Emigration

vi Many archives, archivists, and personnel were particularly helpful for this project. Although they have since moved on to other pursuits, Carol and Roger Clark at the Kingsley Plantation helped me a tremendous amount from day one. From tracking down obscure documents to offering invaluable information, they were second to none. At the St. Augustine History Society Research Library my visits were quite productive because of Robert Nawrocki, Charles Tingley, and Dr. Susan Parker. Very special thanks to Dr. James Cusick at the University of Florida for his invaluable expertise and willingness to explain matters however small.

La emigración ha marcado la historia y el desarrollo socioeconómico de Galicia; si bien, en la actualidad, ha variado en gran medida la intensidad, así como la dirección y el "color" de los flujos migratorios en esta Comunidad Autonoma. La presencia de población de nacionalidad extranjera y el importante peso del retorno de primeras, segundas y terceras generaciones de gallegos, desde el otro lado del Atlántico y desde países europeos, hacen de Galicia un territorio específico en el estudio del fenómeno de la inmigración. Este artículo se estructura en las siguientes partes. En primer lugar, a través de la explotación de fuentes secundarias (Padrón Municipal de Habitantes, Censos de Población y Viviendas, Encuesta de Población Activa, etc.), se presenta un análisis sociodemográfico de la población inmigrante en Galicia, atendiendo a variables como sexo, edad, país de origen y nacionalidad, inserción laboral y residencial. En segundo lugar, se desarrolla una tipología de la inmigración en Galicia en función del origen y la nacionalidad de los migrantes (retornados, familiares dependientes de retornados de emigrantes gallegos, inmigración extranjera sin lazos con Galicia, inmigración extranjera por lazos con Galicia, descendientes autónomos de emigrantes gallegos y fronterizos). En tercer lugar, se presentan los proyectos migratorios, de cada uno de los tipos de migrantes delimitados, así como sus estrategias de incorporación socio-laboral. Para finalizar se realiza un análisis de la política migratoria que se ha desarrollado en la Comunidad Autónoma gallega.

Little is known of the structure of the international migration of skilled health professionals. Accelerated migration of doctors and nurses from the Pacific island states of Fiji, Samoa and Tonga to the Pacific periphery is part of the globalization of health care. The findings from a recent survey of 251 doctors and nurses from the three island countries are reported here. Key determinants of both present migration status and future migration intentions were analyzed using econometric methods. Nurses' and doctors' propensities to migrate are influenced by both income and nonincome factors, including ownership of businesses and houses. Migrants also tend to have more close relatives overseas, to have trained there, and so experienced superior working conditions. Migration propensities vary between countries, and between nurses and doctors within countries. Tongan nurses have a higher propensity to migrate, mainly because of greater relative earnings differentials, but are also more likely to return home. The role of kinship ties, relative income differentials and working conditions is evident in other developing country contexts. Remittances and return migration, alongside business investment, bring some benefits to compensate for the skill drain. National development policies should focus on encouraging return migration, alongside retention and recruitment, but are unlikely to prevent out migration. r

1 The ability to quantify whitefly migration provides a tool that can contribute to an improved understanding of the epidemic development of whitefly-transmitted viruses. 2 In an attempt to develop a protocol for estimating whitefly immigration and emigration rates in an annual crop, new traps and sampling devices were tested in the field and models for population dynamics were developed. 3 An estimate of immigration rate was derived from the growth of a natural population of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) in the beginning of a crop cycle before offspring of immigrants contributed to population growth. 4 A model for changes in whitefly density during an entire bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop cycle, including an immigration parameter, was also developed. 5 Non-attractant window traps surrounding an annual field crop were assumed to intercept whiteflies immigrating into and emigrating away from the crop. Captures on these traps could not categorically be identified as immigrants or emigrants, but the cumulated captures nevertheless explained 66% of the variation in population density found within the field. Hence, window traps may be used as an efficient and reliable alternative to yellow sticky traps, aspirator methods and leaf-turn methods, etc., for estimating whitefly densities in field crops.

Alors que c’est souvent a la Seconde Guerre mondiale et a ses suites que sont associees les experiences des deplacements forces, des internements massifs de civils et de militaires, cet ouvrage propose de placer la focale sur un long XIXe siecle, de la Revolution francaise aux lendemains de la Premiere Guerre mondiale. Ce livre a pour ambition de proposer une analyse conjointe et comparee, a la fois diachronique et internationale, de trois grands types d’experiences a priori dissemblables, celles des refugies, des prisonniers de guerre et des deportes lors d’un siecle qui vit a la fois ces phenomenes se massifier et — lentement encore — se differencier. Ces trois formes de circulation transnationale contrainte — alors encore comparables a bien des egards — sont caracterisees par un moment d’arrachement qui se deroule dans un contexte de violence (guerre, revolution, crise), suivi d’une migration forcee et d’une implantation provisoire ou definitive. Ces deplaces subissent alors souv...

Av: Oskar Aanmoen, bachelorstudent i historie ved Universitet i Oslo. Mange tusener av norske unge menn har kjempet slag for egne verdier på fjerne slagmarker rundt omkring i verden. De siste tiårene har det vaert en økende interesse for norske «fremmedkrigere» i den amerikanske borgerkrigen, så vel som under første verdenskrig. Derimot er det en gruppe norske krigere som ikke har fått samme oppmerksomhet som borgerkrigssoldatene og skyttergravsvokterne. Boerkrigens norske frivillige. Boerkrigen -kort fortalt. Boerkrigen, også kalt den andre boerkrigen, brøt ut i 1899 etter lengre tids politisk spenning mellom det britiske kolonistyret i Sør-Afrika og de to boer-republikken Oranjefristaten og Den Sydafrikanske Republikk. Krigen er å betrakte som en del av det afrikanske kappløpet, og en oppfølgerkrig etter Transvaalkrigen, også kjent som den første boerkrigen. Britene styrte før 1899 store deler av den syd-afrikanske kystlinjen og Natal-kolonien. Dog var det innlandets store gull-og diamant-forekomster britene hungret etter, og det var uenighetene om disse verdifulle ressursene som var årsaken til boerkrigens utbrudd. For boerne var det ikke bare en kamp om ressurser, men en kamp om frihet og rettigheter for den boerske folkegruppen, som på denne tiden var Sør-Afrikas nest største hvite befolkningsgruppe. Da boerkrigen brøt ut i 1899 var den tredje største hvite befolkningsgruppen i regionen skandinaver. Mange nordmenn bosatte seg der i jakten på urørt jord og gullrike gruver. Disse skandinavene ble en sentral del av krigens blodige forløp. Sammenligner vi litteratur skrevet om de norske boersoldatene med litteraturen om nordmenn som deltok i blant annet første verdenskrig, den spanske og den amerikanske borgerkrigen, kommer boersoldatene beskjedent fra det. Det er også tydelig at hverken norsk presse eller den norske staten i soldatenes samtid brydde seg mye om dem. Ingen av de store norske dagsavisene nevnte nordmennene som kjempet under boerkrigen, ei heller Skandinaviens Korps 1 . Dette til tross for at Aftenposten hadde en egen krigskorrespondent i Sør-Afrika på denne tiden 2 .

Významnú kapitolu dejín Kysúc predstavuje obdobie sprevádzané vysťahovalectvom do USA podnietené viacerými nevyhovujúcimi podmienkami v rámci Rakúsko-Uhorska. Príspevok sa zaoberá konkrétne problematikou vysťahovalectva z oblasti Bystrickej doliny koncom 19. a v prvých rokoch 20. storočia. Sleduje motívy migrácie a jej jednotlivé fázy, pričom obsahuje i štatistické údaje o migrantoch v danom období. Pozornosť taktiež venuje samotnému priebehu cesty do Ameriky a popisu konkrétnych cieľových miest, do ktorých vysťahovalci smerovali zväčša za účelom zárobku, či už natrvalo alebo s úmyslom vrátiť sa neskôr do pôvodnej vlasti. Súčasťou štúdie je i tabuľka emigrantov zo sledovanej oblasti, ktorá vychádza z údajov databázy imigračného strediska Ellis Island.
One of the most important chapters in the history of Kysuce is the period when emigration to the USA was very frequent. This was caused by many factors, mostly unsuitable conditions in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. This paper deal particularly with emigration from the region of the Bystrica valley at the end of the 19th and in the first years of the 20th century. It stuedies the motives for migration and its individual phases, while also working with course of the journey to America and describes the specific target destinations, permanently or with the intentio to return to their homeland. The table listing emigrants from this region is also part of this study - based on data from the Ellis Island immigration centre database.

The current article presents five letters from the Bulgarian artist Bronka Gyurova-Alcheh written in the period 1959–1968, addressed to the writer Konstantin Konstantinov and his sister – the artist Donka Konstantinova. The letters were found in the personal archive of Konstantinov, and bring to light interesting facts of the life in Buenos Aires of Bronka Gyurova, who emigrated from Bulgaria in 1951.

Praca ta nie ma w zamyśle charakteru stricte biograficznego – wpisuje się raczej w badania idei politycznych ze szczególnym naciskiem na aspekt ich płynności i zapożyczeń pomiędzy różnymi kontekstami narodowymi i językowymi. Ścisłej rzecz ujmując, traktuję Królikowskiego jako ilustrację – fakt, że na poziomie jednostkowym- tego, jak poszczególne idee mogą krążyć i przekraczać granice; albo, na odwrót, jak bardzo mogą one być do pewnych kontekstów, krajów czy dyskursów przypisane. Zakotwiczenie określonych koncepcji w środowisku społecznym może być bowiem tak silne, że próba ich przeszczepienia na inny grunt natrafi na nieprzekraczalna barierę. Jeśli rzeczywiście tak jest, oznacza to, że w historii idei, obok fascynujących przykładów mobilności, istnieją również obszary swoistego embarga, do których nie można określonych koncepcji zaaplikować czy wnieść. Obie te kwestie – krążenie i zakotwiczenie – choć są biegunowo przeciwne, to jednak spotykają się w tym samym polu dociekań, a przez to można je wykryć, stosując zbliżone procedury badawcze.

The volume presents the memoirs of Mons. Gyula Magyary (1901–1988) who taught canon law in the Urbaniana University at Rome. During the winter of 1966–1967, Magyary recorded a tape with his recollections. The memoirs focus primarily on Magyary’s diplomatic and political mission which he undertook in the autumn of 1944 under the pseudonym Francis Moly, commissioned by the Anglo-American allied powers. In addition to this, the recollections illustrate further steps of Magyary’s fascinating biography, such as his connections with the Austrian antifascist legitimist opposition, his experiences gained under the Red Army’s move across Hungary, Magyary’s role in preserving the Pontifical Hungarian Institute in 1945, finally his pastoral visits to émigré Hungarians in the 1950s and 1960s, encouraged by Cardinal Mindszenty.

The European emigration on the other side of the Atlantic was a complex phenomenon. The areas inhabited by Romanians got acquainted to this phenomenon towards the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth.  Therefore, starting with the year 1895,  a certain mixture of causes led to a massive migration to America, especially of the Romanians from the rural areas. The purpose of our study is to explore the causes of the Romanian emigration across the ocean up to the First World War to present the Romanian emigrants' features (occupation, age, gender, social status, religious affiliation, the way they were distributed across the North-American territory) and to bring forth essential aspects of the way they embraced the assimilation process. From a methodological standpoint our analyses are based upon official data of the US Census. This data is being interpreted in the light of some reference papers referring to the period that makes the object of our study. ...

The author reflects on the circumstances of his becoming a psychotherapist and meditates on their meaning. He notes the effect on his survival through childhood of his grandparents' emigration from Europe and the influence of his close-knit family on his personal needs and values. He then reflects on his early vocational interests; the transformational power of his education, as a student and faculty, at the University of Chicago; and the constructive force of his professional collaboration and personal friendship with Kenneth Howard. Finally, he considers why it is important to him not only to have become but to continue to be a psychotherapist.

Num tempo em que as comunidades de emigrantes cabo-verdianos no exterior mostram-se cada vez mais enraizadas nas suas sociedades de destino, torna-se necessário refletir sobre o papel e o lugar de Cabo Verde na sociedade de diáspora. Nesta apresentação, escolhemos analisar os modos pelos quais Cabo Verde inclui os emigrantes deportados nas suas dinâmicas sociais internas atuais. Pretende-se, portanto, abordar as formas de reorganização, na sociedade de origem, dos jovens deportados, de modo a apreender a influência do seu estilo de vida no seio das juventudes locais. O foco da apresentação centra-se nas situações em que o projeto migratório é abruptamente interrompido, capitalizando as redes familiares no país da origem e transformando Cabo Verde num espaço de manutenção do reequilíbrio do projeto migratório familiar. Abstract: At a period when the communities of Cape Verdean emigrants abroad show up increasingly entrenched in their societies of destination, it's necessary to reflect on the role and place Cape Verde in society of the diaspora. In this presentation, we chose analyze the ways in which Cape Verde includes emigrants deported in its current internal social dynamics. Is intended, therefore, address the ways of reorganization, the original society, of the young people deported in order to capture the influence of their lifestyle within the local youths. The focus of the presentation concentrates on situations where the migratory project

Lo sviluppo di un’assistenza sanitaria culturalmente competente è diventato un tema d’interesse nazionale e internazionale. L’incontro tra operatori sanitari italiani e utenti stranieri induce reciprocamente al cambiamento di comportamenti e atteggiamenti.
Obiettivo del presente studio è quello di valutare la percezione del personale sanitario in un ambiente pediatrico/ostetrico circa l’assistenza fornita ai bambini e alle famiglie di etnia diversa e individuare le strategie utilizzate per migliorare la qualità dell’assistenza.

This paper was written in 2014 for the topic HIST3001: Destination Australia: Migration since 1900 at Flinders University.
The paper explores the history of the Greek Ikarian islander community of South Australia, and the formation of the Pan-Ikarian Brotherhood of SA as a result of Ikarian migration. The essay won the 2014 Wakefield Companion to SA History Undergraduate Essay Prize.

Rosa spinosissima (also known as R. pimpinellifolia), the wild Scots Rose, has the widest natural geographical distribution of any rose species, extending from the coastal fringes of western Europe to Siberia. It has also become naturalised in North America and parts of the Southern Hemisphere. Its many vernacular names include 'Scots Rose' or 'Scotch Rose' (because of its association with Scotland), 'Burnet Rose' (because its leaves resemble those of the Burnets Sanguisorba) and 'Dune Rose' (because coastal sand-dunes provide one of its main habitats). Most of the common names used in mainland Europe also reflect these concepts and include translations of 'Scots Rose'. 'Scots Rose' is the preferred name in English. The adjective 'Scotch' is not favoured in Scotland -it should only be applied to whisky! Rosa spinosissima itself was cultivated in British gardens from at least the 16 th century and illustrated in the printed 16 th and 17 th century European Herbals. The flowers of British wild forms are normally white or cream and sweetly scented. Its fruits are such a dark purple that they appear black. The first form of the species with coloured flowers was found and described in Scotland in the 17 th century by Sir Robert Sibbald -one of the Founders of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Robert Brown raised the first coloured Scots Roses with 'double' flowers near Perth, Scotland in the late 18 th century. However, by 1830, hundreds of single, semi-double and double flowered coloured 'Scotch Roses' had been raised by Robert Brown, Robert Austin of Glasgow, Scotland and other nurserymen. The colours available included white, cream, yellow, pink, red, mauve and purple with combinations in veined, striped, marbled and tinged flowers. Some varieties were bicoloured in the same sense as Rosa foetida 'Bicolor' with the front of the petals being one colour and the back of the petals being a different colour.

El presente artículo analiza la emigración cubana y la conformación de la comunidad cubanoamericana desde el siglo XIX, la cual responde en lo fundamental a: 1. Las convulsiones políticas y la dinámica socioeconómica de Cuba, 2. El tipo y nivel de las relaciones Cuba-Estados Unidos, en espacial con posterioridad a 1959, y 3. El propio ritmo de auto reproducción del fenómeno a partir de las características de los individuos y las familias involucradas, en las condiciones particulares de Cuba, el enclave cubanos en Miami y estados Unidos en general como sociedad receptora. En dicho proceso los factores políticos tienen un fuerte componente en diversas etapas, aspecto que le otorga un carácter específico y de ventajas a los cubanos respecto a otras migraciones de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, sobre todo por la excepcionalidad de los emigrados en los años sesenta y la espacial política migratoria instrumentada por el gobierno de Estados Unidos para facilitar la entada e inserción de los cu...

A kivándorlás "Mindönöknek szömeji Tálba nyúló kezeji Egyet-kettőt mártani Mingyá húsát rántani Látod Uram hányan vagyunk Azt is tudod mit akarunk Ámen … Amerika aranybányák hazája sült galamb száll minden ember szájába." 1 Kivándorlás, mint mítosz és valóság. Nehéz szó, súlya van. Leírva, kimondva egyaránt. Egy évszázada érte el katarzisát hazánk történelmének hírhedt fejezete, s száz év elteltével jelenünknek újra kihívást jelent. A társadalom válasza egy kialakult gazdasági, szociális, történelmi válsághelyzetre. Tömegek válasza a róluk, de fölöttük és nélkülük csatározó politikai elit számára. Érzékeny pontja egy ország történelmének, hisz a szülőföld elhagyása, a kultúrából kiszakadás egyaránt trauma az elhagyott közösség és az egyén számára. Tömeges mérete olyan űrt hagy, mely sokáig érezteti hatását. Bizonyos országok esetében ez a történelmi, össztársadalmi válasz nagyobb jelentőségekkel bírt egyes korszakokban: írek, németek, lengyelek, a Balkán népei mutattak a magyarokéhoz hasonló migrációs arányokat, méreteket. A gazdasági és szociális hatásai mellett ennek azonban komoly mentális, érzelmi hatásai vannak, a kollektív történelmi emlékezetben öröklődik, sajátosan részese lesz a hagyományteremtésnek. Múlt és jelen kapcsolódik össze benne. Ettől lesz súlya, ereje ennek a szónak, kivándorlás. Mi is a kivándorlás valójában? Népmozgás, amelynek során emberek vagy embercsoportok gazdasági, politikai, vallási és egyéb okból, eredeti hazájukból huzamosabb tartózkodás vagy végleges letelepedés céljából önként más országokba költöznek. Az amerikai és Ny-európai kivándorlás kisebb előzetes emigráns csoportokat nem számítva az 1870-es években indult meg. A kivándorlásnak szinte kizárólagos iránya az Észak-amerikai Egyesült Államok volt. A kivándorlásban minden társadalmi réteg részt vett, de a kivándorlók túlnyomó többségét az agrárszegénység tette ki. A kivándorlók túlnyomó többsége nem 1 DÁNIEL Ferenc -OROSZ István 1988. 30. 7 Orosházi Újság 1910. január 23-i száma. 8 Az említett cikk: "A nemzetközi fizetési mérleg és alakulása Magyarországon". 12 SZÁNTÓ Miklós 1970. 54. 13 DÁNIEL Ferenc -OROSZ István 1988. 36. A következő vers (gúnyvers) részlete jól illusztrálja az amerikai eldorádó képét. "A fűzfákon zsemlye s kifli nyől és sok más sütemény Míg alattuk finom tejből a friss patak futva mén A sütemény ebbe potyog s ezt eszik az emberek Legyek helyett aszalt szilvák az orrukra repülnek." … 23 PUSKÁS Julianna 1982. 137. Az érintett fejadó a kivándorlást szabályozni kívánó Dillingham Bill része volt. 24 DÁNIEL Ferenc -OROSZ István 1988. 101. 32 Orosházi Újság 1901. február 17-i száma. 33 Orosházi Újság 1905. október 8-i száma.

Pendant l'Antiquité, nombreux sont les témoignages de voyages ou déplacements au coeur du vaste Empire romain. Au sein de l'Aquitaine romaine, plusieurs Rutènes - cinq hommes et deux femmes - ont choisi à un moment de leur vie de quitter Segodunum et le territoire de la cité pour émigrer ou voyager, parfois très loin de leur "petite patrie". Servir sur le limes dans l'armée romaine, se soigner auprès des eaux guérisseuses des Pyrénées, exporter le "savoir-faire" rutène sur les rives de l'Atlantique, nombreuses ont été les raisons qui ont poussé ces individus à quitter leur milieu de vie d'origine.

Óscar Freán Hernández La España de los años sesenta del siglo XX vive un momento de fuertes cambios en los ámbitos de la economía y de la sociedad en un contexto de intenso crecimiento económico asociado al progreso industrial y a la urbanización. El abandono de las políticas autárquicas del primer franquismo y la apertura al exterior facilitaron este desarrollo económico que se afianza en una coyuntura europea e internacional de fuerte crecimiento. La propaganda franquista atribuyó al régimen, y al propio Franco, el éxito de esta modernización de España, lo que en el fondo era una gran mentira. En realidad, las políticas económicas del franquismo lo que habían hecho era frenar el avance económico del país e impedir la formación de una sociedad industrial moderna en España 1 . Una muestra de este fracaso fue la incapacidad de la economía española para absorber la mano de obra nacional, favoreciendo de este modo la emigración hacia los países de Europa occidental que estaban experimentando un proceso de fuerte crecimiento económico desde la reconstrucción posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esta emigración no solamente aportó importantes remesas de dinero a España sino que actuó de válvula de escape para 1 S. Juliá, Hoy no es ayer. Ensayos sobre la España del siglo XX, Barcelona, RBA, 2010, pp. 146-147 y Á. Viñas, «El plan de estabilización y liberalización. De la suspensión de pagos al mito» in Á. Viñas (ed.), En el combate por la historia. La República, la guerra civil, el franquismo, Barcelona, Pasado y Presente, 2012, pp. 679-690.

Emigration is a social movement associated to the demand of better life conditions in different countries from those where one was born. In the specific case of skilled workers, this phenomenon is typically characterised in a negative way, due to the country’s loss of highly skilled resources, in whose education significant investment was done. While the impact of immigration on labour markets is widely studied and developed, the same is not true in what respects the impact of emigration at emigrant´s home countries. This article aims to analyse the effects of high skilled emigration from developed countries on wealth distribution at origin countries. For such purpose, an agent model was developed, and simulations are proposed to depict this phenomenon and discuss the inherent impacts.
I

THE HISTORY OF AN ANCIENT NOBLE FAMILY ORIGINATED FROM LORRAINE THAT EMIGRATED IN THE TIME OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ESTABLISHED ITESELF, UNDER THE NEW NAME MENSDORFF-POUILLY, IN THE EMPIRE OF THE HABSBOURG AND, LATER, IN BOHEMIA AND IN MORAVIA WHERE  IT REMAINS TILL THESE DAYS.  THE INTEGRATION OF THE FAMILY WAS FACILITATED AS MUCH THANKS TO ITS MARITAL STRATEGIES (UNION WITH THE SAXE-COBURG AND, LATER, WITH THE DIETRICHSTEIN) AS THANKS TO THE TALENTS AND CAPACITIES OF ITS MEMBERS (ASCENSION TO THE HIGHEST MILITARY AND POLITICAL POSITIONS OF THE MONARCHY).  THE LATTER ARE REPRESENTED BY THREE GENERATIONS, EACH STUDIED AT THE  BACKGROUND OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE HABSBOURG SOCIETY FROM THE END OF THE XVIIITH CENTURY TO THE FIRST DECADES OF THE XXTH CENTURY.  IT IS A QUESTION OF THE PENETRATION OF MORAL VALUES OF THE ENGLIHTEMENT, OF THE SOCIAL CHANGE BETWEEN NOBILITY AND BOURGEOISIE, OF THE FIGHT OF THE NOBILITY TO REMAIN AT THE TOP AND OF THE RELATIVE DECLINE OF THAT LATTER. RICH SOURCES TAKEN FROM FAMILY ARCHIVES, IN PARTICULAR THE ABUNDANT CORRESPONDENCE, ALLOW TO ANALYZE OTHER PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL: THE VALUES OF THE FAMILY OF WHICH THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NOTION OF THE HONOR, THE STRATEGIES, THE RELATIONS, FRIENDSHIPS, THE UNITY OF THE FAMILY IN THE NARROW AND  THE WIDE SENSES OF THE WORD.  THE IMAGE OF THE FAMILY IS COMPLETED BY THE ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL POSITIONS OF ITS MEMBERS (AMONG OTHER THEIR RELATION TOWARDS THE QUESTION OF NATIONALITIES) AS WELL AS BY THE STUDY OF THE ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAMILIAL PROPERTIES.

La genesi di queste pagine risale a trenta anni or sono, quando cominciai a lavorare sulla topografia tardo-antica e medievale di Vieste. Se a Roma, a Vienna e Londra riuscii ad individuare stralci e documenti d'un certo rilievo per Vieste durante i secoli XIV-XV, mi accorsi, tuttavia, che il nulla documentario imperava sovrano nella stessa città per quanto riguardava il XVI secolo. Lasciai cosi i secoli anteriori e mi concentrai su quanto accadde nella città attorno alla metà del XVI secolo. Questa svolta di rotta nella ricerca la devo alla gentilezza di Francesco Innangi, amico d'antica data, che mi invogliò a frequentare l'Archivio di Stato di Napoli, miniera inesauribile, ove restavano inediti tutti i documenti relativi alla fortificazione e alle torri costiere di Vieste. Molti erano i fasci carichi di informazioni e zeppi di nomi legati alla città; partii con un fascio, il 49 del Fondo Regia Camera della Sommaria, Patrimoni, Torri e Castelli, relativo alla Fabrica avutasi a Vieste negli anni 1543-4. Sfortunatamente, dopo 10 anni, vi fu l'attacco ottomano e tutto riconominciava ex novo; ricominciava, nel dopo evento, la ricostituzione e ricostruzione della città, della sua popolazione. Qui sta il focus delle pagine che seguono: l'inizio della "nuova" popolazione viestana, non più però estratta dai soli atti archivistici di Napoli, ma anche dai primi Libri Baptizatorum della Chiesa Cattedrale di Vieste. La gentilezza del Reverendo Gioacchino Strizzi, parroco della chiesa, mi permise già nel 1990 di avere accesso a questi due manoscritti; del primo completai una previa trascrizione. La copiosità onomastica divenne sorprendente e pensai, allora, ad una più realistica marcia di ricerca e di pubblicazione che purtroppo fu ritenuta non interessante da parte delle autorità istituzionali del posto. Ad un ciclo, pur se lungo, di buia caligine mentale, seguì un barlume di speranza. Ancora una volta, l'ultima fra le tante, l'Ing. Dr. Michele Silvestri intravide la necessità di responsabilizzare l'istituzione comunale e creò la possibilità di avanzare la pubblicazione degli atti. Nella sede del Comune di Vieste, dunque, la Dr.ssa Grazia Maria Starace e il Dr. Giuseppe Nobiletti ritennero magnanimamente di sostenere la pubblicazione e dare a Vieste un brandello di documentata verità, fatti e nomi, questa volta non tirati da leggende o miti, quanto da atti ufficiali scritti o sottoscritti dai cittadini di una Vieste in fase di rinascita. Il lettore sappia, le pagine che seguono non

Alle pendici del Gran Sasso, incastonata fra aspre montagne, si staglia una piccola e florida vallata  con una storia millenaria altalenante tra l’onore degli altari e il più oscuro oblio.
È la Valle Siciliana e Tossicia ne è da sempre la capitale. Da quando i Siculi vi si insediarono e continuarono per secoli ad abitarvi.
Caduto l’impero romano, agli albori dello Stato-Chiesa, tre papi, nati a Tossicia e nelle sue frazioni, vengono innalzati sul soglio pontificio.
Dopo l’anno mille, gli Ordini cavallereschi religiosi e i Francescani lasciano  importanti tracce della loro presenza ponendo misteriosi interrogativi sull’origine e sulla finalità degli insediamenti.
Tossicia si arricchisce, poi, di opere rinascimentali, di illustri personaggi, della presenza di potenti famiglie nobiliari;  dagli Orsini agli Alarcon y Mendoza, che vi si stabiliscono, fino a divenire sede marchesale. 
Ha origine l’infeudamento, si manifesta  il banditismo, il vento dell’Illuminismo porta alla rivoluzione napoletana, con la condanna a morte del ministro della Repubblica Partenopea, il Tossiciano Vincenzo Pigliacelli.
Il breve ritorno dei Borboni lascia il passo al periodo napoleonico, ricco di riforme. Dal Regno delle due Sicilie, con la sua florida economia, si giunge al plebiscito per l’annessione al Regno d’Italia.
L’economia arretra e avanza lo spettro dell’emigrazione. Insidie ambientali e false promesse rendono drammatica la vita di uomini, donne e bambini strappati alla terra d’origine, alla ricerca della sopravvivenza in tutti i continenti.
Il secondo conflitto mondiale coinvolge, infine, direttamente questa collettività con le brutalità perpetrate nel campo di concentramento.  Il ritrovamento di una lettera in lingua cinese e la  fuga, in una notte tempestosa, di oltre 100 internati rappresentano gli ultimi enigmi emersi dall'archivio storico.

Sur la base d’informations collectées dans les Archives nationales d’Israël, dans celles du Ministère des Affaires étrangères ou dans les Archives sionistes, comme de témoignages de volontaires de la Misgeret ainsi que des émissaires israéliens au Maroc, M. Yigal Bin-Nun, spécialiste de l’émigration marocaine vers Israël, a pu établir qu’au moins deux stages professionnels d’autodéfense, a priori sans arme à feu, furent organisés en 1958-1959 à Cambous. Le premier de ces stages eut lieu au cours de l’été 1958.
Le directeur du stage à Cambous était alors Gad Shahar (Georges Chemla), né à Tunis en 1923 et membre du kibboutz Regavim, responsable de deux des branches de la Misgeret (Maqhela, chargée de l’émigration clandestine, et Balet, chargée des mouvements de jeunesse israéliennes). Yona Zabin, né en 1925, dirigeait quant à lui le stage de la section Lavi, chargée de l’autodéfense. Les autres moniteurs étaient trois émissaires israéliens : Yishay Shtikman, membre du kibboutz Mishmar Hanegev ; Hayim Yehezqeli, né en 1935 à Haïfa ; et Roger Hamou (Ben Ami), né en 1938 à Fès.
Les stagiaires, dont l’un sera torturé à mort, étaient : Marcel Antibi (né à Fès en 1932, de nationalité française), Charles Reboh (né à Fès), Edmond Sadoun, Charles Bouhsira (né à Fès en 1938), Felix Monsonego (né à Fès), Isaac Cohen (né à Fès en 1934), Simon Corcos, Haim Hamou, Raphael Oiknin (né à Casablanca en 1927, mort sous la torture en 1961), Suzanne Chkouri, Rachel Zrihen (née à Marrakech en 1940), Lisette Elmosnino, Marie Torjman (ou Corchhia, née à Fès en 1939), Gabriel Benlolo, Jeanette Ohayon, et Jacqueline Hagège.

РУССКАЯ ЭМИГРАЦИЯ В БОЛГАРИИ СОГЛАСНО ПЕРЕПИСЕЙ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ 1920 И 1926 ГОДОВ

Пенка Пейковска, Нина Киселкова

РЕЗЮМЕ


По своей численности и исторической значимости российская эмиграция в Болгарии в межвоенный период сопоставима с „российским зарубежьем” в Париже, Праге, Белграде, при этом российские эмигранты в нашей стране, как и те в Белграде, имеют значительный вклад в развитие науки и культуры принимающей страны.
За последние два десятка лет, тема о российской эмиграции в Болгарии находится активно в полезрении болгарских историков по разным причинам: переосмысление написанного по этим проблемам в эпоху социализма, потребность в очистке идеологического взгляда на них, и создании углубленных исследований, основанных на болгарских архивных материалах.
Настоящая разработка ставит своей целью представление некоторых демографических аспектов вопроса о российской эмиграции в Болгарии, таких как: динамика российского эмиграционного потока в нашу страну, его отправные точки и этнический состав, религиозная принадлежность и внутренняя миграция российского населения в нашей стране, его половая структура. Упомянутые демографические процессы и явления были исследованы посредством количественного анализа данных с переписей населения в Болгарии, осуществленных в 1920 и 1926 годах. Перепись населения в качестве специфического исторического источника привлекла наше внимание главным образом потому что до сих пор не представляла интересом для исследователей, изучающих проблемы российской эмиграции.
Проанализированые переписи населения, проведенные в 1920 и 1926 годах в Болгарии дают детальное и углубленное (и в некоторых случаях и абсолютно новое) представление о демографических характеристиках российской диасппоры в нашей стране в 20-е годы ХХ столетия, которое в других статистических источниках затрагивалось только поверхностно, или полностью отсутствует, особенно по отношению к динамике, начальным точкам, этническому и конфессиональному составу миграционного потока из России в Болгарию, а также и относительно внутренней миграции российского населения в Болгарии, и его структуры по полу.
Кроме того, эти две переписи характеризуются использованием единой методики для сбора данных по интересующим нас демографическим показателям (пол, гражданство, национальность, вероисповедание, родной язык, место рождения), что делает их сопоставимыми и позволяет проследить некоторые демографические процессы в диаспоре.
Различия в количественных показателях о родном языке, гражданстве и национальности для 1920 и 1926 „описывают” основные тенденции в движении российской эмиграции в Болгарии. Основной эмиграционный поток приезжает из европейской части России, следуемый потоком из Украины (который представлен отдельно в переписях), и из Румынии (в основном Северной Добруджы и Бессарабии). Относительно этнического и национального состава в нем преобладают русские, но присутствуют и другие более малочисленные этнические группы (болгары, евреи, татары, армяне, кальмыки). В отличие от других стран в конфессиональной структуре российской эмиграции в Болгарии, преобладают восточноправославные, а другие вероисповедания (католики, протестанты, армяно-грегориане, мусульманы, израельтяне) - представлены минимальными относительными долями. Внутренняя мобильность российской эмиграции в Болгарии направлена с побережья Черного моря в глубь страны (с основным центром притяжения - София и Софийская область, однако также и районы Пловдива, Старой Загоры, Великого Тырнова, Шумена, Плевни) и, в частности, крупные городские центры, хотя только треть эмигрантов направляется в деревни. Половая структура старой довоенной российской диаспоры характеризуется балансом между двумя полами, что характерно для оседлых общин. В новой российской эмиграции число мужчин значительно превышает число женщин.

Russian Emigration to Bulgaria according to the 1920 and 1920 Population Census in Bulgaria. Demographic Profile.

Penka Peykovska (IHS-BAS), Niana Kisselkova (NSI)

Summary

According to its size and historical significance the White Russian emigration to Bulgaria in the interwar period is comparable to the "Rossiiskoe zarubezhie" in Paris, Prague, Belgrade, bearing in mind that Russian immigrants in Bulgaria, as well as those in Belgrade, had a significant contribution to the development of culture and science of the host country. Over the past two decades the subject of the Russian emigration to Bulgaria has been actively in the sight of Bulgarian historians for various reasons: rethinking written on this topic during the socialist era, the need for clearing the ideological perspective on it, and the creation of in-depth studies based on Bulgarian archive materials. This paper aims at presenting some demographic aspects of the Russian emigration in Bulgaria, i.e. the dynamics of the Russian emigration flow to Bulgaria, its starting points and ethnic composition, religious affiliation and internal migration of the Russian population within the country, its sex structure. The envisioned demographic processes and phenomena are investigated by quantitative analysis of the data coming from the population censuses conducted in Bulgaria in 1920 and 1926. Population census as a special kind of historical source has attracted our attention mainly because it has not been of interest to researchers studying the problems of White Russian emigration. The analyzed 1920 and 1926 population census in Bulgaria provide detailed and thorough (and in some cases brand new) picture of the demographic outlook of the Russian community in the country in the 1920s, which in other statistical sources is reflected only superficially, or is entirely lacking, especially in terms of dynamics, exit points, ethnic, confessional and gender structure of the migration flow from Russia to Bulgaria, internal migration of the Russian population in Bulgaria. Moreover in the two censuses a similar methodology was used for collecting data on the demographic indicators we are interested in (i.e. sex, citizenship, nationality, confession, mother tongue, place of birth), which makes them comparable and allows us to trace some demographic processes within the diaspora.
      The differences in the quantitative indicators of mother tongue, citizenship and nationality for 1920 and 1926 "describe" the main trends in the mobility of the Russian emigration in Bulgaria. Its main migration flow came from European Russia, followed by Ukraine (which is given separately in the censuses) and Romania (mainly Northern Dobrudja and Bessarabia).
      In terms of ethnic and national composition within it dominated the Russians, but there are other smaller in number ethnic groups (such as Bulgarians, Jews, Tatars, Armenians, Kalmyks).
      Unlike other countries Russians in Bulgaria were overwhelmingly Orthodox; other confessions of the Russian emigration to Bulgaria (Catholic, Protestant, Armenian Gregory, Muslims, Judaism) were presented with an insignificant share.
      The internal mobility of the Russian immigration within Bulgaria was in the direction of the Black Sea coast to the interior of the country (with main point of attraction Sofia and Sofia region, but also Plovdiv, Stara Zagora, Veliko Tarnovo, Shumen, Pleven) and in particular into the large urban centers, although about a third of them went to the villages.
      The gender structure of the old pre-war Russian community in Bulgaria was characterized by a balance between the sexes, which is typical of the settled communities. Within the new Russian immigration flow men significantly outnumbered women.

Nell’itinerario umano, politico e professionale di Giovan Battista Cuneo, intellettuale e giornalista fervente mazziniano, amico di Garibaldi ed esule dall’Italia per molti anni, c’è la storia della nascita del giornalismo italiano nei paesi della costa atlantica del subcontinente americano. Dalla «Giovane Italia» in Brasile, a «L’Italiano» e a «Il legionario italiano» in Uruguay e, infine, a «La Legione Agricola» in Argentina, Cuneo fu il fondatore della stampa d’emigrazione in lingua italiana che nei tre paesi ebbe uno sviluppo eccezionale. L’autore per questo saggio ha potuto consultare per la prima volta «Il legionario italiano» e la «Legione Agricola», fino a ora inaccessibili.

The human, political and professional life paths of Giovan Battista Cuneo, an intellectual and fervent Mazzinian journalist -a friend of Garibaldi exiled from Italy for many years - intertwine with the story of the birth of Italian journalism in the countries on the Atlantic coast of the uS south-continent. From «Giovane Italia» to Brazil, «L’Italiano» and «ll legionario italiano» in uruguay, and finally to «La Legione Agricola» in Argentina, Cuneo was the founder of Italian emigration press which in the three countries had an exceptional development. the author of this paper was able to consult «ll legionario italiano» and «La Legione Agricola» for the first time, which had been inaccessible until now.