Цель исследования — мультидисциплинарное изучение феномена полисемии (многозначности) языковых ед... more Цель исследования — мультидисциплинарное изучение феномена полисемии (многозначности) языковых единиц с помощью теоретических, экспериментальных и статистических методов. Хотя полисемии посвящено большое количество работ, это явление ранее не исследовалось комплексно. Коллективом авторов было проведено исследование, которое сочетало элементы словарного описания, статистического анализа, опросов, а также изучение электроэнцефалограмм и движений глаз. Исследование показало, что при развитии полисемии используется большее количество различных семантических сдвигов, помимо хорошо известных метафоры и метонимии. Эти сдвиги составляют сложную иерархическую систему и часто комбинируются друг с другом при образовании новых значений. Наше восприятие значения как нового связано с когнитивным «расстоянием», которое различается для разных типов сдвигов: так, метафорически образованное значение воспринимается как более далекое от исходного, чем метонимическое значение. Словарное представление значений только отчасти коррелирует с устройством ментального лексикона и с частотностью разных значений. Лексикографическое представление, основанное на семантических принципах, более удобно для восприятия, чем представление, основанное на частоте употребления. В ходе исследования возникли новые вопросы, в частности, различаются ли представления далекой и близкой метонимии в нашем ментальном лексиконе.
Afanas'ev, A. N. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev, Vol. 1. Ed. Jack V. Haney. Ja... more Afanas'ev, A. N. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev, Vol. 1. Ed. Jack V. Haney. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2014. xvi, 514 pp. $90.00, hard bound. Andrei, Jean, and Gheorghe H. Popescu. Economy in Romania and the Need for Optimization of Agricultural Production Structures. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014. 170 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Figures. Tables. $54.95, paper. Apresjan, Valentina, and Boris Iomdin, eds. Meaning-Text Theory: Current Developments. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, no. 85. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 2013. 302 pp. Appendix. Bibliography. Figures. Tables. €25.80, paper. Baysha, Olga. The Mythologies of Capitalism and the End of the Soviet Project. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2014. xii, 171 pp. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. Tables. $79.99, hard bound. Bazarnik, Katarzyna, and Izabela Curyllo-Klag, eds. Incarnations of Materiality Textuality: From Modernism to Liberature. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014. x, 154 pp. Appendix. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. $93.60, hard bound. Beger, Kathleen. Untersuchungen zur Kodifizierung des Ukrainischen: Rechtschreibreformen und ihre Umsetzung in Galizien zwischen 1919 und 1938. Slavische Sprachgeschichte, no. 8. Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2014. 208 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Tables. €29.90, paper. Birchall, Christopher. Embassy, Emigrants, and Englishmen: The Three Hundred Year History of a Russian Orthodox Church in London. Jordanville: Holy Trinity Seminary Press, 2014. xx, 712 pp. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Photographs. Maps. $69.00, hard bound. $37.95, paper. Blaha, Filip. Frauenkorper im Fokus: Wahrnehmungzwischen Strajie und Turnplatz in Prag und Dresden vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Welt—Korper—Sprache: Perspektiven kultureller Wahrnehmungsund Darstellungsformen, no. 11. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2013.282 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Illustrations. Photographs. $60.95, hard bound. Briesewitz, Gemot. Raum und Nation in der polnischen Westforschung 1918-1948: Wissenschaftsdiskurse, Raumdeutungen und geopolitische Visionen im Kontext der deutsch-polnischen Beziehungsgeschichte. Einzelveroffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau 32. Osnabruck: fibre Verlag, 2014.526 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Illustrations. Maps. €39.80, paper. Coleman, Heather, ed. Orthodox Christianity in Imperial Russia: A Sourcebook on Lived Religion. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014. xiv, 338 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. Maps. $35.00, paper. Fuks, Ladislav. Of Mice and Mooshaber. Trans. Mark Corner. Prague: Karolinum, the Charles University Press, 2014. Distributed by University of Chicago Press. 512 pp. Illustrations. $20.00, hard bound. Gibson, James, and Alexei. A. Istomin, eds. Russian California, 1806-1860: A History in Documents, Vols. 1-2. With Valery A. Tishkov. Trans. James R. Gibson. Third Series, nos. 26-27. London: Published by Ashgate for the Hakluyt Society, 2014. lxii + xii, 547 + 640 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Plates. Figures. Tables. Maps. $225.00 + $225.00, hard bound. Ginsborg, Paul. Family Politics: Domestic Life, Devastation and Survival, 1900-1950. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014. xviii, 520 pp. Appendix. Notes. Index. Illustrations. Plates. Photographs. $35.00, hard bound. Hlasko, Marek. .4// Backs Were Turned. Trans. Tomasz Mirkowicz. Introduction, George Z. Gasyna. New York: New Vessel Press, 2014.144 pp. $15.99, paper. $9.99, e-book. Jangfeldt, Bengt. Mayakovsky: A Biography. Trans. Harry D. Watson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. xii, 612 pp. Bibliography. Chronology. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. Figures. $35.00, hard bound.
Text complexity assessment is a challenging task requiring various linguistic aspects to be taken... more Text complexity assessment is a challenging task requiring various linguistic aspects to be taken into consideration. The complexity level of the text should correspond to the reader’s competence. A too complicated text could be incomprehensible, whereas a too simple one could be boring. For many years, simple features were used to assess readability, e.g. average length of words and sentences or vocabulary variety. Thanks to the development of natural language processing methods, the set of text parameters used for evaluating readability has expanded significantly. In recent years, many articles have been published the authors of which investigated the contribution of various lexical, morphological, and syntactic features to the readability level. Nevertheless, as the methods and corpora are quite diverse, it may be hard to draw general conclusions as to the effectiveness of linguistic information for evaluating text complexity due to the diversity of methods and corpora. Moreover,...
Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies, 2020
Educational texts for children have two distinctly differing purposes: their readers must underst... more Educational texts for children have two distinctly differing purposes: their readers must understand them and at the same time learn new words from them. It seems important and useful to be able to automatically detect words that may be unfamiliar to children of different ages. A challenging task is to identify words that readers perceive as familiar and understandable, but in fact understand them incorrectly. We propose a metric, called word deceptiveness, which is based on surveying and calculated as the product of the number of those respondents who mark the word as familiar by the number of those who correctly determine its meaning. We conducted a series of experiments and discovered several deceptive words in Russian. Several hypothetical mechanisms for the emergence of such words have been identified. In general, these are closeness to other, more familiar linguistic units: words, morphemes and word formation models. Future work will include an endeavor to learn to identify de...
Many words that according to the dictionaries have just one meaning are in fact understood in dif... more Many words that according to the dictionaries have just one meaning are in fact understood in different ways by different speakers. In this article we deal with Russian nouns denoting everyday life objects which are subject to much variation by age, gender, and region and are poorly described by the existing dictionaries. We report the results of a multilevel survey, propose some possible metrics of word knowledge and show to what extent the words we studied are known among a certain population. We also claim that different speakers possess different sets of meanings for each word, propose ways to discover the distribution patterns for these sets and introduce the notion of disperse polysemy. We believe that our findings may be useful in lexicography (providing detailed information on current word usage in different social groups), lexical semantics (researching meaning shifts and patterns of its distribution among speakers), and language testing (more precise detection of the vocab...
Although word sense frequency information is important for theoretical study of polysemy and prac... more Although word sense frequency information is important for theoretical study of polysemy and practical purposes of lexicography, the problem of sense frequency distribution is a neglected area in linguistics. It is probably because sense frequency is not easy to estimate. In this paper we deal with the problem of automated word sense frequency estimation for Russian nouns. We developed and tested an automated system based on semantic context vectors, supplied with contexts and collocations from the Active Dictionary of Russian – a full-fledged production dictionary that reflects contemporary Russian. The study was performed on RuTenTen11 web-corpus. This allows us to reach a frequency estimation error of 11% without any additional labelled data. We compared sense frequencies obtained automatically with sense ordering in different dictionaries for several words. The method presented in this paper can be applied to any language with a sufficiently large corpus and a good dictionary th...
Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies, 2020
The paper discusses valency frames of a number of Russian verbal predicates whose semantics inclu... more The paper discusses valency frames of a number of Russian verbal predicates whose semantics includes speech acts and, at a cetrain step of semantic decomposition, the negation, like vozražat’ ‘object, retort’, vozmuščat’sja ‘resent, be indignant’ or izvinjat’sja ‘apologize’. It is hypothesized that the frames of such predicates include a pair of propositional valencies distinctly opposed to each other: (1) the valency of stimulus that expresses the state of events and (2) the valency of response that introduces a speech act performed by the subject as a reaction to this state of event and offering an explanation. For example, in the sentence Ivan izvinilsja, čto ne prišel na moj den’ rożdenija ‘Ivan apologized that he did not come to my birthday party’ the clause starting with čto ‘that’ represents the state of events, whilst in the sentence Ivan izvinilsja, čto ploxo sebja čuvstvoval ‘Ivan apologized that he was not feeling well’ the čto-clause introduces Ivan’s response to the sti...
Our study tackles Russian interrogative-relative pronouns ( wh -words) as a lexicographic type wh... more Our study tackles Russian interrogative-relative pronouns ( wh -words) as a lexicographic type which requires a unified treatment. Our objective is to give a systematic description and explanation of the numerous collocational and constructional properties of the Russian wh -words using lexicographic and corpus methods. The dataset and statistics were extracted from the Russian National Corpus, at least 100 examples for each of the pronouns were analysed. Methodologically the study is based on the principles of the Moscow School of Semantics (namely, integral description of language and systematic lexicography) which are to a large extent rooted in the “Meaning⇔Text” theory. They include analysis of linguistic items on all levels of language; a focus on their semantic and combinatorial properties; acknowledged validity of dictionary as an instrument of linguistic research. The paper considers semantic, syntactic and co-occurrence properties shared by many Russian interrogative prono...
Classifications of everyday items (category words for clothing, stationery, personal hygiene, bea... more Classifications of everyday items (category words for clothing, stationery, personal hygiene, beauty products etc.) are studied. A survey of 40 languages was performed. Several results are reported. Speakers of some languages provide generic terms relatively easy, while for speakers of other languages it is often difficult to perform this task. Some items (such as keys, ear plugs, umbrellas) are virtually unclassifiable in all languages. All languages have covert classes without well-established names (such as personal hygiene or data storage), and people either resort to awkward official phrases like Russian предметы личной гигиены or highly colloquial occasional words like Russian умывалки. For items belonging to such classes, high variation of category words was observed. Classes existing in several languages often overlap and include different items. So, посуда in Russian corresponds to dishes, cookware and cutlery in English. Possible areas of further research are discussed, in...
The object of the paper is the class of Russian sentences that have more than one probability qua... more The object of the paper is the class of Russian sentences that have more than one probability qualifier (PQ) with intersecting scopes. As it appears, modern Russian texts abound with such phenomena. Our goal is to identify meanings and uses of such utterances. We analyze the most typical cases and proceed to more controversial issues. The analysis shows that even though the language has plenty of tools for fine differentiation of probability estimations, speakers often avoid straightforward statements, resorting to a variety of means to emphasize the approximate and subjective character of their estimates and thus declining the responsibility for the statements they make.
We describe a project aimed at creating a deeply annotated corpus of Russian texts. The annotatio... more We describe a project aimed at creating a deeply annotated corpus of Russian texts. The annotation consists of comprehensive morphological marking, syntactic tagging in the form of a complete dependency tree, and semantic tagging within a restricted semantic dictionary. Syntactic tagging is using about 80 dependency relations. The syntactically annotated corpus counts more than 28,000 sentences and makes an autonomous part of the Russian National Corpus (www.ruscorpora.ru). Semantic tagging is based on an inventory of semantic features (descriptors) and a dictionary comprising about 3,000 entries, with a set of tags assigned to each lexeme and its argument slots. The set of descriptors assigned to words has been designed in such a way as to construct a linguistically relevant classification for the whole Russian vocabulary. This classification serves for discovering laws according to which the elements of various lexical and semantic classes interact in the texts. The inventory of s...
The paper deals with the Russian verb "spoxvatit'sja", hard for translation. The ve... more The paper deals with the Russian verb "spoxvatit'sja", hard for translation. The verb is a unique example of three different mental activities (memory, perception, and comprehension) fused in a single Russian word. It has a peculiar set of seemingly quite different and even opposite meanings which turn to be organised in a logical polysemy structure. It also has a variety of interesting syntactic features, partly shared by other Russian verbs denoting mental acts.
The paper is focused on self-contained linguistic problems based on text corpora. We argue that c... more The paper is focused on self-contained linguistic problems based on text corpora. We argue that corpus-based problems differ from traditional linguistic problems because they make it possible to represent language variation. Furthermore, they often require basic statistical thinking from the students. The practical value of using data obtained from text corpora for teaching linguistics through linguistic problems is shown.
Polysemy is a key issue in theoretical semantics and lexicography as well as in computational lin... more Polysemy is a key issue in theoretical semantics and lexicography as well as in computational linguistics. When words have several senses, it is important to describe them properly in the dictionary (a lexicographic task) and to be able to distinguish between them in given context (a computational linguistics task, known as WSD). Recently attention has been drawn to the fact that different senses normally have different frequencies in corpora. Elsewhere we reported on our research into that issue and introduced several techniques for determining sense frequency based on dictionary entries matched with data from large corpora. Information about word sense frequency may enrich language learning resources and help lexicographers order senses within a word according to frequency, if needed. When learning a foreign language, a student may encounter a word that exists in his/her native language (as a borrowing or an international word), and is tempted to assume that the foreign word and i...
Цель исследования — мультидисциплинарное изучение феномена полисемии (многозначности) языковых ед... more Цель исследования — мультидисциплинарное изучение феномена полисемии (многозначности) языковых единиц с помощью теоретических, экспериментальных и статистических методов. Хотя полисемии посвящено большое количество работ, это явление ранее не исследовалось комплексно. Коллективом авторов было проведено исследование, которое сочетало элементы словарного описания, статистического анализа, опросов, а также изучение электроэнцефалограмм и движений глаз. Исследование показало, что при развитии полисемии используется большее количество различных семантических сдвигов, помимо хорошо известных метафоры и метонимии. Эти сдвиги составляют сложную иерархическую систему и часто комбинируются друг с другом при образовании новых значений. Наше восприятие значения как нового связано с когнитивным «расстоянием», которое различается для разных типов сдвигов: так, метафорически образованное значение воспринимается как более далекое от исходного, чем метонимическое значение. Словарное представление значений только отчасти коррелирует с устройством ментального лексикона и с частотностью разных значений. Лексикографическое представление, основанное на семантических принципах, более удобно для восприятия, чем представление, основанное на частоте употребления. В ходе исследования возникли новые вопросы, в частности, различаются ли представления далекой и близкой метонимии в нашем ментальном лексиконе.
Afanas'ev, A. N. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev, Vol. 1. Ed. Jack V. Haney. Ja... more Afanas'ev, A. N. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev, Vol. 1. Ed. Jack V. Haney. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2014. xvi, 514 pp. $90.00, hard bound. Andrei, Jean, and Gheorghe H. Popescu. Economy in Romania and the Need for Optimization of Agricultural Production Structures. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014. 170 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Figures. Tables. $54.95, paper. Apresjan, Valentina, and Boris Iomdin, eds. Meaning-Text Theory: Current Developments. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, no. 85. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 2013. 302 pp. Appendix. Bibliography. Figures. Tables. €25.80, paper. Baysha, Olga. The Mythologies of Capitalism and the End of the Soviet Project. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2014. xii, 171 pp. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. Tables. $79.99, hard bound. Bazarnik, Katarzyna, and Izabela Curyllo-Klag, eds. Incarnations of Materiality Textuality: From Modernism to Liberature. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014. x, 154 pp. Appendix. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. $93.60, hard bound. Beger, Kathleen. Untersuchungen zur Kodifizierung des Ukrainischen: Rechtschreibreformen und ihre Umsetzung in Galizien zwischen 1919 und 1938. Slavische Sprachgeschichte, no. 8. Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2014. 208 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Tables. €29.90, paper. Birchall, Christopher. Embassy, Emigrants, and Englishmen: The Three Hundred Year History of a Russian Orthodox Church in London. Jordanville: Holy Trinity Seminary Press, 2014. xx, 712 pp. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Photographs. Maps. $69.00, hard bound. $37.95, paper. Blaha, Filip. Frauenkorper im Fokus: Wahrnehmungzwischen Strajie und Turnplatz in Prag und Dresden vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Welt—Korper—Sprache: Perspektiven kultureller Wahrnehmungsund Darstellungsformen, no. 11. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2013.282 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Illustrations. Photographs. $60.95, hard bound. Briesewitz, Gemot. Raum und Nation in der polnischen Westforschung 1918-1948: Wissenschaftsdiskurse, Raumdeutungen und geopolitische Visionen im Kontext der deutsch-polnischen Beziehungsgeschichte. Einzelveroffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau 32. Osnabruck: fibre Verlag, 2014.526 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Illustrations. Maps. €39.80, paper. Coleman, Heather, ed. Orthodox Christianity in Imperial Russia: A Sourcebook on Lived Religion. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014. xiv, 338 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. Maps. $35.00, paper. Fuks, Ladislav. Of Mice and Mooshaber. Trans. Mark Corner. Prague: Karolinum, the Charles University Press, 2014. Distributed by University of Chicago Press. 512 pp. Illustrations. $20.00, hard bound. Gibson, James, and Alexei. A. Istomin, eds. Russian California, 1806-1860: A History in Documents, Vols. 1-2. With Valery A. Tishkov. Trans. James R. Gibson. Third Series, nos. 26-27. London: Published by Ashgate for the Hakluyt Society, 2014. lxii + xii, 547 + 640 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Plates. Figures. Tables. Maps. $225.00 + $225.00, hard bound. Ginsborg, Paul. Family Politics: Domestic Life, Devastation and Survival, 1900-1950. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014. xviii, 520 pp. Appendix. Notes. Index. Illustrations. Plates. Photographs. $35.00, hard bound. Hlasko, Marek. .4// Backs Were Turned. Trans. Tomasz Mirkowicz. Introduction, George Z. Gasyna. New York: New Vessel Press, 2014.144 pp. $15.99, paper. $9.99, e-book. Jangfeldt, Bengt. Mayakovsky: A Biography. Trans. Harry D. Watson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. xii, 612 pp. Bibliography. Chronology. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. Figures. $35.00, hard bound.
Text complexity assessment is a challenging task requiring various linguistic aspects to be taken... more Text complexity assessment is a challenging task requiring various linguistic aspects to be taken into consideration. The complexity level of the text should correspond to the reader’s competence. A too complicated text could be incomprehensible, whereas a too simple one could be boring. For many years, simple features were used to assess readability, e.g. average length of words and sentences or vocabulary variety. Thanks to the development of natural language processing methods, the set of text parameters used for evaluating readability has expanded significantly. In recent years, many articles have been published the authors of which investigated the contribution of various lexical, morphological, and syntactic features to the readability level. Nevertheless, as the methods and corpora are quite diverse, it may be hard to draw general conclusions as to the effectiveness of linguistic information for evaluating text complexity due to the diversity of methods and corpora. Moreover,...
Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies, 2020
Educational texts for children have two distinctly differing purposes: their readers must underst... more Educational texts for children have two distinctly differing purposes: their readers must understand them and at the same time learn new words from them. It seems important and useful to be able to automatically detect words that may be unfamiliar to children of different ages. A challenging task is to identify words that readers perceive as familiar and understandable, but in fact understand them incorrectly. We propose a metric, called word deceptiveness, which is based on surveying and calculated as the product of the number of those respondents who mark the word as familiar by the number of those who correctly determine its meaning. We conducted a series of experiments and discovered several deceptive words in Russian. Several hypothetical mechanisms for the emergence of such words have been identified. In general, these are closeness to other, more familiar linguistic units: words, morphemes and word formation models. Future work will include an endeavor to learn to identify de...
Many words that according to the dictionaries have just one meaning are in fact understood in dif... more Many words that according to the dictionaries have just one meaning are in fact understood in different ways by different speakers. In this article we deal with Russian nouns denoting everyday life objects which are subject to much variation by age, gender, and region and are poorly described by the existing dictionaries. We report the results of a multilevel survey, propose some possible metrics of word knowledge and show to what extent the words we studied are known among a certain population. We also claim that different speakers possess different sets of meanings for each word, propose ways to discover the distribution patterns for these sets and introduce the notion of disperse polysemy. We believe that our findings may be useful in lexicography (providing detailed information on current word usage in different social groups), lexical semantics (researching meaning shifts and patterns of its distribution among speakers), and language testing (more precise detection of the vocab...
Although word sense frequency information is important for theoretical study of polysemy and prac... more Although word sense frequency information is important for theoretical study of polysemy and practical purposes of lexicography, the problem of sense frequency distribution is a neglected area in linguistics. It is probably because sense frequency is not easy to estimate. In this paper we deal with the problem of automated word sense frequency estimation for Russian nouns. We developed and tested an automated system based on semantic context vectors, supplied with contexts and collocations from the Active Dictionary of Russian – a full-fledged production dictionary that reflects contemporary Russian. The study was performed on RuTenTen11 web-corpus. This allows us to reach a frequency estimation error of 11% without any additional labelled data. We compared sense frequencies obtained automatically with sense ordering in different dictionaries for several words. The method presented in this paper can be applied to any language with a sufficiently large corpus and a good dictionary th...
Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies, 2020
The paper discusses valency frames of a number of Russian verbal predicates whose semantics inclu... more The paper discusses valency frames of a number of Russian verbal predicates whose semantics includes speech acts and, at a cetrain step of semantic decomposition, the negation, like vozražat’ ‘object, retort’, vozmuščat’sja ‘resent, be indignant’ or izvinjat’sja ‘apologize’. It is hypothesized that the frames of such predicates include a pair of propositional valencies distinctly opposed to each other: (1) the valency of stimulus that expresses the state of events and (2) the valency of response that introduces a speech act performed by the subject as a reaction to this state of event and offering an explanation. For example, in the sentence Ivan izvinilsja, čto ne prišel na moj den’ rożdenija ‘Ivan apologized that he did not come to my birthday party’ the clause starting with čto ‘that’ represents the state of events, whilst in the sentence Ivan izvinilsja, čto ploxo sebja čuvstvoval ‘Ivan apologized that he was not feeling well’ the čto-clause introduces Ivan’s response to the sti...
Our study tackles Russian interrogative-relative pronouns ( wh -words) as a lexicographic type wh... more Our study tackles Russian interrogative-relative pronouns ( wh -words) as a lexicographic type which requires a unified treatment. Our objective is to give a systematic description and explanation of the numerous collocational and constructional properties of the Russian wh -words using lexicographic and corpus methods. The dataset and statistics were extracted from the Russian National Corpus, at least 100 examples for each of the pronouns were analysed. Methodologically the study is based on the principles of the Moscow School of Semantics (namely, integral description of language and systematic lexicography) which are to a large extent rooted in the “Meaning⇔Text” theory. They include analysis of linguistic items on all levels of language; a focus on their semantic and combinatorial properties; acknowledged validity of dictionary as an instrument of linguistic research. The paper considers semantic, syntactic and co-occurrence properties shared by many Russian interrogative prono...
Classifications of everyday items (category words for clothing, stationery, personal hygiene, bea... more Classifications of everyday items (category words for clothing, stationery, personal hygiene, beauty products etc.) are studied. A survey of 40 languages was performed. Several results are reported. Speakers of some languages provide generic terms relatively easy, while for speakers of other languages it is often difficult to perform this task. Some items (such as keys, ear plugs, umbrellas) are virtually unclassifiable in all languages. All languages have covert classes without well-established names (such as personal hygiene or data storage), and people either resort to awkward official phrases like Russian предметы личной гигиены or highly colloquial occasional words like Russian умывалки. For items belonging to such classes, high variation of category words was observed. Classes existing in several languages often overlap and include different items. So, посуда in Russian corresponds to dishes, cookware and cutlery in English. Possible areas of further research are discussed, in...
The object of the paper is the class of Russian sentences that have more than one probability qua... more The object of the paper is the class of Russian sentences that have more than one probability qualifier (PQ) with intersecting scopes. As it appears, modern Russian texts abound with such phenomena. Our goal is to identify meanings and uses of such utterances. We analyze the most typical cases and proceed to more controversial issues. The analysis shows that even though the language has plenty of tools for fine differentiation of probability estimations, speakers often avoid straightforward statements, resorting to a variety of means to emphasize the approximate and subjective character of their estimates and thus declining the responsibility for the statements they make.
We describe a project aimed at creating a deeply annotated corpus of Russian texts. The annotatio... more We describe a project aimed at creating a deeply annotated corpus of Russian texts. The annotation consists of comprehensive morphological marking, syntactic tagging in the form of a complete dependency tree, and semantic tagging within a restricted semantic dictionary. Syntactic tagging is using about 80 dependency relations. The syntactically annotated corpus counts more than 28,000 sentences and makes an autonomous part of the Russian National Corpus (www.ruscorpora.ru). Semantic tagging is based on an inventory of semantic features (descriptors) and a dictionary comprising about 3,000 entries, with a set of tags assigned to each lexeme and its argument slots. The set of descriptors assigned to words has been designed in such a way as to construct a linguistically relevant classification for the whole Russian vocabulary. This classification serves for discovering laws according to which the elements of various lexical and semantic classes interact in the texts. The inventory of s...
The paper deals with the Russian verb "spoxvatit'sja", hard for translation. The ve... more The paper deals with the Russian verb "spoxvatit'sja", hard for translation. The verb is a unique example of three different mental activities (memory, perception, and comprehension) fused in a single Russian word. It has a peculiar set of seemingly quite different and even opposite meanings which turn to be organised in a logical polysemy structure. It also has a variety of interesting syntactic features, partly shared by other Russian verbs denoting mental acts.
The paper is focused on self-contained linguistic problems based on text corpora. We argue that c... more The paper is focused on self-contained linguistic problems based on text corpora. We argue that corpus-based problems differ from traditional linguistic problems because they make it possible to represent language variation. Furthermore, they often require basic statistical thinking from the students. The practical value of using data obtained from text corpora for teaching linguistics through linguistic problems is shown.
Polysemy is a key issue in theoretical semantics and lexicography as well as in computational lin... more Polysemy is a key issue in theoretical semantics and lexicography as well as in computational linguistics. When words have several senses, it is important to describe them properly in the dictionary (a lexicographic task) and to be able to distinguish between them in given context (a computational linguistics task, known as WSD). Recently attention has been drawn to the fact that different senses normally have different frequencies in corpora. Elsewhere we reported on our research into that issue and introduced several techniques for determining sense frequency based on dictionary entries matched with data from large corpora. Information about word sense frequency may enrich language learning resources and help lexicographers order senses within a word according to frequency, if needed. When learning a foreign language, a student may encounter a word that exists in his/her native language (as a borrowing or an international word), and is tempted to assume that the foreign word and i...
В Словаре публикуются 354 синонимических ряда, представляющих основные разряды антропоцентри... more В Словаре публикуются 354 синонимических ряда, представляющих основные разряды антропоцентрической лексики русского языка и — эпизодически — некоторые другие пласты лексики.
Новый объяснительньй словарь синонимов — это словарь активного типа, согласованный с определенным грамматическим описанием русского языка, реализующий принципы системной лексикографии и фиетированный на отражение языковой, или «наивной», картины мира. Установка на детальное лингвистическое портретирование сочетается в нем с установкой на единообразное описание лексем, относящихся к одному лексикографическому типу. В Словаре последовательно отражаются семантические, референциальные, прагматические, коннотативные, коммуникативные, синтаксические, сочетаемостные, морфологические и просодические сходства и различия между синонимами, а также условия нейтрализации различий. Все словарные статьи содержат обширные справочные зоны, в которых перечисляются фразеологические синонимы, аналоги, точные и неточные конверсивы, конверсивы к аналогам, точные и неточные антонимы и дериваты (включая семантические) к элементам данного синонимического ряда. В некоторых случаях указываются специальные лингвистические работы, посвященные одной или нескольким лексемам, входящим в данный ряд.
Книга обращена к широкому кругу филологов, интересующихся лексикологией. лексикографией и теоретической семантикой, к преподавателям русского языка как родного, неродного или иностранного, а также к писателям, журналистам, редакторам и представителям других профессий, имеющих дело с русским языком как объектом изучения или орудием их работы.
The second, updated and enlarged edition of the Dictionary contains 354 entries representing the basic groups of the anthropocentric lexica of Russian and- less systematically-some other layers of the lexicon.
The New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms is a production dictionary coordinated with a certain grammatical description of Russian. It implements the principles of systematic lexicography and aims at the reflection of the language-specific ("попе") picture of the world. It also purports to combine detailed linguistic portraits of separate lexical items with a unified description of all lexical items belonging to a single lexicographic type. Every dictionary entry stores the information on the semantic, referential, pragmatic, connotative, communicate e, syntactic, selectional, morphological, and prosodic similarities and differences between synonyms, as well as on the conditions of neutralization of the differences. All dictionary entries include large supplementary zones listing phraseological synonyms, analogues, exact and inexact converse terms, exact and inexact antonyms and derivatives of the items comprising the synonym series. In a number of cases the entry supplies references to technical literature devoted to one or several of the items making the series.
The book is addressed to a wide audience of philologists with an interest in lexicology, lexicography and theoretical semantics; to teachers and students of Russian as a foreign language or their mother tongue; and also to writers, reporters, editors and other professionals who handle Russian as the object of study or the tool of their work.
Активный словарь русского языка / В. Ю. Апресян, Ю. Д. Апресян, Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславская... more Активный словарь русского языка / В. Ю. Апресян, Ю. Д. Апресян, Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславская, Я. М. Бухаров, И. В. Галактионова, [М. Я. Гловинская], Б. Л. Иомдин, Т. В. Крылова, И. Б. Левонтина, А. А. Лопухина, А. В. Птенцова, А. В. Санников, Е. В. Урысон. Редакторы тома: В. Ю. Апресян, И. В. Галактионова, Б. Л. Иомдин. Под общим руководством академика РАН Ю. Д. Апресяна. – Т. 4, ч. 1. – Электрон. текстовые данные. – М. : МЦНМО, 2023. – 256 с.
Активный словарь русского языка / В. Ю. Апресян, Ю. Д. Апресян, Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславская... more Активный словарь русского языка / В. Ю. Апресян, Ю. Д. Апресян, Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславская, И. В. Галактионова, М. Я. Гловинская, Б. Л. Иомдин, Т. В. Крылова, И. Б. Левонтина, А. А. Лопухина, А. В. Птенцова, А. В. Санников, Е. В. Урысон. Редакторы тома: В. Ю. Апресян, И. В. Галактионова, Б. Л. Иомдин. Под общим руководством академика РАН Ю. Д. Апресяна. — Т. 3. — М. ; СПб. : Нестор-История, 2017. — 768 с.
Активный словарь русского языка / В. Ю. Апресян, [Ю. Д. Апресян] , Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславс... more Активный словарь русского языка / В. Ю. Апресян, [Ю. Д. Апресян] , Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславская, Я. М. Бухаров, И. В. Галактионова, [М. Я. Гловинская], Б. Л. Иомдин, К. П. Костомарова, Т. В. Крылова, И. Б. Левонтина, А. А. Лопухина, А. В. Птенцова, А. В. Санников, Е. А. Смирнова, Е. В. Урысон. Редакторы тома: В. Ю. Апресян, И. В. Галактионова, Б. Л. Иомдин. Под общим руководством академика РАН Ю. Д. Апресяна. – Т. 4, ч. 2. – Электрон. текстовые данные. – М. : МЦНМО, 2024. – 681 с.
Активный словарь русского языка / В. Ю. Апресян, Ю. Д. Апресян, Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславская... more Активный словарь русского языка / В. Ю. Апресян, Ю. Д. Апресян, Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславская, И. В. Галактионова, М. Я. Гловинская, Б. Л. Иомдин, Т. В. Крылова, И. Б. Левонтина, А. А. Лопухина, А. В. Птенцова, А. В. Санников, Е. В. Урысон; Отв. ред. Ю. Д. Апресян. — М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2014. — Т. 1. — 408 с.
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Новый объяснительньй словарь синонимов — это словарь активного типа, согласованный с определенным грамматическим описанием русского языка, реализующий принципы системной лексикографии и фиетированный на отражение языковой, или «наивной», картины мира. Установка на детальное лингвистическое портретирование сочетается в нем с установкой на единообразное описание лексем, относящихся к одному лексикографическому типу. В Словаре последовательно отражаются семантические, референциальные, прагматические, коннотативные, коммуникативные, синтаксические, сочетаемостные, морфологические и просодические сходства и различия между синонимами, а также условия нейтрализации различий. Все словарные статьи содержат обширные справочные зоны, в которых перечисляются фразеологические синонимы, аналоги, точные и неточные конверсивы, конверсивы к аналогам, точные и неточные антонимы и дериваты (включая семантические) к элементам данного синонимического ряда. В некоторых случаях указываются специальные лингвистические работы, посвященные одной или нескольким лексемам, входящим в данный ряд.
Книга обращена к широкому кругу филологов, интересующихся лексикологией. лексикографией и теоретической семантикой, к преподавателям русского языка как родного, неродного или иностранного, а также к писателям, журналистам, редакторам и представителям других профессий, имеющих дело с русским языком как объектом изучения или орудием их работы.
The second, updated and enlarged edition of the Dictionary contains 354 entries representing the basic groups of the anthropocentric lexica of Russian and- less systematically-some other layers of the lexicon.
The New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms is a production dictionary coordinated with a certain grammatical description of Russian. It implements the principles of systematic lexicography and aims at the reflection of the language-specific ("попе") picture of the world. It also purports to combine detailed linguistic portraits of separate lexical items with a unified description of all lexical items belonging to a single lexicographic type. Every dictionary entry stores the information on the semantic, referential, pragmatic, connotative, communicate e, syntactic, selectional, morphological, and prosodic similarities and differences between synonyms, as well as on the conditions of neutralization of the differences. All dictionary entries include large supplementary zones listing phraseological synonyms, analogues, exact and inexact converse terms, exact and inexact antonyms and derivatives of the items comprising the synonym series. In a number of cases the entry supplies references to technical literature devoted to one or several of the items making the series.
The book is addressed to a wide audience of philologists with an interest in lexicology, lexicography and theoretical semantics; to teachers and students of Russian as a foreign language or their mother tongue; and also to writers, reporters, editors and other professionals who handle Russian as the object of study or the tool of their work.
РАН Ю. Д. Апресяна. — Т. 3. — М. ; СПб. : Нестор-История, 2017. — 768 с.
М. : МЦНМО, 2024. – 681 с.