cual consigna que la educación es un derecho, con una función

social definida en permitir a la persona el acceso a conocimiento, ciencia, tecnología y la cultura;
pero, a partir del alcance del artículo 69, se orienta hacia la educación universitaria, con relación
a la autonomía, las garantías que el estado debe dar hacia el fortalecimiento de la investigación
científica en instituciones privadas y oficiales, además de generar mecanismos para el acceso de
las personas aptas para la educación superior.

In this paper we discuss several cases of English and German negative quantifiers taking extended scope. We argue that these scope extensions are sensitive to linear and prosodic continuity, a fact that we capture in terms of a Condition on Extended Scope Taking (CEST). We provide two formalizations of CEST, one couched in minimalist terms and another within the framework of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG). We compare and contrast the resulting systems and suggest that although the differences are clearly discernible it is too early to judge which of the competitors should be preferred.

It has become the norm in many projects to view the traditional trade-offs as classic problems to 'solve'. This approach often suppresses the creative exploitation of paradox within the triple constraint. The principles and practices of Polarity Management TM introduce a refreshed perspective by supporting the 'either/or' problem solving approach with the 'both/and' rationale, which allows the triple constraint trade-offs to be held in respectful dialogue. Without the effective management of the triple constraint as an interrelated system, projects run the risk of becoming separated from purpose. This paper undertakes to explore the dynamics of the triple constraint by considering their 'mutualities' as polarities to manage in order to bring a refreshed perspective to the time vs. cost vs. scope dilemma. An integrated model is proposed that considers the exploitation trade-offs as polarities to manage in an effort to sustain an optimum compromise as a function of the anticipated project outcome.

Resumen:
Introducción. La especialización de las revistas se desprende de la clasificación que reciben en bases de datos y de los términos utilizados en su información pública (denominación, temática declarada y público destinatario). La especialización se manifiesta en la imagen proyectada por la revista y es decisiva para su elección y consideración; también indica el grado de consolidación del campo científico.  Se adopta el enfoque de la Comunicación Estratégica. Metodología. Se realiza un análisis de contenido de las variables mencionadas en las webs y de las categorías de clasificación en IN-RECS, Dialnet, Carhus Plus+, RESH, DICE, MIAR e ISOC. La muestra está compuesta por 63 revistas académicas españolas de Comunicación. Resultados y conclusiones. La mayoría de revistas (80%) utiliza descriptores generalistas coincidentes con el campo científico o área de conocimiento. El 57% de revistas menciona subdisciplinas concretas manifestando un grado de especialización mayor. Se verifica que las denominaciones utilizadas por las bases de datos para nombrar el campo científico y el área de conocimiento presentan cierto desorden y no observan criterios comunes.

Abstract:
Introduction. The specialisation of journals derives from their classification in databases and the terms used by journals to describe themselves (title, scope and target audience). A journal’s specialisation is manifested in the image it promotes, which is decisive for its selection and consideration by authors. In addition, the specialisation reflects the journal’s degree of consolidation in a particular field of knowledge. Method. This study incorporates the perspective of strategic communication and is based on the content analysis of the Spanish journals of communication’s websites and on their classification in the databases IN-RECS, Dialnet, Carhus Plus+, RESH, DICE, MIAR and ISOC. The sample of Spanish journals is composed of 63 publications. Results and conclusions. Most journals (80%) use general descriptors from the field of communication, while 57% mentions specific sub-disciplines and reflects a greater degree of specialisation. The terms used by the different databases to refer to the scientific field and area of knowledge are not uniform and do not reflect common criteria.

The object of the paper is the class of Russian sentences that have more than one probability qualifier (PQ) with intersecting scopes. As it appears, modern Russian texts abound with such phenomena. Our goal is to identify meanings and uses of such utterances. We analyze the most typical cases and proceed to more controversial issues. The analysis shows that even though the language has plenty of tools for fine differentiation of probability estimations, speakers often avoid straightforward statements, resorting to a variety of means to emphasize the approximate and subjective character of their estimates and thus declining the responsibility for the statements they make.

This article investigates interactions between the scope of QPs and the restrictions imposed by binding theory. It presents new evidence that Condition C applies at (and only at) LF and demonstrates that this condition can serve as a powerful tool for distinguishing among ...

Dans l’Union en crise socio-économique et financière, sinon politique, des mécanismes intergouvernementaux, tel le Mécanisme européen de stabilité (MES), imposent des mesures d’austérité génératrices de situations indignes des valeurs fondatrices de l’Union et déjouant ses objectifs fondamentaux, tels la dérégulation du droit du travail et de la sécurité sociale et le démantèlement de l’État social. Il en résulte une « paupérisation et un chômage d’une ampleur sans précédent depuis la Seconde guerre mondiale », et « la gouvernance par les nombres » au sens de la « quantification » et la « programmation » des êtres humains, voire leur « déshumanisation ». La Cour refuse de contrôler ces mesures au regard de la Charte au motif qu’elles ne relèvent pas du droit de l’Union mais du droit international. Cependant, par l’arrêt Ledra, elle reconnaît que les institutions de l’Union impliquées dans la prise et l’application de ces mesures, quoiqu’agissant en dehors du cadre juridique de l’Union, gardent le caractère et la mission que leur assignent les traités, étant liées par la Charte. Cet arrêt débloque le contrôle du MES à travers le contrôle des institutions. Reste cependant le problème des limitations de la protection des droits fondamentaux, normes constitutionnelles de l’Union, par des actes externes à l’Union que la Cour a entérinées. Cette contribution tente de démontrer que de telles limitations vont à l’encontre de l’autonomie et de la primauté du droit de l’Union, telles que reconnues par la Cour, ainsi que de son objectifs fondamental de «promouvoir […] ses valeurs et le bien-être de ses peuples»; elles privent la Charte d’effectivité et d’efficacité et les particuliers de protection juridictionnelle et portent atteinte à l’État de droit, valeur fondatrice de l’Union qui résume toutes ses autres valeurs et dont la sauvegarde est plus nécessaire que jamais.

An English sentence that can be used to express propositions having different logical structures, or forms, is structurally ambiguous [1]. An example is (1). (1) Every integer precedes some integer One use of variable-enhanced English [2, §4] is to exhibit the different logical structures. In one context, (1) expresses a true universal proposition. (1-universal) Every integer x is such that for some integer y, x precedes y. Every integer precedes its successor. In another context, (1) expresses a false existential proposition. (1-existential) Every integer x is such that x precedes y, for some integer y This is an existential since the existential quantifier's scope is the clause it follows. The proposition expressed is " for some integer y, every integer x is such that x precedes y ". Of course, there is no such integer: for no integer y, is every integer x such that x precedes y. The existential implies the universal but not conversely. Sentence (1) exemplifies quantifier-scope ambiguity. Even more familiar is the structural ambiguity called negation-scope ambiguity where one sentence can express either a negation or a universal: the negation of a universal with an affirmative predicate or a universal with a negative predicate. In English sentences such as (2) 'not' can have broad scope—yielding a negation—or narrow scope—yielding a universal. (2) Every integer does not precede some integer. Negation-scope ambiguities can often be separated without using variables: In broad scope (2-not) 'not every integer precedes some integer', In narrow scope (2-every) 'every integer is one that doesn't precede some integer'. These two sentences, though no longer having negation-scope ambiguity, have quantifier-scope ambiguity resolvable as above using variable-enhanced English. This paper delves further into the syntax, semantics, and heuristics of variable-enhanced English and into its pedagogical and hermeneutic uses.

This paper focuses on the previously barely described restrictive use of the prefix te- in Lithuanian. This prefix, whose meaning is similar to that of the particle tik ‘only’, is peculiar in that it can take scope over almost any kind of phrases, including constituents of non-finite embedded clauses. In this paper, morphosyntactic properties and scope of the restrictive te- are analysed on the basis of both elicited and corpus data. Besides that, it is shown that from a cross-linguistic point of view, a restrictive affix displaying both rigid verb-adjacency and scope flexibility is quite rare.