Polysemy

Abstract: This study investigates the intricate polysemy of the Spanish perception verb sentir (‘feel’) which, analogous to the more-studied visual perception verbs ver (‘see’) and mirar (‘look’), also displays an ample gamut of semantic uses in various syntactic environments. The investigation is based on a corpus-based behavioral profile (BP) analysis. Besides its methodological merits as a quantitative, systematic and verifiable approach to the study of meaning and to polysemy in particular, the BP analysis offers qualitative usage-based evidence for cognitive linguistic theorizing. With regard to the polysemy of sentir, the following questions were addressed: (1) What is the prototype of each cluster of senses? (2) How are the different senses structured: how many senses should be distinguished – i.e. which senses cluster together and which senses should be kept separately? (3) Which senses are more related to each other and which are highly distinguishable? (4) What morphosynta...

Compositional Distributional Semantic methods model the distributional behavior of a compound word by exploiting the distributional behavior of its constituent words. In this setting, a constituent word is typically represented by a feature vector conflating all the senses of that word. However, not all the senses of a constituent word are relevant when composing the semantics of the compound. In this paper, we present two different methods for selecting the relevant senses of constituent words. The first one is based on Word Sense Induction and creates a static multi prototype vectors representing the senses of a constituent word. The second creates a single dynamic prototype vector for each constituent word based on the distributional properties of the other constituents in the compound. We use these prototype vectors for composing the semantics of noun-noun compounds and evaluate on a compositionality-based similarity task. Our results show that: (1) selecting relevant senses of the constituent words leads to a better semantic composition of the compound, and (2) dynamic prototypes perform better than static prototypes.

This article distinguishes homonymy, homophony, homography amd polysemy, and provides a list of the most frequent homonyms using corpus-derived data. For most of the homonyms, the most common meaning accounts for 90% or more of the total uses of the form. The pedagogical and research implications of these findings are discussed.

The article contains 36 linguistic problems, represented as multiple-choice questions, that were used at the Russkij Medvezhonok linguistic competition for school students. The problems deal with ambiguity at all levels of the language: polysemy, various types of lexical homonymy (full and partial homonyms, homographs, homophones), syntactic ambiguity, etc. In some of the problems, ambiguity is explicitly named, but in most cases it must be discovered by the solvers. It is the surprise factor that makes such problems useful, since the ability to find an unexpected interpretation of a text is a very useful skill. Many problems are based on quotations from prose and poetry and often contain wordplay of various kinds, ambiguity being one of the main sources of humour. Polysemy constitutes one of the greatest challenges for natural language processing, too, and this is demonstrated in the article by several examples of machine translation system failure. The article has three sections with problems for elementary, secondary and high school students. Each problem is supplied with the answer, its detailed ex- planation, and sometimes additional linguistically relevant information that can be used in lessons, elective courses, or linguistic skill workshops.

This article distinguishes homonymy, homophony, homography amd polysemy, and provides a list of the most frequent homonyms using corpus-derived data. For most of the homonyms, the most common meaning accounts for 90% or more of the total uses of the form. The pedagogical and research implications of these findings are discussed.

As Biblical Hebrew studies have become more attuned to the explanatory power accompanying modern linguistic theory, some theoretical pitfalls of standard lexicons have become more apparent. Specifically within the realm of lexicology, it has been demonstrated that current frameworks, such as cognitive semantics, can bring a great deal of theoretical muscle into semantic endeavours. This article applies a methodology based on such advances and shows the benefits of a principled analysis of BH prepositions, with ‫ִע‬ ‫ם‬ and ‫א‬ ֵ

This paper describes the wdydwyd construction—the tautological construction exemplified by "I did what I did," "she does what she does" and the like—and explains why it is used in the way it is used. Is it because English speakers start with the abstract tautological structure and perform pragmatic computations on every occasion of use? Or alternatively because they learn and memorize specific facts about how the construction is conventionally used? It is shown that the construction exhibits its own skewed frequencies (e.g. its strong preference for reason/cause contexts). Though the frequent usage patterns are closely related to each other (i.e. motivated), one cannot predict the whole gamut of those patterns from the tautological structure the construction represents. Furthermore, the construction seems to be cross-linguistically rare: It has no counterparts in the eight other languages I surveyed including German, Chinese, and Russian. Therefore, the online computation explanation cannot be maintained. The conclusion has to be that English speakers mentally store specific facts about the conventional uses of the construction.

Note: This paper, which appeared in the English Linguistics journal (2017, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 499-510), is uploaded here with permission from the the English Linguistic Society of Japan.

The reason for Hamlet’s hesitancy has been long one of the controversial issues among Shakespeareans. Different historical, psychological, and political interpretations all drawn out of one text, all about one character, and all incapable of ultimately settling the issue, pose the important question of how Shakespeare provides the fertile ground for such a diverse range of interpretations and makes the ultimate interpretation of his text such a challenging task. The present study seeks to elaborate on this polysemy of Hamlet’s hesitancy in the light of Reader Response Theory and suggests the reason for it to be inherent in the nature of the text, and the brilliant portion of its gaps and textual contradiction. The study concludes that it is this dynamic intertwinement of Shakespeare’s outline and the reader’s filling in the gaps that eventually makes the reader’s personality and worldview mirrored in interpretation and inseparable from the fictional Hamlet.
Keywords: Hamlet, Reception Theory, Reader Response Theory, Polysemy, Interpretation, Hesitancy

In this paper I take issue with the standard view of polysemy as the association of
a single word-form with a multitude of distinct meanings. First, I review different
approaches to polysemy, concluding that it may not be legitimate to attempt to determine
just how many meanings a word has, and what these meanings might be. I
suggest that such a programme may be the outgrowth of a particular conception
of language, which I characterize as the “dictionary+grammar book” model. This
model is undermined by the pervasiveness of the idiomatic in language. The
matter is illustrated by a corpus-based study of (some uses of) the expression all
over. The expression has a range of uses which cannot be derived on the basis of
independently identifiable meanings of its parts. All over, in turn, participates in
larger expressions whose semantic values likewise cannot be compositionally derived.
The “creative” extension of these idiomatic uses is also documented. These
findings lend support to the view that knowing a word involves knowing the usage
range of the word, rather than through the association of the word with a fixed
number of determinate meanings.

In this paper we discuss various aspects of systematic or conventional polysemy and their formal treatment within an implemented constraint based approach to linguistic representation. We distinguish between two classes of systematic polysemy: constructional polysemy, where a single sense assigned to a lexical entry is contextually specialised, and sense extension, which predictably relates two or more senses. Formally the first case is treated as instantiation of an underspecified lexical entry and the second by use of lexical rules. The problems of distinguishing between these two classes are discussed in detail. We illustrate how lexical rules can be used both to relate fully conventionalised senses and also applied productively to recognise novel usages and how this process can be controlled to account for semi-productivity by utilising probabilities.

The development of computer and information technology results in the development of word meanings. Many terms in computer create multiplicity of meanings of the same words. This also deals with metaphor as the words share some common properties. This paper is aimed at examining the polysemy in computer terms driven by metaphors. The data were gathered from seven online computer articles, and there are 17 polysemous words found. The methods used to analyze the data were referential method and componential analysis. The result reveals that many terms in computer are polysemous because there are shared properties and they can be related to metaphors. Furthermore, polysemy consists of lexicon in which words are represented and the conceptual system in which the knowledge is represented through metaphors.

In this paper my goal is twofold. For one, I will try to provide some kind of annotated bibliography of the most important works in polysemy research that have appeared in the last 15 years. I will constrain myself to those more theoretical pieces of the literature that discuss the question of what polysemy itself is in general and I will not be concerned with those empirical ones that just examine certain cases of polysemy in one theory or the other. However, this will be quite an extensive task in itself.
The structure of the paper will reflect the historical shift in attention between several aspects of the field of research, as outlined above:
My point of departure will be the excellent dissertation of Paul D. Deane (1987) on polysemy, which also includes a survey of literature on polysemy up to that date (Section 2), mostly representatives of the structural semantics strand. This survey is both exemplary in terms of philological thoroughness and very useful for our considerations because it highlights just those aspects of these earlier works that should be considered most relevant for the research today.
Then I will examine the works of researchers who explored the problem of polysemy in cognitive linguistics: the holistic cognitive semanticists (mainly Lakoff and Geeraerts) including Deane will be summarized in Section 3; the mostly German school of two-level semantics, which is based on seminal papers by Bierwisch and Lang in Section 5. The pragmatic approach of Nunberg, though it isn’t a typical cognitive approach, will also be discussed here, in Section 4, in part because it influenced both of the aforementioned approaches and in part because it appeared at approximately the same time as these.
Finally, two computational approaches will be examined: the DATR knowledge representation system employed by Kilgarriff and Gazdar (Section 6); and last but not least, the Generative Lexicon group around Pustejovsky (Section 7). I will take the liberty to draw together with any one of these groups other researchers (most notably, Ruhl, Blutner and Cruse) who do not really belong to it but whose position I judge to be sufficiently close to it.
The other, arguably more important goal of my paper is to present and compare the ideas expressed by these groups and to assess how, if in any way at all, these independent branches of research can be considered to be parts of a whole. To put it another way, I will try to sketch the overall picture of polysemy that arises when one puts together the puzzle pieces that one finds in the various theories.
My final conclusion (to be detailed in Section 8) will be that, despite the differences in the terminology and the descriptive formalisms that are characteristic of these approaches, it seems that most of them share most assumptions about what components a model of polysemy should have, what the functions of these components are, and how they cooperate to produce different kinds of polysemy. They also share some general explicit or implicit assumptions about the status of polysemy in linguistic theory.

2 "Ihkusteaz, mintzatzeaz, entzuteaz eta usnatzeaz egiten da bekhatu, ez ordea ukitzeaz bezala" (Axular 3 227-26) "Por mis sentidos, que son puentes levadizos tendidos a este mundo, sé que no estoy sola ni lo estuve. Todos vivimos y respiramos el flujo y el reflujo del mundo natural: el ritmo de las estaciones, los sonidos, olores, tactos, retozos de la luz… Percibimos el sabor de los alimentos y el abrazo del amado, nuestra vitalidad y la tierra bajo los pies"(A. Gala Las afueras de Dios) "God! This woman sees more with her nose than she does with her eyes. That's because she's blind with love, Sir" (Plautus Miles Gloriosus) 3 ABSTRACT This thesis is a cognitive semantic account of polysemy in the semantic field of perception verbs in English, Basque and Spanish. It explores why and how our experience and understanding of the five senses constrains and shapes the way in which we create mappings between the physical domain of perception onto more metaphorical and abstract conceptual domains of experience. The different extensions of meaning in these verbs, both synchronically and diachronically, have not taken place as a result of chance, but are grounded in our own conceptualisation of these sense modalities.

Here, I ask the question “How can we tell if linguists are employing in their analyses of polysemy the same senses that language users employ in their cognitive behavior?”.  My primary purpose is to demonstrate an empirically responsible lexical semantic analysis of polysemy within the framework of cognitive linguistics, grounded in empiricism and explicit, clear definitions, with the purpose of ensuring that languages users are actually employing the senses described in the analysis. To do this, I take an approach to polysemy that resolves the age-old issues plaguing polysemy research, employing it to good effect in the analysis of THROUGH.

I take polysemy to refer to a lexeme or construction with multiple senses which are differentiable syntactically as well as semantically, with a constrained number and variety of potential relationships holding between the senses. Because my definition of polysemy is grounded in syntax, the senses described in the analysis can be assumed to be cognitively ‘real’ to language users, as they actually employ these senses. Furthermore, my analysis is grounded in corpus data.

The analysis involves providing both syntactic and semantic evidence for the independence of each sense, as well as describing a plausible motivation for the synchronic relations between the senses.

The success of the approach can be seen in part as an argument against overly simplistic analyses of polysemy. Even syntactically differentiable senses, which are presumably more deeply incorporated into speakers’ linguistic routines than those that show no syntactic distinctions, exhibited a high degree of syntactic and semantic overlap and ambiguity.

This monograph contributes to the study of polysemy by resolving some long-running methodological issues hindering polysemy research, including ensuring that the linguist and the language-user are working with the same sense categories.

In this paper, I have studied the associations that exist between the meanings of words, between the meanings of phrases, or between the meanings of sentences. Semantic relations constitute of synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, polysemy, and metonymy. It is the amalgamation of examining the semantic relationships between words.

The paper discusses various techniques of discovering and describing lexical ambiguity. This is one of the top issues in computational linguistics. A variety of techniques are used for word sense disambiguation, but all of them are based on context. Yet, studying how word senses work without context and what patterns of polysemous words could be found in speakers’ minds also seems an interesting and important issue. The main approaches to WSD with or without context (in narrow and broad sense, including the situational context) are evaluated. The importance of corpora in discovering word senses is substantiated. New experimental data are presented, which allow defining subsets of senses for polysemous words for different speakers and rating the senses in the dictionary. Finally, the paper proposes to distinguish between absolute and relative polysemy and to search for ways of their adequate lexicographic description.

Reiner Schürmann has been called “one of the most important philosophers of the XXth century” and “perhaps the most important thinker to advance the lineage of Eckhartian–Heideggerian mysticism.” While many scholars who knew Schürmann and who still know his work today—which, after all, uniquely develops the philosophical and political implications of what Meister Eckhart and Heidegger had called releasement or letting-be (Gelassenheit)—would agree, almost nothing is known publicly about the ends of Schürmann’s own path of releasement: about how, for example, he discovered this term or, better, this way of life while a student at the Dominican school of theology, Le Saulchoir, or about how it shaped the way he died three decades later. And yet, as I show in this paper, this very early and very late work on and of releasement is crucial for understanding Schürmann’s trajectory and hence what he has to offer to thinking and being today. If, in his published works, Schürmann downplays or denigrates Christian releasement as derivative or even delusional, it is nevertheless this variety of releasement that set him on his path of thought. Christian releasement, in more than one sense, is also what awaited him at the end, as though his path had been a circle all along.

Building upon the model of Semantic Maps (Haspelmath 2003), which typologists have designed mainly for grammatical semantics, this chapter discusses methodological issues for a model in lexical typology.
By breaking up polysemous lexemes of various languages into their semantic “atoms” or senses, one defines an etic grid against which cross-linguistic comparison can be undertaken. Languages differ as to which senses they colexify, i.e., lexify identically. But while each polysemous lexeme as a whole is language-specific, individual pairings of colexified senses can be compared across languages. This model, understood as an empirical, atomistic approach to lexical typology, is finally exemplified with the rich polysemies associated with the notion “breathe”. Intertwined together, they compose a single, universal network of potential semantic extensions.

The metaphor of the camel passing through the eye of the needle is found in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 19:24, Mark 10:25, Luke 18:25) and the Qur'an (7:40). The Gospels seem to suggest that it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the Kingdom of Heaven. The Qur'an, on the other hand, puts the metaphor in the context of disbelievers who are arrogant (istakbarū) toward God's signs. At the outset, it would seem that the passage's contexts in the Gospels and the Qur'an are different; however, through a closer analysis of the keywords, there are textual parallels that can be extracted from both texts and go beyond simply the use of this analogy in common, as previous scholars have thought. For instance, the rich man in the Gospels is asking about inheriting eternal life, while the Qur'an also discusses eternal life and inheritance in the same context. These and several other textual parallels suggest that the Qur'an is alluding to the same context for the metaphor as the Gospels do.

Lloyd D. Graham (2020-21) JEOL 48: 63-68 [volume published 30 May, 2022]. The Great Hymn to Osiris on the Stele of Amenmose (Louvre C 286) constitutes the most complete Egyptian account of the Osiris myth. The Hymn says that, when Isis eventually located Osiris’s body, she “moored her brother”; accordingly, the verb mni is used to describe one of the most crucial events in the core myth of ancient Egypt. This communication argues that, in this context, mni concurrently carries up to seven layers of meaning.

ნაშრომი ეძღვნება პოლისემიისა და ომონიმიის პრობლემის პარალელურ განხილვას ქართული და აფხაზური ენების  მასალაზე.
The dissertation thesis deals with parallel review of the issue of polysemy and homonymy on the basis of Georgian and Abkhazian material.

The current article studies the contextual manifestation of polysemy, the influence of the context on the formation and perception of the meaning of the word. The word light in the short story The Apple Tree by John Goldsworthy has been analyzed to demonstrate the possible semantic shades it can obtain in the context.

This article reviews some recent publications dealingwith the phenomenon of polysemy,
and addresses some of the questions which they raise. Accordingto a generally accepted
definition, polysemy is the association of two or more related senses with a single phonological
form. In many respects, the definition is highly problematic. Important foundational questions
concern the nature of word senses, how they can be identified, enumerated, and characterized,
the manner in which they may be related, and the psychological reality of these constructs. A
further question concerns the kinds of linguistic units that are candidates for a polysemy
analysis. Also not to be overlooked is that fact that the phonological pole of a linguistic unit is
likely to exhibit variation no less than the semantic pole. In spite of the many theoretical and
descriptive problems associated with polysemy, it is remarkable that speakers of a language
are rarely troubled by it. The paradox is traced back to way in which polysemy is conceptualized
by linguists, against the backdrop of ‘idealized cognitive models’ of language. The
article concludes with some observations on a usage-based approach to issues raised.

Metafizik’in zeta’sında Aristoteles, ilkin hypokeimenon’un ya “madde” ya “biçim” ya da “madde ve biçimin bileşimi” olabileceğini söylemiş, devamında ise, bu üç unsurdan hangisinin hypokeimenon olabileceğini soruşturmuştur. Bu soruşturma sırasında, hem yalnızca maddenin hypokeimenon olarak değerlendirilebileceğini hem de maddenin hypokeimenon olmasının olanaksız olduğunu ifade etmiş olan Aristoteles, bir paradoksu doğurmuş gibi görünmektedir. Bu nedenle, Aristoteles’in düşüncesinde hypokeimenon’un ne olduğu konusu, Aristoteles uzmanları tarafından tartışılan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada ilkin, Aristoteles’in ontolojisinde hypokeimenon’a yönelik soruşturmanın nasıl bir yer tuttuğundan bahsedeceğim. Ardından, Aristoteles uzmanlarının konuyu genel olarak farklı bağlamlarda nasıl yorumlamış olduğunun ve bu yorumlardan doğan aporia’ların bir özetini vereceğim. Son olarak da, söz konusu paradoksun üzerindeki sisi dağıtmak adına, Aristoteles’in kullandığı “pos” zarfı üzerinden, maddenin Aristoteles’te hem “hypokeimenon” hem de “hypokeimenon olmayan” olarak, birden fazla anlamda kullanılıyor olduğunu göstereceğim.

Abstract

Aristotle mentions in his book zeta of Metaphysics that hypokeimenon could be either “matter”, “form”, or “combination of matter and form”, and then investigates which of these three concepts could be hypokeimenon. During this investigation, Aristotle, who states that both matter can only be determined as hypokeimenon and that it is impossible for the matter to be hypokeimenon, seems to have created a paradox. Therefore, the subject of “what is hypokeimenon in Aristotle’s thought” has been turned into a subject discussed by Aristotle experts. In this study, firstly, I will explain what kind of an investigation on subject hypokeimenon has taken place in Aristotle’s ontology. After that, I will give a summary of how Aristotle experts interpreted the topic in different contexts and the aporias that stem from these interpretations. Finally, in order to disperse the fog over the paradox in question, I will show that, through the adverb “pos” used by Aristotle, the matter is used in more than one sense in Aristotle’s thought as both “hypokeimenon” and “non-hypokeimenon”.

ON ONE SPECIFIC USE OF THE CARDINAL NUMBERS IN CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN LANGUAGE

The current paper examines one specific use of the cardinal numbers in the contemporary Bulgarian language. It concerns the cases when cardinal numbers function as pre-modifying quantifiers in relation to two (or more) heads of the noun phrase linked with coordinating conjunctions, the first of which is masculine gender. The purpose of the research is to study the way in which native speakers perceive the semantics and grammatical accuracy of similar structures; to examine the reasons for ambiguity in some of the examples and to distinguish the types of phrases where structural semantic polysemy is avoided.

In the following I will try to show that non-systematic polysemy phenomena do not form a homogeneous set. They can be subclassified, and the examination of each class  can  lead  to  important  conclusions  in  connection  with  theories of  polysemy  and other linguistic phenomena (especially metaphor). The main point of my argument will be that the identification of metonymically motivated polysemy with systematic poly-semy  and  that  of  metaphorically  motivated  polysemy  with  non-systematic  polysemy (which is wide-spread in the literature) is in fact not correct. On the one hand, system-aticity  in  some  sense  can  also  be  observed  in  connection  with  metaphorically  motiv-ated polysemy, as is quite well-known thanks to research in the framework of the the-ory of conceptual metaphors. Nevertheless, the nature of this systematicity is quite dif-ferent from the one that can be attributed to metonymic polysemy. On the other hand,
metonymically  motivated  polysemy  is  not  necessarily  systematic:  its  predictability  is restricted by factors (independent of the basis for meaning variation) such as the aspect of communicative needs or arbitrary lexicalisation.

Discussing diachronic development of polysemy and the causes of semantic change we have concentrated on the factors bringing about this change and will attempt to find out why the word becomes polysemantic. We seek to clarify the process of this change and describe how various changes of meaning were brought about. The resultant and the original meanings in English and Armenian will be clarified.

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les relations sémantiques de synonymie, polysémie, homonymie et paronymie dans le cadre de la langue du droit qui insiste sur la monoréférence du texte du départ et sur sa traduction précise. L’analyse porte d’abord sur la manière dont les termes sont représentés dans les ressources terminologiques car ces ressources représentent les outils principaux des traducteurs juridiques, obligés de surmonter de nombreux obstacles dus à ces phénomènes.
Mots-clés:langue du droit, synonymie, polysémie, homonymie, terminologie, traduction

In this paper, we propose a constructional analysis of the meanings of two generic motion verbs in Ancient Greek and Coptic (Sahidic dialect), the verbs baínō and bôk, respectively, both of which are glossed as ‘go’ and are characterized by extensive polysemy. We argue that an adequate analysis of these meanings can only be achieved in a framework that recognizes lexical constructions at the level of the verb sense, showing that each meaning correlates with encoding features (ranging from morpho-syntactic to semantic, discursive, and lexical ones) that are not predictable, or at best are only partially motivated. Through extensive corpus analysis, we identify such significant, frequency-based patterns of correlation, each of which represents a lexical construction. Our data thus argue strongly for an approach to polysemy in which individual meanings are represented as enriched lexical constructions, which include morphological and discursive specifications (in addition to standard valence information).

This study presents a lexical semantic investigation of the dialectal verb dašš – one of the most common verbs in the dialects of eastern Arabia – on the basis of its usage in conversational circumstances. I analyse the polysemy of dašš and its uses by native speakers in Kuwait City with the aim of establishing whether and to what extent linguistic and social factors condition and constrain the emergence and development of new senses. The paper is based on the results of an analysis of audio-recorded conversational data gathered from local social gatherings in more than ten locations and in four different governorates in Kuwait between 2012 and 2013. Most of the speakers were educated men aged 24 and above who have received formal education and enjoy white-collar occupations. The results of the semantic analysis indicate that meaning is both contextually and collocationally bound, and that verbs’ different meanings are activated according to the context in which they are used.

La presente investigación tiene como principal interés la revisión, descripción y organización, tanto cronológica como semántico-conceptual, de los significados atribuidos al vocablo "perulero", de acuerdo con lo hallado en un grupo de testimonios escritos producidos en diversas regiones hispanohablantes entre los inicios del siglo XVI y la mitad del siglo XIX, es decir, básicamente, a lo largo del tiempo de existencia del Virreinato del Perú. La base documental de la que se obtiene los textos sometidos a análisis está compuesta, por un lado, por el Nuevo Tesoro Lexicográfico de la Lengua Española (NTLLE) y, por otro, por el Corpus Diacrónico del Español (CORDE), ambos elaborados por la Real Academia Española (RAE). Es, en efecto, sobre la base de estas dos colecciones textuales, que se busca aprovechar tanto las descripciones semánticas ya disponibles sobre los significados de "perulero" (en el NTLLE) como el empleo de esta voz en documentos de diversa índole (en el CORDE), para poder determinar, en función de las evidencias obtenidas, la polisemia desarrollada por "perulero" a lo largo del periodo cronológico ya especificado.
Así, a partir de los hallazgos textuales ya comentados y, además, un grupo de fuentes historiográficas interesadas en describir la presencia de los mercaderes peruleros en el temprano comercio colonial peruano, así como tras la elaboración de un marco teórico especialmente enfocado en la construcción del significado de acuerdo con estereotipos y la configuración de redes polisémicas en torno de un vocablo, la investigación aquí planteada propone, en términos generales, tres significados consistentemente reconocibles para "perulero": ‘mercader transatlántico que se enriquece luego de transportar mercancías entre el Virreinato del Perú y la España peninsular’, ‘natural o relativo al Perú’ y ‘vasija de barro’. Se busca, por tanto, a lo largo del presente trabajo, ofrecer ciertos alcances acerca de la historia de "perulero", sus valores semánticos y las relaciones entre estos en función de lo que los datos analizados ofrecen sobre las épocas y contextos de uso y conocimiento de la voz en cuestión.

This book is the result of a joint project on lexical and semantic typology which gathered together field linguists, semanticists, cognitivists, typologists, and an NLP specialist. These cross-linguistic studies concern semantic shifts at large, both synchronic and diachronic: the outcome of polysemy, heterosemy, or semantic change at the lexical level. The first part presents a comprehensive state of the art of a domain typologists have long been reluctant to deal with. Part two focuses on theoretical and methodological approaches: cognition, construction grammar, graph theory, semantic maps, and data bases. These studies deal with universals and variation across languages, illustrated with numerous examples from different semantic domains and different languages. Part three is dedicated to detailed empirical studies of a large sample of languages in a limited set of semantic fields. It reveals possible universals of semantic association, as well as areal and cultural tendencies.

This paper examines the differences in verbal meanings between English and Czech in caused motion constructions of the type "John walked Mary to the station"-"Jan doprovodil (/zavedl) Marii na nádraží". The paper shows that English displays a relatively low degree of pragmatic explicitness; the meaning of the construction is thus determined by a more or less firmly established situational frame associated with the construction in question. By contrast, the Czech equivalents are more explicit (needless to say, the reason for this lies in the systemic differences between the two languages).

Bu tez çalışmasında, günümüze ulaşan tüm Runik harfli metinler incelenerek Köktürkçenin söz varlığında önemli bir yere sahip olan çok anlamlı kelimeler ortaya konulmuştur. Bu kapsamda art zamanlı inceleme yöntemi kullanılarak Moğolistan, Yenisey, Kırgızistan ve Altay bölgelerinde bulunan yazıtlar ile birlikte Uygur dönemine ait Irk Bitig fal kitabı incelenmiştir. Söz konusu metinlerde yer alan kelimeler ve bu kelimelerin taşıdıkları anlamlar aracılığıyla Türk dilinin eskiliği ve gelişmişliği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Anlam biliminin kapsamına giren bu çalışma, temel olarak beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci ve ikinci bölüm, üçüncü bölüme temel oluşturacak şekilde; dil, dil bilimi ve anlam bilimi başlıklarını kapsamaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde tezin iskeletini oluşturan “çok anlamlılık” terimi ayrıntılarıyla ele alınmıştır. Teorinin pratik ile buluştuğu dördüncü ve beşinci bölümde ise çok anlamlı olduğu tespit edilen kelimeler tek tek incelenmiş ve sahip oldukları anlamlar, yer aldıkları bağlamlar ile birlikte verilmiştir. Söz konusu anlamların kolayca ayırt edilebilmesi adına, kelimelerin cümle içerisindeki kullanımları gösterilerek, Türkiye Türkçesine aktarımları yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler ışığında, çok anlamlı kelimelerin Köktürkçenin (dolayısıyla Türkçenin) anlam hazinesine nasıl bir zenginlik kattığı sonuç bölümünde ele alınmıştır.


In this thesis study, all the texts with Runic letter that have survived to the present day have been examined and polysemy words that have an important place in the vocabulary of Köktürkçe have been revealed. In this context, using the diachronic analysis method, together with the inscriptions found in Mongolia, Yenisei, Kyrgyzstan and Altai regions, the Irk Bitig fortune book belonging to the Uyghur period was examined. It has been tried to reveal the antiquity and development of the Turkish language through words in aforementioned texts and meanings of these words.
This study, which is within the scope of semantics, basically consists of five parts. The first and second part, as a basis for the thirth part, covers titles of language, linguistics and semantics. In the thirth part, the term “polysemy”, which forms the skeleton of the thesis, is handled in detail. In the fourth and fifth part, where theory meets practice, words that are determined to be polysemy are handled one by one and their meanings are given together with the contexts in which they take place. In order to easily distinguish aforementioned meanings, usage in sentence of words was shown and they have been translated to Turkey Turkish. In the light of the data obtained, it is handled how polysemy words add richness to the meaning treasure of Köktürkçe (and therefore Turkish language) in the conclusion part.

This study is an investigation into the grammatically polysemous word כי in the Hebrew Bible. Despite much ink spilt on the description of this little word, many questions remain to be fully explored. Studies of the past have traditionally tended toward more or less taxonomic approaches in which the various uses of כי and the contexts in which they are found are listed with relatively little if any explanation of the way they are conceptually connected to each other. Others have tended toward a more or less monosemic approach which attempts to connect all of the uses of כי to a single abstract core that is merely modulated in context to produce its various uses. While the former give descriptive accounts of כי’s functional diversity but lack an explanation of its coherence, the latter suffer from an overly simplistic coherence that fails to recognize its diversity of usage.

The contemporary explosion of explanatorily powerful models for understanding the complexity of language based on converging evidence utilized in cognitive approaches to linguistics, fueled by newly available statistical evidence from an unprecedented amount of crosslinguistic data, calls for a fresh look at grammatical polysemy in the Hebrew Bible, with כי being an example of the phenomenon par excellence. Specifically, developments from Domain Theory, Mental Spaces Theory, and the study of subjectivity from the perspective of cognitive semantics have revealed that all languages will have a repertoire of words and constructions to mark several types of causal relationships basic to communication. Such insights are applied to the analysis of causal כי (its most prototypical usage) to yield psychologically plausible and crosslinguistically applicable categories that prove fruitful for explaining its complexity. Furthermore, such a cognitive perspective also reveals that variations within the semantics of causal כי have principled effects on its syntactic profile, bringing clarity to the ongoing question of its syntactic status as a subordinator or coordinator. The answer is found by dispensing with the dichotomy and instead locating various uses along a continuum that correlates with its semantic usage.

Additionally, a proposal is made concerning the conceptual relationship between causal כי and its various other uses that maintains its polysemy on the one hand, but also reveals the principled relationship between and organization of its functions within a coherent usage profile on the other. This is accomplished by heuristically employing crosslinguistically pervasive and cognitively motivated grammaticalization paths in conjunction with the usage profile of כי from Genesis, Leviticus, Ezekiel, Psalms Book 1, and Chronicles, a corpus of 1,058 tokens of כי. From this data is posited a typologically plausible reconstruction of כי’s diachronic development and the resulting organization of its synchronic polysemy. By employing the notion of prototypicality as determined by contextual frequency, each use of כי is presented with a relative weight of importance. This results in a usage profile that does justice to both the polysemic diversity and conceptual unity of כי.