Patent Law

"Περιγραφή
Το παρόν σύγγραμμα εξετάζει το φαινόμενο των Νέων Μέσων και της δημοσιογραφίας των πολιτών ταυτόχρονα από τη σκοπιά της ηθικής, της επικοινωνίας, αλλά και του δικαίου της επικοινωνίας. Απευθύνεται σε όλους όσοι ασχολούνται σε επίπεδο θεωρίας ή πράξης με τα Νέα Μέσα και το Δίκαιο της Επικοινωνίας και, δεδομένου ότι η γλώσσα γραφής του είναι απλή και κατανοητή, μπορεί να αποτελέσει σημαντικό βοήθημα όχι μόνο για τους νομικούς, αλλά και για κάθε πολίτη-χρήστη των Νέων Μέσων.
Εξετάζονται ειδικότερα:
• Η επικοινωνιακή διάσταση των Νέων Μέσων, τα χαρακτηριστικά τους, οι θεωρίες που διέπουν τη λειτουργία τους, το κίνημα της δημοσιογραφίας των πολιτών στα Νέα Μέσα και οι αξίες του,
• ζητήματα σχετικά με την εφαρμογή της ελευθερίας της έκφρασης και του Τύπου στα Νέα Μέσα, τον περιορισμό των ελευθεριών, την ευθύνη που επισύρει η παραβίασή τους, σε συνάρτηση και με τη δυνατότητα για ανώνυμη έκφραση που παρέχουν τα Μέσα αυτά,
• ζητήματα ιδιωτικού διεθνούς δικαίου στα Νέα Μέσα,
• ζητήματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας στα Νέα Μέσα, σε συνάφεια με τις αλλαγές που συντελούνται στο πεδίο της οικονομικής ανάπτυξης και εκδηλώνονται με την παγκόσμια κρίση,
• σκέψεις για τη ρύθμιση του κυβερνοχώρου.
"

A Lei de Defesa da Concorrência de 2011 inseriu dentre as hipóteses de ato de concentração sujeitas ao controle de estruturas os chamados “contratos associativos”. Por se tratar de categoria que carecia de definição legal, essa previsão ensejou debate a respeito de quais modalidades contratuais deveriam ser notificadas previamente ao Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica – CADE, o que motivou a edição de duas resoluções por esta autarquia para disciplinar a matéria. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho almeja discutir o enquadramento de contratos envolvendo direitos de propriedade intelectual como associativos e, consequentemente, a obrigatoriedade de notificação dessas operações ao CADE, além da adequação da regulamentação brasileira à prática internacional antitruste relativamente a esses contratos. Para alcançar esses desígnios, verificamos a legislação internacional pertinente, a literatura brasileira e realizamos uma pesquisa jurisprudencial junto ao CADE. Concluímos que, embora o Brasil preveja uma categoria de ato de concentração que não encontra paralelo nos Estados Unidos e na União Europeia, os atuais critérios de notificação dos contratos associativos afastam os contratos de licenciamento não exclusivo de propriedade intelectual da incidência do controle preventivo, o que deixa o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro em linha com esse benchmark internacional.

A new and distinct June-bearing strawberry cultivar named
‘Saint-Jean d’Orléans’ is primarily adapted to the growing
conditions of Eastern Central Canada. Its high yield of
medium sized, ?rm, light-red glossy fruits, resistance to leaf
diseases, long shelf life and high levels of given antioxidants
essentially characterize ‘Saint-Jean d’Orléans’.

The fact that people are increasingly locked into their smartphones, tablets and other technological tools which put work, games and music at their fingertips has an impact not only on everyday life but also on competition issues. Indeed, in recent years, several courts and competition authorities have
observed that patent holders may acquire a dominant position as their IP rights happen to be essential to implement a specific industry standard.

La bioprospection peut être définie comme l’inventaire et l’évaluation des éléments constitutifs de la diversité biologique ou biodiversité d’un écosystème particulier. Cette démarche présente un intérêt scientifique certain pour la connaissance de la biodiversité, son utilisation durable et le cas échéant sa valorisation (produits pharmaceutiques, cosmétiques, nouvelles variétés végétales, etc.). Effectuée en collaboration avec les populations autochtones et locales détentrices de connaissances associées aux ressources, la bioprospection a permis des avancées considérables. Il s’agit néanmoins d’activités qui ont parfois été très critiquées en raison des conditions d’accès et d’utilisation des ressources et des conditions de collaborations avec les populations détentrices de savoirs. Ainsi, entre bioprospection et biopiraterie la frontière est parfois difficile à définir et très souvent difficile à appréhender pour les chercheuses et les chercheurs.


Durant cet atelier, j’aborderai des cas récents de bioprospection, en particulier le cas du brevet « Utilisation de l’acide rosmarinique et de ses dérivés pour traiter la ciguatéra » et le brevet « Simalikalactone e et son utilisation comme médicament ». Il s’agira de décortiquer les différentes phases de ces projets, de la collecte jusqu’à la valorisation des résultats afin de mettre en évidence les enjeux scientifiques, éthiques et juridiques associés à ces cas.


Une analyse du cadre juridique au sein duquel évoluent les bioprospecteurs sera présentée. Cela sera l’occasion de mettre en évidence le caractère complexe de ce cadre ainsi que la position inconfortable dans laquelle il place les chercheuses et les chercheuses.

O presente artigo busca discutir os sentidos e disputas em torno do licenciamento compulsório para medicamentos no marco da política externa brasileira através de um investimento bibliográfico sobre a produção de antirretrovirais a partir das reconfigurações do campo suscitadas pelas mais recentes inovações farmacológicas no que diz respeito à busca de uma cura para a Aids e contenção do crescente avanço do HIV.

The hormones era from 1900 to the 1960s was a period of intensifying pharmaceutical industry internationalisation and competition within and across national boundaries. Patents and patent strategy were essential aspects of this evolutionary process. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by living organisms including humans. They form a wide range of products from anti-inflammatories to contraceptives. As soon as hormones were found to have commercial potential, industry faced the challenge of how to mass-produce them. This was obviously a scientific matter, but it was also a business issue and an intellectual property one. Both production pathways of extraction and hormone synthesis turned out to be equally capable of resulting in patentable subject matter. This was so even when said matter was based on a substance produced by an organism or else was a laboratory-produced copy of one. This set a historic precedent for the patenting of “natural” things like antibiotics, genes, cells, microbes, plants and animals. Thus, the patenting of hormones helped allow us to conceive of biotechnological products as patentable inventions.

L’« ère des hormones », de 1900 aux années 1960, a été une période intense pour l’industrie pharmaceutique quant à la mondialisation et à la concurrence à l’intérieur et au-delà des frontières nationales. Les brevets et les stratégies liées aux brevets étaient des éléments essentiels de ce processus d’évolution. Les hormones sont des transmetteurs chimiques produits par les organismes vivants, dont les humains. Elles se retrouvent dans un large éventail de produits, notamment les médicaments anti-inflammatoires et les contraceptifs. Dès la découverte du potential commercial des hormones, l’industrie a dû relever le défi de les produire en grande quantité. Évidemment, il s’agissait d’une question scientifique, mais touchait éaglement au monde des affaires et de la propriété intellectuelle. Les modes de production - extraction ou synthèse - des hormones se sont avérés tous les deux également capables de produire de la matière brevetable. Tel était le cas, même lorsque la matière était basée sur une substance produite par un organisme ou une copie produite en laboratoire. Cette situation a créé un précédent historique en ce qui a trait à l’octroi de brevets pour les « choses naturelles », comme les antibiotiques, les gènes, les cellules, les microbes, les plantes et les animaux. Par conséquent, le fait de breveter des hormones nous a permis de réaliser que les produits biotechnologiques peuvent être des inventions brevetables.

The prospect of licensing patents that are essential to standards on an industry-wide scale is a major incentive for companies to invest in standardization activities. Most standard development organizations (SDOs) have defined intellectual property rights (IPR) policies whereby SDO members must commit to licensing their standard-essential patents (SEPs) on Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms. This study aims to provide a consistent framework for both the interpretation of FRAND commitments and the definition of FRAND royalties. Our methodology is built on the analysis of landmark and significant decisions taken by courts and competition authorities in Europe and worldwide. The purpose of the comparative analysis is to provide a comprehensive overview of how FRAND licensing terms have been defined in the evolving case law, while testing the economic soundness of the concepts and methodologies applied by courts and antitrust authorities.

This paper investigates the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the process of standardization in the telecommunications industry. We take the global system for mobile communications (GSM) case as a highly relevant example, being part of a high-tech industry in which standards play a large role. In the process of designing the GSM standard, a lot of attention has been given to IPRs, mainly to avoid a situation in which a single IPR holder could hamper or even totally block the development of the standard. Nevertheless, the ultimate GSM standard contains a large amount of so-called 'essential IPRs', i.e., IPRs without which the implementation of GSM products is impossible.

On the first anniversary of Vanda, 1) to what extent have legal arguments and claim amendments based on Vanda been effective in overcoming 35 USC 101 Mayo-based rejections?; and 2) How are applicants transforming diagnostic patent claims into method of treatment claims to overcome Mayo-based subject matter eligibility rejections?

Banyak sekali yang telah menulis teori tentang kepemilikan (property). Kepemilikan selalu dan tetap menjadi salah satu pelajaran utama dalam teori ilmu sosial. Sebagai seperangkat hak (yaitu gagasan bahwa kepemilikan adalah bundel hak), ia masih tetap menjadi objek utama analisis filosofis. Literatur yang membahas kepemilikan sangat berlimpah, namun relatif sedikit yang secara eksplisit membahas tuntas mengenai kepemilikan intelektual. Mungkin, karena anggapan bahwa teori kepemilikan secara umum—dalam literatur nasional jamak diistilahkan dengan “kebendaan/kepemilikan” (pnj.)—dengan sendirinya sudah dianggap mencakup semua bentuk kepemilikan, termasuk kepemilikan intelektual.

Mungkin asumsi tersebut benar dan mungkin juga tidak. Seperti hak milik lainnya, hak milik intelektual terkait dengan hubungan antarindividu. Tidak seperti hukum hak milik atas benda-benda berwujud, hukum mengenai hak milik intelektual berkaitan dengan kepemilikan atas objek abstrak. Algoritma dan formula penisilin serta turunannya adalah contoh dari objek abstrak. Banyak orang membutuhkan, mengonsumsi, dan tidak bisa lepas dari objek semacam itu. Banyak terjadi hubungan saling membutuhkan satu sama lain yang mencirikan kehidupan sosial dan corak pekerjaan di masyarakat “online” modern terkait dengan objek-objek abstrak tadi. Sebuah bentuk kepemilikan yang memungkinkan seseorang mengontrol objek abstrak yang bernilai guna tadi yang telah menciptakan banyak bentuk hubungan antarinvidu di masyarakat. Hal tersebut kemudian membengkak menjadi akumulasi kekuatan individu.

Hak untuk tidak diganggu, yaitu kebebasan-negatif seseorang, akan menghadapi ancaman lebih serius. Ada banyak yang dipertaruhkan ketika kepemilikan memperluas jangkauan ke objek-objek abstrak. Untuk alasan-alasan seperti ini, setidaknya patut dipertanyakan, apakah kita harus mengakomodasi kepemilikan intelektual dalam satu akun tertentu atau mengaturnya di beberapa akun peraturan yang ada yang memiliki kaitan dengan kepemilikan atau apakah kita harus mengembangkan teori kepemilikan intelektual tersendiri?

Buku ini di awal-awalnya akan mengetengahkan jawaban dari pertanyaan tadi. Penting untuk merujuk karya tiga tokoh pemikir besar tentang kepemilikan: Locke, Hegel, dan Marx. Sebagai kesimpulannya, tidak usah kaget, karya-karya mereka membantu kita memahami banyak hal tentang fenomena kepemilikan intelektual. Tapi, tidak ada teori terkait kepemilikan intelektual dengan komprehensif yang disuguhkan di dalam buku saya ini. Sebaliknya, bab terakhir buku ini berisi pendapat bahwa cara pandang filosofis mazhab instrumentalisme harus menjadi pandu kita dalam membangun pendekatan interdisipliner dan teori-teori kepemilikan intelektual. Lebih jauh, dalam kasus kepemilikan intelektual, istilah “hak milik” yang ada sekarang ini harus diganti dengan istilah “hak privilese”. Sebuah pekerjaan rumah untuk meletakkan dasar-dasar bagi hak privilese ini. Bab terakhir buku ini berisi pendapat mengenai perlunya menciptakan inti dari teori kepemilikan intelektual.

L’articolo ha tentato di verificare quali conseguenze comporti per l’inventore la scelta datoriale in ordine al regime di sfruttamento del trovato originale. L’analisi svolta ha evidenziato come i diritti morali dell’inventore siano maggiormente esposti a pregiudizio, soprattutto nel caso in cui l’invenzione venga sfruttata in regime di segretezza. Si è altresì rilevato come possano sorgere criticità nell’erogazione dell’equo premio.

This engaging and accessible study looks at the origins, evolution, purpose, and limitations of intellectual property. Detailing how intellectual property affects industry, politics, cultural expression, and medical research, Aram Sinnreich takes a multidisciplinary approach to uncover what’s behind the current debates and what the future holds for copyrights, patents, and trademarks.

Based on the notion that intellectual property law is not merely a property right but also a mechanism of cultural and economic regulation with significant consequences for democratic institutions, global businesses, arts, and the sciences, Sinnreich draws on media studies, communications, law, economics, and cultural studies as he provides a blueprint for understanding intellectual property rights and underlines the important and pervasive role that they play in everyone’s lives.

Publication Date (Yale Press): May, 2019.
Available for pre-order on Amazon: http://bit.ly/sinnIP

Persona e comunità familiare" Salerno, 28 -29 settembre 2012 Relazioni 1 www.comparazionedirittocivile.it LA BREVETTABILITÀ DEL VIVENTE UMANO: RIFLESSIONI DI DIRITTO COMPARATO VIRGILIO D'ANTONIO SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. -2. Il problema della brevettabilità del vivente: il quadro normativo europeo. -3. L'impostazione statunitense. -4. I titoli di privativa relativi ad embrioni e materiale biologico umano. -5. Considerazioni conclusive.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. Incidenza del principio di territorialità in tema di proprietà intellettuale sulla fase del riconoscimento delle decisioni. – 2. Il regime generale del riconoscimento delle decisioni ex Reg. n. 44/2001. Principi generali. – 3. Il riconoscimento delle decisioni sull’esistenza e validità del diritto di privativa. Il controllo sulla competenza del giudice d’origine. – 4. Il giudizio di con- traffazione: il riconoscimento delle decisioni di condanna. – 5. (Segue): e la circolazione delle mi- sure coercitive. – 6. I provvedimenti provvisori e cautelari e la loro circolazione.

Актуальні проблеми інтелектуального, інформаційного, ІТ та Інтернет права: матеріали П’ятої міжнародної науково – практичної конференції (Львів, 28 травня 2021 р.). – Львів: Юрид. ф–т Львів. нац. ун–ту ім. І. Франка, 2021. – 224 с.
У матеріалах Збірника представлені результати науково – практичних досліджень науковців провідних вищих навчальних закладів України та практичних працівників з основних проблем права інтелектуальної
власності, інформаційного ІТ та Інтернет права.
Видання адресоване науковим співробітникам, викладачам юридичних факультетів та вищих юридичних навчальних закладів, аспірантам, здобувачам, студентам, а також працівникам суду, патентним повіреним, адвокатам, іншим практикуючим юристам та усім небайдужим до осягнення нових знань у сфері інтелектуального, інформаційного, ІТ та Інтернет права.

Terceiro Seminário dos "IP Topics for Engineering" ao Programa de Doutoramento em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica. Dia 16 de fevereiro de 2018.

Purpose – This paper applies Schumpeter’s innovation theory approach to current patent policy. The theoretical analysis examines whether the patent policy harms to innovation level in the innovation driven economy. The aim of this paper is answering the question: Does current patent policy is stimulating or has destructive impact on economic development driven by innovations? 
Design/Methodology/approach – In this paper there were discussed how patent policy can influence the innovation level in Innovation Driven Economy. Author has focused on literature study and presented theoretical concept of “Patent Wave Curve”.
Findings – Part I of this paper discusses the role of the patent policy in the economy and highlights policy concerns raised by actions of certain entities. Part II concludes with a brief overview of Schumpeter’s innovation wave concept in the conditions of  increased amount of patent applications.  Author therefore suggest that the economic and patent policy debate should change its attention toward finding significant ways of identifying innovation destructive behaviors, instead of eliminating certain business models.
Originality/value – With reference to Schumpeter’s innovation theory author presented in paper “Patent Wave Curve” concept. Having regard Schumpeter’s creative destruction, patent racing theory, the current number of patent applications  and patent policy problems (such as NPEs or PAEs activity) there is a point the economy when without proper impulse it is pushed into “innovation stagnation trap”.

The trend of continued rejection of compulsory licence applications in India goes against the local generic drug manufacturers and public health safeguards incorporated in the Indian patent law. It raises serious questions about the intervening role of the state in patent monopoly to equalise the competing interests between patent holders and consumers of "public good." This trend indicates a policy shift of the government regarding compulsory licensing.

У монографії досліджено як теоретичні, так і практичні складові
правової охорони об’єктів інтелектуальної власності у сфері охорони здоров’я. Розглянуто положення національного і міжнародного законодавств та практики судів щодо обмеження зловживання монопольними правами інтелектуальної власності з метою забезпечення реалізації права на охорону здоров’я. Водночас проаналізовано положення законодавства та патентна практика щодо охорони об’єктів інтелектуальної власності, що
можуть застосовуватися у сфері охорони здоров’я. Запропоновано низку змін до законодавства з метою гармонізації правового регулювання правовідносин у сфері охорони здоров’я та прав інтелектуальної власності.

NOVOS DIREITOS INTELECTUAIS: Estudos Luso-Brasileiros sobre Propriedade Intelectual, Inovação e Tecnologia
O livro organizado por Marcos Wachowicz, Alexandre Libório Dias Pereira e Pedro de Perdigão Lana é fruto da rede de pesquisa formada por juristas portugueses e brasileiros da Universidade de Coimbra/Portugal e da Universidade Federal do Paraná, que compartilham experiências, conhecimentos e ousadia.

É com muita satisfação que publicamos essa a obra coletiva, depois de meses de trabalhos conjuntos realizados entre os pesquisadores de Mestrado/Doutorado da Universidade de Coimbra (UC/ ́PORTUGAL) e os pesquisadores do Grupo de Pesquisa de Direito Autoral e Industrial da Universidade Federal do Paraná (GEDAI/UFPR), vinculado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito (PPGD/UFPR). O projeto de pesquisa que culmina com a publicação em livro.

Apesar da notória proximidade entre a legislação e cultura jurídica do Direito Intelectual português e brasileiro, existiam poucas obras comparativas na área. A presente obra coletiva busca suprir esta lacuna nos textos acadêmicos.

Esperamos, dessa forma, estimular o diálogo entre esses sistemas jurídicos, apontando questionamentos e soluções que um pode trazer ao outro, como a maior influência das perspectivas norte-americanas no Brasil e das discussões e normas da União Europeia em Portugal.

Assim a presente obra foi estruturada a partir de dois eixos temáticos, a saber:

EIXO 1: Propriedade Intelectual e Novas Tecnologias

EIXO 2: Propriedade Intelectual e Inovação

Ao apresentar sinteticamente os textos dentro dos eixos temáticos se percebe a existência de um encadeamento lógico das ideias e das correlações existentes entre o direito português e brasileiro.

Os professores, Alexandre Dias Pereira e Heloísa Gomes Medeiros abordam a tutela jurídica dos programas de computador, com foco naqueles executados por robôs (programas de computador executando programas de computador) e outros reflexos na propriedade intelectual.

Os pesquisadores, Pedro de Perdigão Lana e Lukas Ruthes Gonçalves investigam a tutela por direito autoral de obras geradas por inteligência artificial, aprofundando o tema pincelado no penúltimo capitulo do artigo anterior. Partem de uma discussão dogmática, pensando em como esses direitos existiriam sob as normas já estabelecidas, finalizando com alguns apontamentos valorativos sobre o tema.

O leitor encontrará uma abordagem sobre alguns dos principais conceitos e problemas relativos à proteção de dados no sistema brasileiro e português/europeu. O artigo é escrito por Erica Nogueira Soares D ́Almeida e Alice de Perdigão Lana, que apresentam uma sólida crítica ao paradigma do consentimento que está na base de diversas legislações sobre dados pessoais.

O pesquisador, Rangel Oliveira Trindade escreve sobre a tecnologia blockchain, sob a perspectiva de sua escalabilidade, revisão técnica jurídica e alianças de cooperação, se referindo à Aliança Portuguesa de Blockchain como um exemplo a ser seguido pelo Brasil.

Os pesquisadores, Bibiana Biscaia Virtuoso e Marcos Wachowicz revisitam um tema já tradicional do direito autoral, mas cuja crítica permanece pertinente. A Gestão Coletiva de direitos autorais já foi largamente modificada pelo advento dos meios digitais, e novas investigações dogmáticas sobre o tema servem como base para pensar no papel das EGCs diante das mais recentes tecnologias.

As pesquisadoras, Bruna Homem de Souza Osman e Nídia Simões Cristino contribuíram com detalhada análise comparativa sobre a proteção pelo direito da propriedade intelectual das criações da moda. As autoras explicitam as diferenças criativas no mundo do design, aliando a abordagem estritamente jurídica com uma reformada histórica da construção de valores e conceitos de propriedade intelectual nesse contexto.

Os pesquisadores, Luciana Reusing e Vinicius de Holanda Costa partem de uma abordagem eminentemente legal do instituto de concorrência desleal, ressaltando a proximidade do sistema português e do brasileiro. O detalhamento das leis relevantes serve como base para evidenciar a aplicação dessas regras no comercio eletrônico e na responsabilização dos infratores.

As pesquisadoras, Bruna Ribeiro dos Santos Titoneli Berco e Áthilla S. da Silva fazem, em sucinto artigo, uma análise teórica sobre a possibilidade e legitimidade da responsabilização civil relativa a ilícitos cometidos na internet.

E por fim, a pesquisadora, Carolina Costa aborda, pela ótica portuguesa, o conflito entre o interesse público e privado no Direito de Autor. Essa eterna tensão serve como fundamento desse conjunto de normas, explicando a maior ou menor força dos limites e exceções a depender dos valores constitucionais de determinado país.

Uma ótima leitura, e que você, caro leitor, encontre nesses textos respostas de algumas das muitas dúvidas que possa ter sobre propriedade intelectual, inovação e tecnologias contemporâneas.

As publicações do Grupo GEDAI/UFPR são espaços de criação e compartilhamento coletivo, visando facilitar o acesso às pesquisas pela INTERNET, disponibiliza-as gratuitamente para download no site www.gedai.com.br

У матеріалах Збірника представлені результати науково – практичних досліджень науковців провідних вищих навчальних закладів України та практичних працівників з основних проблем права інтелектуальної
власності, інформаційного ІТ та Інтернет права.

The ability to protect and safeguard cultural heritage is of vital importance to some communities. Without the ability to maintain control over these expressions, external subjects could freely appropriate them, which could negatively affect the community’s identity, spirituality, and general well-being. Increasing awareness regarding cultural heritage provides momentum to better define a legal framework for the protection of the intangible goods that constitute cultural heritage. It is fundamental to ascertain whether the current intellectual property rights (IPR) regime represents an adequate model of protection vis-a-vis intangible cultural heritage (ICH). The culture’s unique concerns, which variably affect ICH, make it difficult to compare the rationales for these two legal domains. These concerns are pivotal in elaborating the need for legal protection. Not only does misuse and misappropriation of ICH cause economic damage, but it also violates the community’s human rights and...

Information Technology Act 2000, doesn't make reference to any word about Intellectual Property assurance while breach of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is one of the most challenging region on the internet. Just as Copyright and Domain names violations do happen on the web yet Copy Right Act 1957 and Trade Mark Act 1999 are quiet on that which explicitly manages the issue. Along these lines, we have no authorization apparatus to guarantee the insurance of space names on net. The time has arrived, where we should underwrite exceptional enactment for the insurance of Intellectual Property Rights on the internet. This paper is an attempt to depict Intellectual Property Rights in accord to cyber space. Some key questions which are answered in this paper are -
1) How are IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) connected with cyber space ?
2) What kind of IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) are available in cyber space ?
3) Are there any loopholes in the legal system regulating IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) in cyber space ?
This paper is a twofold scenario which initially describes Intellectual Property Rights and cyber security, cyber space. At the end, this paper provides some suggestions in order to improvise the current legislative regime regulating IPR in cyber space.

Розглянуто систему інтелектуальної власності в Україні. Викладено основні положення законодавства України з питань інтелектуальної власності та її правової охорони; відзначено особливості авторського права і суміжних прав, а також права промислової власності. Відображено відомості про порядок проведення патентних досліджень та складання звіту про них, порядок виявлення винаходу та проведення експертизи заявки на об’єкти промислової власності, а також висвітлено питання міжнародного співробітництва у сфері інтелектуальної власності.
Для студентів вищих навчальних закладів усіх спеціальностей. Може бути використаний аспірантами, викладачами і тими, хто бажає поглибити свої знання у сфері інтелектуальної власності.

Carl Christol in 1964 said : "Science soars like an eagle and Law drags on like a turtle". This is exactly the situation we see when it comes to the protection of intellectual property rights in outer space. This article will briefly describe what intellectual property rights comprise of, how they are relevant in outer space and what the current legal regime in place for outer space says about the matter. It will then look into the ‘flags of convenience’ problem that comes alongside the law advocated by the current regime and it will at the end, provide some recommendations and a conclusion as to the way forward.

The economic value of a patent is reflected in its enforcement. If the patent owner suspects an infringement of their patent, they may react more or less aggressively. The German law distinguishes in particular between the softer notice for production of legitimacy claim (Berechtigungsanfrage) and the stricter cease-and-desist letter (Abmahnung), which can be sent to the potential infringer prior to the initiation of legal proceedings but are not mandatory. Recently, the Düsseldorf Appeal Court (Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf) had an opportunity to look more closely at this distinction (OLG Düsseldorf, judgment of 6 March 2014, Case No. I-2 U 42 /13) - and pursues a strict policy.

Since the mapping of the human genome and the technical innovations in the field of biotechnology, patent law has gone through great controversies. Protection is required for an investor to make an investment but how broad should the given protection be? Whether the invention is a micro-organism capable of dissolving crude oil, or the gene of a soya plant, the genetic engineering required for their production entails vast amounts of capital. The policy in that respect is tailored by legislative acts and judicial decisions, ensuring a fair balance between the interests of patent right holders and third parties. However, the policy differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, thus creating inconsistencies with regards to the given protection to the same invention, and as a result this could deter innovation and promote stagnation. The most active actors shaping the patent policy on an international level are the patent offices of the United States of America, Japan and the European Patent Organization. These three patent offices have set up a cooperation programme in order to promote and improve efficiency with regards to their patent policies on a global scale. However, recent judicial developments have shown that the policy in respect to the field of biotechnology differs between the patent regimes of the United States of America and the two-layer system of the European Patent Organisation/the European Union.

La legislazione d’urgenza, adottata per fronteggiare la pandemia, è andata ad innestarsi su un complesso sistema normativo stratificatosi nel tempo e caratterizzato da una costante tensione tra due esigenze contrapposte: da un lato garantire l’accesso al farmaco al fine di tute-lare il bene fondamentale della salute; dall’altro lato consentire lo sfruttamento esclusivo della proprietà intellettuale sul farmaco al fine di incentivare l’innovazione e la ricerca nel settore (sul presupposto che i costi per la ricerca e l’innovazione siano stati affrontati dallo stesso titolare del diritto di proprietà intellettuale). Contemporanea-mente al riconoscimento del diritto di proprietà intellettuale sui farma-ci, sono stati predisposti dei correttivi idonei a proteggere l’interesse generale per l’ipotesi di abuso nell’esercizio del diritto da parte del ti-tolare o anche solo allo scopo di potenziarne le capacità produttive qualora esse siano insufficienti a sopperire al bisogno urgente del farmaco. Tutti i sistemi giuridici prevedono l’espropriazione per pub-blica utilità, la concessione di licenze obbligatorie, l’imposizione auto-ritativa del prezzo di vendita. Nessuno di questi strumenti è stato sin qui utilizzato nel caso del vaccino contro il Covid19. Nello stesso tem-po i produttori dei vaccini contro il Covid19 beneficiano ovunque, per legge o per contratto, di una esenzione della loro responsabilità civile per il rischio di danni cagionati dagli effetti collaterali negativi dei vaccini. Conseguentemente gli Stati si attrezzano con i fondi pubblici di compensazione al fine di far fronte alle esigenze di equità e di soli-darietà sociale a favore delle eventuali vittime.  La scissione tra priva-tizzazione dei profitti e socializzazione del rischio, in assenza di corret-tivi, genera ineguaglianze sociali e, in ultima analisi, tradisce i princi-pi fondanti dell’economia liberale prima ancora che le norme di rife-rimento.

The emergency legislation, enacted to deal with the pandemic, has been grafted onto a complex system that has built up over time and is charac-terized by a constant tension between two opposing needs: on the one hand, to insure access to pharmaceutical products in order to protect the fundamental right to health; on the other hand, to allow the exclusive ex-ploitation of intellectual property on pharmaceuticals in order to incentiv-ize innovation and research in the sector (on the assumption that the costs for research and innovation have been faced by the owner of the intellectual property right himself) . At the same time as the recognition of the intellectual property right on pharmaceuticals, corrective measures have been settled to protect the general interest for the eventuality of abuse in the exercise of the right by the owner or for the purpose of strengthen his production capacities whenever they are insufficient to meet the urgent need for the pharmaceutical product. All legal systems provide for expropriation for public utility, compulsory licenses, compulso-ry sale prices. None of these tools have so far been used in the case of the Covid19 vaccine. At the same time, the producers of Covid19 vac-cines benefit everywhere, by law or by contract, from an exemption from their civil liability for the risk of damage caused by the negative side ef-fects of vaccines. Consequently, the States equip themselves with public compensation funds in order to meet the needs of equity and social soli-darity in favor of any victims. The split between the privatization of profits and the socialization of risk, in the absence of corrections, generates so-cial inequalities and, ultimately, betrays the founding principles of the lib-eral economy even before the reference norms.

Rapid development and use of artificial intelligence ('AI') is creating significant regulatory challenges in many domains. In the intellectual property sphere, Stephen Thaler's Artificial Inventor Project ('AIP') is challenging traditional concepts of who-and what-can be an 'inventor' for patent registration. With the filing of patent applications across multiple jurisdictions, managing inventor status of AI systems while ensuring innovation incentivisation is preserved is the question before patent offices, courts and legislatures globally. The AIP's aim is to clarify, if not advance, AI 'inventor' eligibility. Thaler, the AI engineer behind the Project, has sought inventor status for his 'sentient' machine DABUS, in order to patent inventions 'autonomously' made by it. Australia's 2021 Federal Court decision affirming machine inventors constitutes a world first-with other jurisdictions that have substantively considered the matter denying status. This article analyses the respective judgments and arguments raised, concluding the Australian decision to be out of step internationally, and with High Court authority and classic statutory interpretation. It nevertheless argues the need for focused dialogue around the intersection of AI and intellectual property, directions forward, and, as with other regulatory fields, the need for this intersection to remain the purview of legislative bodies rather than courts.

Technical progress in media industries is usually explained by naming apparent advantages and disadvantages of certain methods, devices, or materials. Such a framework has it seem natural to use patents to denote and protect relevant innovations. But the role of patents in media history is more ambivalent. Science and Technology Studies have developed an elaborate approach to patents that covers varied kind of agency. A patent can not only protect an invention but also interpret it or occupy a territory for future developments.

"Abstract.
The history of something, gives the reader a wide knowledge of what happened in the past, what is currently happening and manage to anticipate the future from the past and present incidents.
Tracing back the history of copyright worldwide is not an easy task.  This is simply because one has to find conclusive and supportive documents to develop the basis of originality.
Once Balzac said that;
“Writing is easy…… all you have to do is to think, till the drops of blood appear on your forehead”.
This is true because in this work it has been just the religious concept of copyright protection which laid down the background of copyright. Looking at the basis of God’s Commandments as stipulated but holy Books such as the Bible and Quran.
Then the history of copyright was traced back from European Countries, such as Britain, Rome, Greek and France through looking at various statutes composing copyright protection.
America history of copyright protection followed by the African history of copyright protection.
Since the author is a Tanzanian, the origin of the legal basis of copyright protection is important.
The last parts are international copyright protection and the first recorded copyright case.
"

As a biologically mega-diverse country with rich associated TK, Nigeria has had its own fair share of biopiracy. However, a unique feature of the reported instances of biopiracy in Nigeria is the fact that most of the misappropriations of TK and patenting of the resulting inventions are done by Nigerian citizens. Such poaching of TK for the purpose of this article can be termed 'insider biopiracy'. Insider biopiracy is as pernicious to the cultural and economic interests of indigenous communities in their TK as other acts of biopiracy carried out by multinational companies. Tackling such biopiracy patents particularly in foreign patent offices where they are mostly issued, usually involves a post patent challenge to prove lack of inventiveness. However, such challenge may prove daunting to Nigerian indigenous communities as not only they may not be able to muster the financial resources required for such undertaking, but also, oral TK is not regarded as prior art in some of these countries. This necessitates the need for a local legal measure that would be used to deter insider biopirates or at least ensure that the affected communities receive some measure of compensation for the unjust appropriation of their knowledge The article explores the role of the law of unjust enrichment in combating the scourge of insider biopirating of traditional knowledge on the medicinal uses of plants in Nigeria.