Repatriation

The destruction of Julfa khachkars by Azerbaijani authorities in 2005-2006 at the state level became a stimulus for a unique awakening aimed at the proclamation and dissemination of Jugha classic khachkars. Today, if the number of Julfa original khachkars in the world does not exceed three dozen, the number of their replicas exceeds three hundred. The article presents the khachkar culture of Julfa, the process of copying the destroyed khachkars, the experience of digital repatriation.

This essay shall trace the directions of the changing concepts of legal citizenship in the nation-state of India to eliminate the inherent secularity in the Indian Constitution by tweaking the law in order to render a stereotype towards the minority Muslim population as non-nationals. Dating back to the days of the formation of Indian Constitution, one can see the nefarious changes in the nature of Indian citizenship from jus solis to jus sanguinis. As the promise of citizenship as a political identity alone has slowly been withdrawn, the Kafkaesque nature of the citizenship laws become overt. However, the creation of the new nation of Bangladesh in 1971 served as the ultimate moment of no return. After 1971, as many non-Bangla speaking Muslims fled back to India, the demography of Muslims in India began to change and so did the popular perception of their national identity. For some of the illegal migrants, the whole community was stigmatized. Not to dismiss the biased refugee adoption decisions by the state of India, one can witness the blatant Islamophobia and Xenophobia practiced by the center and other political parties in power.

This study aims to explore relationships between the motives for international mobility and observed mobility patterns. The key motives of 2,608 skilled expatriate New Zealanders were identified as cultural and travel opportunities, career, economics, affiliations, political environment, and quality-of-life. Mobility patterns, described here as the frequency, duration and cessation of mobility and the nature of the destination in terms of development level and cultural distance, were investigated. Desire for cultural and travel opportunities was the dominant motive, and the best predictor of cessation of mobility and development level of the destination. Career motives predicted duration of mobility and cultural difference of the destination. Linking motivation and actual mobility is a novel contribution to the theorisation of self-initiated mobility. Countries and organisations that understand this linkage may ultimately gain competitive advantage.

The aim of this paper was to examine the application of the Automatic Exchange of Information (AEoI) agreement through the point of view of Economic Analysis of Law Theory. This study used a normative legal method with a statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. The result of this study indicated that: first, AEoI has caused a relocation of deposits but has not led to significant repatriation of funds. The least compliant country of AEoI receives incentives in the form of transferring funds from countries that are aggressively implementing AEoI. Hence, in general, it does not change the amount of funds managed abroad. Second, by using game theory: prisoner's dilemma, it is known that the best decision for Indonesia to respond to the AEoI is to conduct a moratorium on the AEoI agreement.

Achieving “durable solutions” is a central goal of the contemporary refugee regime. Durable solutions are often equated with three routes to resolving displacement—voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement—and the concept is closely tied to ideas about permanency, protection, and the rectification of refugees’ legal limbo. Despite its contemporary prominence, the genealogy of the concept of durable solutions has not been fully considered. Accordingly, this article traces the origins of the concept of durable solutions for refugees from 1921 to 1960, examining how such solutions have been framed in international law and through the work of a key set of international organisations: the League of Nations, the UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, the International Refugee Organization, the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine, the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, and the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. By hi...

En este artículo se presenta una reflexión sobre la exhibición de cuerpos
humanos en los museos, discutiendo sus implicancias en las asimetrías de las relaciones de poder y la representación de los Pueblos Indígenas. Para ello, se aborda la definición de complejo expositivo en Chile, para posteriormente referirse al caso atacameño, susdemandas y avances al respecto, finalizando con el debate ético y algunos apuntes acerca de
la descolonización en los museos.

includes three important steps: departure, working and living abroad, and repatriation. Sending countries have also made great efforts in supporting migrant workers to return home, implementing repatriation support programs and especially community reintegration programs after returning home. The basis of this paper is to present definitions of reintegration programs for repatriated migrants. From this basis, the research objective of the article was formed to mention the general principles and conditions for support programs for repatriated workers. To accomplish this research objective, the author presents the success and limitations of some programs in ASEAN. The novelty of the research results is to give some recommendations to improve the programs on supporting migrant workers returning home and re-integrating into the community in the coming time.

Migracja Filipińczyków do Polski odbywa się głównie poprzez agencje pracy i koncentruje się na wyjazdach pracowników kontraktowych. Ten proces wynika z postrzegania Polski jako atrakcyjnego kraju migracji oraz z jej rosnącego w ostatnich latach udziału w globalnym pośrednictwie pracy. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie tego, w jaki sposób migranci z Filipin wyobrażają sobie pracę za granicą i jak do tej wizji pasuje praca w Polsce. Poprzez analizę narracji i praktyk migracyjnych, pokażemy jak pracownicy z Filipin radzą sobie w sytuacji migracji. Uważamy, że przypadek filipiński szczególnie wyraźnie pokazuje pozytywną wizję pracy za granicą. Wyobrażenia te są kształtowane przez opowieści innych migrantów, przekazywany międzypokoleniowo wzór migracji, przekazy medialne, a także narracje agencji pośrednictwa pracy. Pozytywne wyobrażenia o pracy w Polsce wynikają też z wcześniejszych doświadczeń migracyjnych. Nawet jeśli praca za granicą wiąże się z obniżeniem dotychczasowej pozycji zawodowej migrantów, to najczęściej nadaje sens codziennym obowiązkom zawodowym, ponieważ ma przynieść „lepsze życie” w przyszłości. Artykuł ten powstał z połączenia badań i obserwacji prowadzonych przez autorki na przestrzeni ostatnich kilku lat. Dodatkowo, analizę wspierają wnioski ze wspólnych badań terenowych w Manili w lutym 2024 roku.

Forthcoming from Oxbow Books ***Only £28.50 until publication*** Weben und Gewebe in der Antike: Materialität-Repräsentation-Episteme-Metapoetik By Henriette Harich-Schwarzbauer This volume presents 11 papers arranged under the four headings of the title which focus on the process of textile manufacture, the weaving process itself, and the materiality of fabric. Contributions adddress the problematic issues of cognitive archaeology, consumer research, literary theory and themes addressing both philosophical history and the history of reception of ideas and practice. The contributions seek both to close the critical gaps with respect to weaving, a broad and complex field in the area of ancient cultural techniques, and to identify new themes. The papers presented here result from an international and interdisciplinary conference under the same title held in Castelen, near Basel in 2012. Text mainly in German. 192p, b/w and col illus (Oxbow Books 2015) 9781785700620 Hb £35.00 Material Culture and Social Identities in the Ancient World Edited by Shelley Hales & Tamar Hodos This volume explores and compares two influential approaches to the study of social and cultural identities, the model of globalisation and theories of hybrid cultural development. In a series of case studies, an international team of archaeologists and art historians considers how various aspects of material culture can be used to explore complex global and local identity structures across the geographical and chronological span of antiquity. The essays examine the civilisations of the Greeks, Romans, Etruscans, Persians, Phoenicians, and Celts. They also dwell on contemporary thoughts of identity, cultural globalisation, and resistance that shape and are shaped by academic discourses on the cultural empires of Greece and Rome. 339p, b/w illus

This article aims to provide an indigenous Māori perspective on the history of scientific investigations, and more recent community collaborations, at an important ancestral Māori site in Aotearoa New Zealand. The first objective is to provide a perspective on the events surrounding the archaeological excavations and repatriation of kōiwi tāngata 'human remains' at Te Pokohiwi ō Kupe, also known as the Wairau Bar or "moa hunter" camp. The second objective is to reflect on the character and reputation of Hohua Peter MacDonald, a Māori elder and the principal opponent of the initial excavations in the 1950s. We do this by contextualising Peter's protests within a longer history of Kurahaupō 1 resistance to colonisation. We argue that despite a difficult history, Rangitāne and the scholarly community have reconciled many of their differences. Here we discuss research undertaken as part of the repatriation. Our last objective is to demonstrate how an increasing knowledge of the Wairau Bar community, one of New Zealand's first settlements, has spurred a renaissance within the ahi kā roa 2 community of the Wairau. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing, for instance, has led to a shift in focus from narratives that elevate male ancestors (Māori and Pākehā 'European') to narratives that retell the stories of female ancestors. The significance of Te Pokohiwi ō Kupe has been recognised for some time; indeed, a plethora of scholarly articles, books and book chapters confirm this. The origins of the people who first settled there, when they arrived, their means of subsistence and their material culture are questions that scholars have attempted to answer. This scholarship can be traced back to 1912, when H.D. Skinner (1912: 105-8) documented the 21 km of canals in and around the Wairau Lagoons. The "whence of the Māori" has entertained the thoughts of Europeans since the time of James Cook, but it was the accidental discovery of human remains by Jim Eyles in 1939 that brought Te Pokohiwi to prominence. For three decades following Eyles's discovery, human remains and artefacts were removed from the site, often under the supervision of professional archaeologists (

On the cover: Research under way at the Mira site, Ukraine. Ukrainian and American archaeologists worked together under the direction of Vadim Stepanchuk in 2012 at Mira, a major early Upper Paleolithic site at Zaporizhzhia that yielded the some of the oldest compelling evidence for an artifi cial structure in the world. The occupation horizons are buried beneath 10 m of Dnieper River fl oodplain alluvium. Photograph courtesy of Vance Holliday.

Repatriation of refugees is seen as the most durable solution to refugee problems the world over. It is amazing to know that onto this present moment, there are still Liberians and Sierra Leoneans in the Oru Camp, Nigeria who resisted the call for repatriation. The level of resistance to repatriation and factors responsible for such resistance is the core of this article. A combination of research methodology techniques was employed in the research process. These included the use of structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and observations. The outcome of the research revealed that 77.6% of refugees opted for non-repatriation but rather preferred the option of local integration or resettlement. Amongst the factors responsible for such resistance is the unattractiveness of the repatriation package. Others who were active in prosecuting the war, either because of their odd roles during the fighting are not sure of their security back home and are not readily willing to retur...

At the end of WWI, millions of prisoners of war and civilians were displaced across Europe, the South Caucasus, and the Eastern Mediterranean. While many made their way home, genocide, revolution, and post-war instability delayed the repatriation of prisoners of war from Russia and the Central Powers, while Russian and Armenian refugees were forced into exile. In response to the inconsistent efforts of governments, a series of international organizations intervened. Three of these—the International Committee of the Red Cross, the League of Nations, and the International Labour Organization—designed and implemented humanitarian, political, and legal measures to protect prisoners of war and refugees. By examining together international officers, national representatives, relief workers, experts, local staff, prisoners of war, and refugees, the book sheds new light on the plurality of agencies and spaces that determined the contours of humanitarian protection and refugee politics. From international negotiations to the everyday practices of care, the book argues for the emergence of a plural, discordant, and gendered governance of refugee protection. This is a history of both failures and innovations, of compassion and cynicism, set against a complex and ever-changing political backdrop.

Это биобиблиографическое описание 83-х книг по корейской литературе на корейском языке и на ханмуне из библиотеки старейшего отечественного корееведа Л.Р. Концевича, которую он в 2015 г. передал в дар Институту востоковедения РАН. С предисловием составителя, которая надеется, что вошедшие в данную подборку книги привлекут внимание исследователей и станут надежным подспорьем для написания статей, монографий и диссертаций, важным демонстрационным материалом в преподавательской работе, средством познакомиться с новыми именами и лучше узнать имена уже известные. Рекомендацией в пользу каждой из этих книг является уже то, что она входит в собрание лучшего в России знатока литературы по Корее. В помощь читателю описания книг снабжены примечаниями с кратким пояснением к содержанию.

This article examines the 1931 desegregation case based in Southeast San Diego County, Roberto Alvarez v. Lemon Grove Independent School District, through the lens of the deportation regime. This analysis reveals the ways new pressures from deportation-based immigration policies initiated in the 1920s complicated widely shared notions of transnational Mexicano identity and emphasized differences in nativity and citizenship status. The practice of apprehending individuals identified as “illegal aliens” took on a new form during the repatriation efforts of the Great Depression—removal. Within this new context, this article highlights the significance of the fact that working-class Mexican-origin migrant parents mobilized to demand educational equality for their children and to reject segregation. It illuminates how the Lemon Grove Mexican-origin community gave expression to a more expansive notion of their anti-segregation worldview than that found in the court ruling. They envisioned...

W raporcie zostały opisane obowiązujące rozwiązania prawne dotyczące zatrudnienia cudzoziemców w Polsce, zdiagnozowane bariery na drodze ku bardziej skutecznej integracji cudzoziemców w polski rynek pracy oraz zaproponowane rekomendacje w zakresie zmiany prawa i praktyk administracyjnych. W tekście szczególnie uwzględniona została sytuacja obywateli Ukrainy na polskim rynku pracy.

More than one million forcefully displaced Myanmar nationals, known as Rohingyas, are currently living in the 34 camps in the Cox's Bazar district in Bangladesh. To reduce the pressure of Rohingyas in Cox's Bazar, the government of Bangladesh has started the process of relocating some of the Rohingyas to Bhasan Char Island located in Noakhali district, Bangladesh. However, some international organisations, NGOs, and some people expressed their concerns over this relocation process. This article, thus, offers an evidence-based holistic perspective that explains the available facilities and opportunities that could bring a new hope instead of a threat to Rohingyas. Through a multi-method research approach, the paper argues that the Island is suitable for the displaced Rohingya people. It also explores that the relocation project has opportunities for Rohingyas to engage in some livelihood activities. The Island is stable and livable on a temporary basis and has adequate safety and security measures-embankments, wave breakers, shelter centers, and modern housing facilities-have been undertaken. This article, thus, concludes that Bhasan Char can offer a new hope-not a place with threats, for the Rohingya displaced people, to live temporarily before their repatriation to Myanmar.

The Covid-19 pandemic presented a period of unprecedented uncertainty. The repatriation of South African citizens from Wuhan was a first for the South African government. These special circumstances of risk presented a unique opportunity to explore experiences of military members who were at the frontline. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of South African National Defence Force (SANDF) members involved in the first South African repatriation of its citizens due to the Covid-19 crisis. This included aspects such as possible stigma, perceptions and emotions towards Covid-19, repatriation, and quarantine experienced by the SANDF members. A quantitative research approach was adopted for this study. The exploratory study used purposive sampling to include only military members involved in the first South African repatriation and quarantine procedure for the Covid-19 pandemic. The research sample comprised 13 SANDF regular force members of whom 85% had tertiary qualifications. These military members were asked to complete informed consent forms and a newly created questionnaire, the Stigma and Related Matters Questionnaire. A reliability, correlation and frequency analysis was performed through SPSS. Cronbach's alpha indicated high reliability and several strong relationships among the statements. The findings indicated that the military members involved in the return and quarantine of repatriated South Africans, were mostly positive and supportive of virus containment measures and lockdown practices. Military members did not report holding any stigmatising or discriminatory beliefs around Covid-19. These responses are in contrast with literature from other countries where people reported experiencing severe discrimination. The current responses however also support literature that reports positive perceptions on virus containment measures. More research is recommended as the Covid-19 pandemic persists in South Africa.

On repatriation. A work done at the Museum of World Culture, Goteborg 2009, on the collection Niño Corin, a wealth of Bolivian archeological pieces bought by a wealthy Swedish collector in 1970. The report is relevant today over the discussion on the coloniality of the museum, what to do decoloniality about it, and the question of repatriation.

Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) is the world’s most endangered sea turtle species,
and nests primarily on the Gulf of Mexico coast in Mexico. In 1978, a binational
project was initiated to form a secondary nesting colony of this species in south Texas
at Padre Island National Seashore (PAIS), as a safeguard against extinction. During
1978–2014, we documented 1,667 Kemp’s ridley nests in Texas, with 56% found at
PAIS. Most nests (89%) found in south Texas were from wild-stock turtles; south
Texas is the northern extent of the documented historic nesting range for the species.
We documented nesting in north Texas starting in 2002, and most nests (53%) found
there were from turtles that had been head-started (reared in captivity for 9–11 mo),
and released off the Texas coast as yearlings. Kemp’s ridley nesting increased in Texas
during the mid-1990s through 2009, before annual nest numbers dropped in 2010,
rebounded and plateaued in 2011 and 2012, and then decreased again in 2013 and
2014. Annual numbers of nests found in Texas and Mexico followed similar trends and
were correlated (R2 ¼ 0.95). We examined nesting turtles for presence of tags at 55%
of the nests located in Texas. Of the Kemp’s ridleys we examined during 2000–14, the
annual percentage of apparent neophytes decreased and the annual percentage of
remigrants increased over time. Mean annual remigration intervals of Kemp’s ridleys
increased steadily from 1.9 yr in 2008 to 3.3 yr in 2014. These changes in demographic
parameters are critical to understanding the recent fluctuation in the number of
nesting Kemps ridleys and will be used in population models to investigate possible
causes of the recent and sudden decline of nesting Kemp’s ridleys in Texas and
Mexico.

Deportations from the Unites States (US) to Mexico increased substantially during the last decade. Considering deportation as a stressful event with potential consequences on mental health, we aimed to (1) estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) among deported migrants; and (2) explore the association between migratory experience, social support and psychological variables, and CMD in this group. In repatriation points along the border, a probability sample of deportees responded to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). The prevalence of CMD was 16.0 % (95 % CI 12.3, 20.6). There was a U-shaped association between time in the US and SRQ score. Times returned to Mexico, having a spouse in the US, number of persons in household, less social support, anxiety as a personality trait, and avoidant coping style were directly associated with SRQ score. Public health policies should address the need for mental health care among deported migrants.

The Japanese army’s capture of Hong Kong in December 1941 profoundly shocked the Western world. In Canada, the almost complete destruction of Canadian army forces stationed there and the subsequent 44 months of imprisonment of the surviving soldiers is generally seen as an abject failure that could have been avoided. But less well known is the internment of the 76 Canadian nationals in Stanley Camp, where around 3,000 Western citizens were held starting in January 1942. While recent research has focused on the Canadian military’s role in the Battle of Hong Kong, scant attention has been given to the smaller group of Canadian civilians interned. This article aims to present the experiences of this community and to explain their absence in Canadians’ collective memories despite recent remembrances. The first part offers background on the Canadians interned and presents their demographic profiles before the war. In the second part, I recontextualise their lives within the camps and present their experiences from the beginning until their repatriation in September 1943. The final section contends that numerous factors, linked with a lack of proper communication and the overshadowing of other experiences of imprisonment and internment, explain the absence of the civilian internees in today’s discourse.

With a focus on Sápmi – the transcultural and transnational homeland of the Sámi people – this book presents case studies and theoretical frameworks which explore the ways in which memory institutions such as museums, archives, and festivals participate in and guide processes of appropriation, decolonization, and memory-making.

The destruction and concealment of Sámi objects in both private and museum collections worldwide have impacted Sámi knowledge systems, disrupting local ways of knowing. Appreciation and reappropriation are important acts of decolonization which seek to create openings for reconnection to traditions, languages, and practices that were forcibly suppressed in the past. Western memory institutions such as museums, archives, and galleries have had a great impact on how heritage has been collected, stored, conserved, and organized within closed walls and glass cases. As the new museology movement developed in the 1990s, numerous examples revealed how difficult it became for researchers and public alike to access heritage. Considering the proliferation of cultural interventions and the growth of Sámi mobilization, which calls into question assumptions about how best to activate and experience Sámi cultural heritage and what constitutes appropriate stewardship, this book sheds light on initiatives to return artefacts to the Sámi community. With particular attention to the ways in which Sámi self-determination and the shifting boundaries between Indigenous and settler identities are articulated, challenged, and renegotiated, it draws on approaches from critical museology and Indigenous methodologies to explore the initiation, experience, and operationalizing of restitution projects.

This book will therefore appeal to scholars of cultural studies, anthropology, sociology, and museum and heritage studies, as well as to those interested in questions of repatriation, restitution, and healing processes.

ESPITE THE TEMPORAL DISTANCE FROM THE END OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC WAR MARKED by the 70th anniversary of Japan's defeat, the war remains 'unfinished business' in the region and in Japan's domestic social and cultural sphere. 1 This article focuses on the recovery of war remains in postwar Japan as a window onto the repercussions of trauma and conflict. In particular, it examines the process of collecting the bones of the dead as an ongoing attempt at reconciliation. Quests to find and repatriate war remains attempt to mark an end to the long-term impact of war, and to finish, once and for all, the 'unfinished business' of grief and loss. These quests engage with, reflect and transform social and cultural economies of memory: the discovery of bones offers proof of the violent death of another human being decades ago. Those who search for and find them want to prevent forgetting, but also to promote reconciliation with the past by demanding acknowledgment of the death of others. As I will show here, in the case of Japanese bone-collecting missions, these processes are conditioned by the specific nature of Japan's defeat in Asia and the Pacific, as well as the particularities of Japan's own postwar transformation and the transformation of its regional relationships. But while Japanese searchers might hope for a sense of

Две главы из мемуаров С.В. Чиркина (1875-1943) «Двадцать лет службы на Востоке. Записки царского дипломата» (Москва: Русский путь, 2006, с. 200-225), связанные со службой автора в Корее в 1911-1914 гг. секретарем русского генерального консульства в Сеуле: ГЛАВА ТРЕТЬЯ. «Из Петербурга до Сеула. Первые впечатления в Корее. Поездки в Японию». ГЛАВА ЧЕТВЕРТАЯ. «Русская духовная миссия в Сеуле. Японцы в Корее и другое». С предисловием редактора.

These are two chapters from the memoirs of Sergey V. Chirkin (1875-1943) "Twenty Years of Service in the East. Notes of a Tsarist Diplomat" (Moscow: Russkiy Put, 2006, pp. 200-225), related to the author's service in Korea in 1911-1914 as a secretary of the Russian consulate general in Seoul: CHAPTER THREE. “From St. Petersburg to Seoul. First impressions in Korea. Trips to Japan”. CHAPTER FOUR. “Russian Orthodox mission in Seoul. The Japanese in Korea and other”. With editor's preface.

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We examine the long-run effects of forced migration from Eastern Europe into postwar Germany. Existing evidence suggests that displaced individuals are worse off economically, facing a considerably lower income and a higher unemployment risk than comparable natives even twenty years after being expelled. We extend this literature by investigating the relative performance of forced migrants across the entire life cycle. Using social security records that document the exact date of death and a proxy for pre-retirement lifetime earnings, we estimate a significantly and considerably higher mortality risk among forced migrants compared to native West-Germans. The adverse displacement effect persists throughout the earnings distribution except for the top quintile. Although forced migrants are generally worse off regarding mortality outcomes, those with successful labor market histories seem to overcome the longlasting negative consequences of flight and expulsion.