Property Law

Not-guilty verdicts, mistrials, and impunity for the Bundy family and many of their supporters in the armed confrontations over public land use in Nevada and Oregon. Expanded access for private oil, gas, mining, and logging industries and the downsizing of national monuments such as Bears Ears lead by Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke. A number of highly contentious debates and sensationalized events have again focused attention on land held in the public domain by the United States. This essay argues that federal land policy as a form of colonial administration has been constitutive for the logic of expectation as property in what is now the United States. From the state land cessions negotiated on behalf of the Articles of Confederation to the preemption acts (1830–1841) to the homestead acts (1862–1916) to present-day demands for land transfer, the acquisition and disposal of the so-called public domain have been central to westward colonization, the consolidation of the nation-state, and the promise of land ownership as the ostensible foundation of individual liberty. These dynamics are evident in contemporary conflicts over public lands and arguments for the transfer of public lands to either state or private ownership. Approaching the Bundy occupations as flashpoints that illuminate competing interpretations and claims to land within the history of westward colonization, this essay seeks to demonstrate the ways in which expectation emerges from particular economies of dispossession of indigenous peoples that have historically worked through and across the division of public and private property.

Through a close textual reading and contextual analysis of a short series of early fourteenth-century manorial court roll entries, this paper draws larger conclusions about the interplay between law and equity in a medieval English manor court. It follows a narrative thread focused on a single tenement, which was forfeited by a villein in 1317 due to his fugitive status. The forfeiture was described as permanent in the Great Horwood court roll, and the tenement was transferred by the lord to a new tenant immediately. However, over a decade later the villein’s widow successfully claimed dower in the tenement, and shortly thereafter her son succeeded in regaining the family’s possession of the purportedly forfeited land. The paper reveals the presence of competing interests among various members of the Great Horwood community; the selective marshaling of written evidence, manorial custom, and common law rules; and the exercise of equitable discretion in selecting the “rightful” tenant, possibly guided by extra-legal factors, such as the exigencies of famine. The paper also makes a methodological claim, arguing that a combined textual and contextual analysis of fragmentary evidence can reveal insights that might not come to light through other analytical approaches.

The distinction between lease and license is a crucial one as the former is a proprietary right and the latter is a personal right. Thus, the scope of these rights is considerably different. Nevertheless, the contractual nature of the rights has been a litigation issue for a while now. Thus it is argued that 'a skilful draftsman must, in appropriate circumstances, be allowed to succeed' (Crancour Ltd v Da Silvaesa per Purchas LJ). Nevertheless, the test laid down by Lord Templeman's speech in Street v Mountford [1985] has been a useful guide in distinguishing between lease and licences. However, it is rightly stated that the 'test is simple but appearances can be deceptive.' Thus, this essay will first explain the concept of lease and licenses. It will further discuss the relevant criteria laid down for a valid lease and critically analyze it in light of relevant case law. And conclusively, this essay shall argue that apart from exceptional cases like Brutton v London & Quadrants & Dutton v Manchester airport, the subsequent case law has been useful in finding a lease or a license from the relevant provisions of a contract.

Paper submitted as part of the Property Law II (Trusts & Equitable Remedies) module at UCL.

Full paper title (with credit to UCL):

"‘[The] principle which animates the answer to the question whether an apparently incomplete gift is to be treated as completely constituted is that a donor will not be permitted to change his or her mind if it would be unconscionable, in the eyes of equity, vis-à-vis the donee to do so.’ (Arden LJ in Pennington v Waine). Discuss"

Özet: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi'nde yer alan haklar kısa ve çer-çeve niteliktedir. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi'nin de kurulduğu günden bu yana görevi, bu hakların kapsamını belirlemek olmuştur. Gaygusuz kara-rı, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi'nin insan hakları yorumu konusunda en önemli kararlarından biridir. Son derece mütevazı olmasına rağmen bu karar, mülkiyet hakkı ve ayrımcılık yasağının yorumlanması konusunda Mahkeme içtihadını belirleyici bir rol oynamıştır. Kararda özellikle mülkiyet hakkını geniş yorumlayan Mahkeme, bu yorumuyla insan haklarının yoru-munda ilerici bir yaklaşım benimsemiştir. Kararda ayrımcılık yasağına iliş-kin yapılan yorum ise Avrupa'da yaşayan göçmenlere, hakları konusunda umut vermiştir. Buna karşılık Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, ayrımcılık yasağı konusunda sonraki kararlarında bu ilerici içtihadını devam ettirmeyi başaramamıştır. Böylece Gaygusuz kararı, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkeme-si'nin mülkiyet hakkı ve ayrımcılık yasağı konusundaki içtihadını belirleyen en önemli kararlardan biri olmuştur. Abstract: Rights that indicated in European Convention on Human Rights are short and frame. The task of European Court of Human Rights, since the day of its establishment, had become determining the scope of that rights. Gaygusuz decision is one of the most important decisions on human rights interpretation. Despite being so discreet, this decision plays a determinant role on Court's jurispuridence regarding interpretation of right to property and prohibition of discrimination. The Court, interpreting especially right to property in the decision, has adopted a progressive approach * Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Anayasa Hukuku Anabilim Dalı.

In this concluding chapter we will not seek to summarise all the points made throughout the volume. Rather we bring out from these discussions some practi- cal proposals for how the law might move forward. Three models for reform will be outlined:
– The law should recognise that human bodily material is subject to the laws of property that apply to other ‘things’. The tissue could then be owned, sold, stolen, commercially exploited, given away, and so on and these dealings would be governed by the developed principles of property, tort, criminal and other areas of law relevant to property. We shall call this the ‘property model’.
– Parliament should pass a statute governing the storage, use and control of bod- ily material, reflecting a balance between individual and communal interests in different contexts. We shall call this the ‘statutory model’.
– The courts should develop an ad hoc approach to bodily material allowing the case law to grow organically. We shall call this the ‘ad hoc model’.
These three models will be developed in more detail shortly.1
We will indicate the issues which all models need to address and those specific to each. The aim is not to fully flesh out any proposal, but to set out clearly the issues which will be raised with each model. Before undertaking that task, a few further comments on the academic debates will be useful.

In South Africa, the right to evict held by a property-holder is not merely incidental to property rights. The exercise of the right to evict must be understood against the bloody history of land dispossession through forced removals and evictions. These removals and evictions were initially effected through the barrel of the gun and trickery; later followed by an oppressive assemblage of laws. Evictions, which are generally seen as the logical corollary of the right to exclude, cannot be carried out without considering the historical injustices of colonialism and apartheid that displaced many Africans. Sections 25 (the property clause) and 26(3) (the right not to be arbitrarily evicted from one’s home) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 recognise this imperative and actively attempt to secure property rights for those who have historically been deprived of, and denied, these rights.

4 Ver, por exemplo, Menezes Cordeiro, Tratado de direito civil português, vol.I, Parte geral, tomo I, (Coimbra, Almedina, 1999), pág. 137. de vista qualitativo como quantitativo, os efeitos jurídicos atribuíveis a esta são superiores aos daquelas. II) Do ponto de vista do domínio de facto 5 sobre uma coisa, só duas qualificações são possíveis: ou se trata de posse (artigo 1251º) ou se trata de detenção (artigo 1253º). Como ideia geral, a posse é juridicamente relevante precisamente através dos chamados commoda possessionis ou efeitos da posse (artigos 1268º e segs.), ao passo que a detenção é, ao invés, juridicamente irrelevante. A distinção, aliás, faz-se precisamente para este fim. Reconhece-se, todavia, que, na prática, a aplicação da distinção entre posse e detenção não é fácil, muito particularmente nas hipóteses subsumíveis à alínea b) do artigo 1253º. Deve, por isso, partir-se do princípio segundo o qual quem tiver o domínio de facto sobre uma coisa tem a respectiva posse, (artigo 1252º/nº2). Assim como se deve igualmente partir do principio pelo qual dominus habetur qui possidet donec probetur contrarium. III) Considerar-se-ão para a presente exposição, antes de mais, os factos constitutivos ou transmissivos e extintivos da relação jurídica correspondente à posse. E posse tout court, pois embora seja muito frequente o entendimento segundo o qual o regime legal, (artigos 1251º e segs.), está especialmente destinado à posse formal 6 , não há dúvida de que, pelo menos, os modos de aquisição derivada, servem, indistintamente 7 , à posse formal e à posse causal 8 . Enumerar-se-ão em seguida os commoda possessionis para assim se poder chegar à usucapião. 5 Possessio plurimum facti habet (Papiniano, D.4.6.19).

A dynamic tension has long existed between those who would circumscribe the Earth's bounty for private use and those who would carefully allot and safeguard Earth's riches to satisfy human needs. The 1500-year old Public Trust Doctrine, and the much more recent movement to protect Environmental Human Rights, both express in law a belief that some resources should never be sequestered for private use, must be left for the public’s enjoyment, and must be stewarded by those in power. This paper explores the differences and synergies between the Public Trust Doctrine and Environmental Human rights, and explores how these doctrines constrain what counts as “private,” “property,” and “ownership,” with extensive analysis from the doctrines' uses in India, South Africa, California, and Pennsylvania.

Het opstalrecht wordt traditioneel beschouwd als een onroerend zakelijk recht, dat voortvloeit uit de afstand van de onroerende natrekking. In de rechts- praktijk merkt men echter op dat ook bij roerende goederen een afstand van de natrekking wenselijk kan zijn. Een belangrijk voorbeeld hiervan is de vliegvaartsector. Vliegtuigmotoren (die een zeer grote waarde kunnen hebben) kunnen gemakkelijk van een vliegtuig losgemaakt worden en vervolgens aan een ander vliegtuig bevestigd worden. In de praktijk worden vliegtuigmotoren vaak afzonderlijk geleased of gebruikt als voorwerp van een afzonderlijk zakelijk zekerheidsrecht, wat de natrekking zou doorkruisen. De vraag is dan of een roerend opstalrecht mogelijk is: kan men verhinderen dat een bestanddeel van een roerend goed nagetrokken wordt?
Deze bijdrage onderzoekt de mogelijkheid hiertoe. Vanwege de koppeling van de afstand van de (on- roerende) natrekking met het opstalrecht door de cassatierechtspraak, moet een gebeurlijke afstand van de roerende natrekking een roerend opstalrecht inhouden. De afstand van de roerende natrekking moet aanvaard worden vanwege de aanvullende aard van de regels inzake natrekking. Het blijkt echter dat de afstand van de roerende natrekking slechts in sommige gevallen mogelijk is, namelijk wanneer het bestanddeel in kwestie voldoende zelfstandig is. Een motor kan die zelfstandigheid hebben, maar bv. een deur vermoedelijk niet.

Website: http://www.partywalls.co.uk

The Party Wall Casebook describes much of the primary legal research underpinning the author’s various publications which critically assess the practice of party wall surveying in England & Wales. The book consists of two parts. The major part (Digest of Cases, pages 21 – 446) presents a digest of 81 legal case notes. These examine the state of the common law relating to party walls as well as the courts’ approach to interpreting the statutory party wall code which is now contained in the Party Wall etc Act 1996. The case notes explore the facts and underlying rationale for the court’s decision in each case and place them in the context of other digested cases which address similar issues. The conclusions from this in-depth analysis are summarized in the book’s introductory section (An Introduction to Party Wall Case Law, pages 3 – 20). This section presents a detailed summary of the law relating to party walls with reference to the influence of case law upon it. In particular, based on the analysis within the Digest of Cases, it introduces the three fundamental concepts of fabric rights, construction rights and reciprocal duties as a means of reconciling the apparent contradictions within the law in this area. It also presents a model of the relationship between the relevant statutory and common law rules which forms a basis for much of the more detailed analysis contained in the author’s various journal publications.

A propriedade é um signo polissêmico para o Direito e tem variantes cuja definição atrai um ou alguns regimes jurídicos. Por isso que este artigo visa delinear as acepções de propriedade, que são quatro e se apresentam em graus de amplitude: as duas primeiras conectadas mais à teoria geral do Direito e as duas últimas ao regime dos direitos reais.

The Norwegian Supreme Court recently pronounced its first ruling on a case which
started with investigations by the Finnmark Commission. The Stjernøy Case1 arises
from a title claim to land used as pasture by two groups of Sa´mi reindeer herders.
A contributory reason for the claim was that there are mining activities on the island,
from which the landowner is entitled to benefit according to the Norwegian Mineral
Act. The Supreme Court ruling raises some fundamental questions, among others:
what is the significance of ILO 169 in relation to the Finnmark Act?

Pitt v Holt reformulates the 'rule in Re Hastings-Bass' in a novel way, seeking to bring it into line with general principles of English trust law. This note considers the consequences of the re-orientation of the 'rule' around the concepts of duty of care and breach of trust, with particular reference to administrative powers and the personal liability of trustees.

La obra a comentar aborda los cambios de paradigmas acontecidos en materia de propiedad en las denominadas American Civil Law Jurisdictions, en una extensión temporal que comienza en el siglo XVI y abarca hasta las últimas décadas del siglo XX. En su propuesta, Agustin Parise ofrece al lector un análisis histórico-jurídico, con una fuerte impronta comparatista, en el que emplea como casos de estudio el estado de Louisiana, y las repúblicas de Chile y Argentina. La finalidad u horizonte al que apunta este estudio consiste en proveer al campo de la historia del derecho de una suerte de inventario de los principales motivos que acompañaron, y que ayudan a explicar, los cambios acontecidos en la historia de la propiedad en estos tres escenarios.

El propósito de este trabajo consiste en analizar críticamente la prórroga forzosa. A estos efectos, se incorporarán las actualizaciones que serían oportunas en aquellos casos en los que el Derecho Comparado del Reino Unido, Francia y Bélgica alumbra posibles soluciones. Este recorrido analítico se iniciará atendiendo al régimen jurídico de la prórroga forzosa, y en particular en su objeto, sujetos y contenido contractual. Asimismo, se prestará una especial atención a las excepciones a la prórroga forzosa como moderación y ajuste en su aplicación. Estas excepciones versan sobre comportamientos negativos imputables al arrendador y al arrendatario, así como abusos en este régimen privilegiado. Finalmente se incorporarán unas reflexiones finales críticas sobre dicho régimen y la influencia que ha tenido en los arrendamientos urbanos.

The mystery of capital offers a simple yet beguiling message: capitalism can be made to work for the poor, through formalising their property rights in houses, land and small businesses. This approach resonates strongly in the South African context, where private property works well for those who inhabit the so-called 'first economy'. Evidence from South Africa, however, suggests that many of de Soto's policy prescriptions may be inappropriate for the poorest and most vulnerable in our society, and have negative impacts on their security and well-being. More attention should be paid to supporting existing social practices that have widespread legitimacy. Features of 'extra-legal' property regimes provide a key to the solutions: their social embeddedness; the importance of land and housing as assets that help to secure livelihoods; the layered and relative nature of rights; and the flexible character of boundaries. The entire legal and social complex around which notions of 'formal' and 'informal' property are constituted needs to be interrogated more rigorously.

This casebook offers a concise, user-friendly presentation of land use law which incorporates a focus on critical thinking and practice throughout. The casebook devotes an entire chapter to complex and realistic scenarios that provide students an opportunity to bring to bear what they have learned throughout the semester to solve challenging legal and strategic problems. New materials in the second edition ensure that students will become familiar with the latest trends in land use law. Attached is the table of contents.

[For Englisn, please scroll down.] В российской литературе английское вещное право редко становится объектом сравнительно-правовых исследований. О нем пишут кратко. Несовместимость его с российским правом кажется настолько очевидной, что бесполезность обращения к нему едва ли не презюмируется. В статье предпринята попытка показать, что использование функционального метода сравнительного правоведения позволяет проводить содержательное сопоставление российского и английского вещного права и приходить к полезным для отечественной юриспруденции выводам. В качестве примера взяты три области: (1) приобретательная давность, (2) защита приобретателей недвижимого имущества, находящегося в общей собственности, и (3) восстановление владения недвижимостью.

[Title: Functional Method and Comparison of English and Russian Property Law.

Abstract: It is rare for Russian legal scholarship to compare Russian and English property law. An account of English property law is usually very brief. It seems to be so alien to Russian property law that does not deserve careful consideration. The article seeks to demonstrate that these two systems could be compared by using the functional method of comparative law and, moreover, such a comparison could yield useful results for Russian jurisprudence. Three examples are used in the article. First — adverse possession in English law and acquisitive prescription in Russian law. Second — protection of purchasers of a real property owned by multiple persons. Third —recovery of possession of immovable things.]

En Algérie, le foncier rural reste un enjeu important en raison des politiques de dépossession, nationalisation et socialisation menées depuis la période coloniale. Sur la base d’une étude de cas réalisée dans un département steppique de l’Ouest, cet article interroge les effets de la loi d’accession à la propriété foncière (APFA), promulguée en 1983 et suspendue en 2008 au profit d’une nouvelle politique d’orientation foncière. Dans la perspective ouverte par la socio-anthropologie du droit dans les mondes musulmans, l’auteur présente le processus d’acquisition de terres agricoles ou à vocation agricole appartenant jusque-là à l’État (domaine public). La mise en place du programme de l’APFA a engendré des litiges et conflits, dont l’analyse permet de comprendre les normes et règles en vigueur, la manière dont les individus s’y rapportent, les modes de recours au droit et aux instances censées l’appliquer (instances judiciaires et/ou administratives), enfin, le rôle et positionnement des acteurs de ces instances.

The question of rural land use and tenure in Algeria remains an important issue because of the policies of dispossession, nationalization and socialization implemented from the colonial period right up the present day. Based on a case study in a steppe province of western Algeria, this paper examines the effects of the law governing access to agricultural land (loi d’accession à la propriété foncière or APFA) introduced in 1983 and suspended in 2008 in favor of a new policy. Operating within the framework of the socio-anthropology of law applied to a Muslim context, the paper examines the acquisition of agricultural land (or properties used for agricultural purposes) formerly owned by the state (i.e. defined as public land). The paper discusses the conflicts caused by the new law. The analysis provides an understanding of current operating rules and norms, perceptions and interpretations of the law in land disputes, the uses of the law, the role of law enforcement institutions (i.e. judicial and/or administrative institutions), and the role and position of the agents operating within these institutions.

Stellungnahme von Rechtsanwalt Max Malkus, zu dem Antrag der Fraktion DIE LINKE, in der Öffentlichen Anhörung des Ausschusses für Recht und Verbraucherschutz des Deutschen Bundestages am  10. Dezember 2020.

Containern von Lebensmitteln entkriminalisieren

- BT-Drs. 19/9345
- Geschäftszeichen PA 6-5410-2.2.

As our lives have become intertwined evermore with the internet, investors have decided it is time to take advantage of this by way of property investments in the form of services such as Airbnb. But with the growth of popular schemes as such, it is only a matter of time before legal implications follow-especially with regards something like Airbnb which operates in a legal grey area which is why legal consultations should always be sought before opting to become an Airbnb host.

Cities possess a far greater ability to be trailblazers on a national scale than local officials may imagine. Realizing this, city advocates continue to call for renewed recognition by state and federal officials of the benefits of creative local problem-solving. The goal is admirable but warrants caution. The key to successful local initiatives lies not in woolgathering about cooperation with other levels of government but in identifying potential conflicts and using hard work and political savvy to build constituencies and head off objections. To demonstrate that point, this Article examines the legal status of local governments and recent efforts to regulate vacant property through land banking and registration ordinances.

Metoda cywilnoprawna jest jedną z wielu, jaką ustawodawca może wykorzystać w celu ochrony dóbr kultury przed ich utratą. Dało się ją dotąd dostrzec punktowo w ustawach szczególnych, ale brak było norm służących bezpośrednio ochronie dóbr kultury w kodeksie cywilnym i – w ślad za tym – w ramach ogólnych konstrukcji prawa cywilnego. Po wejściu w życie ustawy z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r. o rzeczach znalezionych, co stało się 21 czerwca 2015 r., sytuacja uległa zmianie. Stworzone zostały ramy prawne dla funkcjonowania krajowego rejestru utraconych dóbr kultury, który da właścicielom dóbr kultury możliwość wpisania utraconej rzeczy do jawnej i powszechnie dostępnej ewidencji. Wpis taki wywoła w sferze prawa cywilnego doniosłe skutki materialnoprawne. Są dwa czynniki, które – zdaniem moim – przemawiają za potrzebą pogłębionej analizy dogmatycznej nowo wprowadzonej regulacji.
Po pierwsze, pojawi się w polskim systemie prawnym nowy rejestr publiczny, co samo w sobie zachęca do zbadania racji i zasad jego działania. Przesłanki umożliwiające wpisanie do niego określonych rzeczy stanowią rzeczywisty wyznacznik poziomu ochrony dóbr kultury po nowelizacji. Z tego względu ich szczegółowa analiza wydaje się pożyteczna. Godnym uwagi przedsięwzięciem jest również zarysowanie ogólnych reguł, na jakich planowany rejestr powinien funkcjonować. Pozwoli to umiejscowić go na tle dotychczas działających rejestrów publicznych (takich jak księgi wieczyste lub rejestr zastawów), z którymi prawnicy są już dobrze zaznajomieni. Wykazanie podobieństw i różnic między krajowym rejestrem utraconych dóbr kultury oraz rejestrami, które już w systemie istnieją, ułatwi zrozumienie nowej instytucji, z którą uczestnicy obrotu dziełami sztuki będą zmuszeni się zapoznać.
Po drugie, charakter i zakres konsekwencji prawnych wpisu do krajowego rejestru utraconych dóbr kultury czyni ich analizę potrzebną dla uchwycenia pewnej zmiany systemowej w prawie cywilnym. Domniemanie powszechnej znajomości danych ujawnionych w rejestrze, wyłączenie w odniesieniu do rzeczy w nim ujętych stosowania ogólnych instytucji prawa cywilnego, takich jak nabycie od nieuprawnionego, zasiedzenie i przedawnienie, a także zniesienie z mocą wsteczną skutków prawnych niezasadnego wpisu do rejestru stanowią rozwiązania, które modyfikują oblicze instytucji ogólnych jako takich. Wykład poświęcony nabyciu od nieuprawnionego, zasiedzeniu lub przedawnieniu roszczenia wydobywczego będzie musiał odtąd uwzględniać osobliwości związane z wpisem przedmiotu do krajowego rejestru utraconych dóbr kultury. Sprawia to, że opis nowej regulacji jest istotny nie tylko z punktu widzenia ochrony dóbr kultury, ale także nauki prawa cywilnego w ogólności. Niezależnie od tego, stosowanie nowo wprowadzonych norm może spowodować rozmaite problemy praktyczne. Spodziewając się ich, podjęto w tym artykule niejako wyprzedzającą próbę rozstrzygnięcia możliwych komplikacji.

The interrelatedness between computer systems, networks, code, and traditional law and legal frameworks continues to pose a number of important and vexed questions. This report will consider one area of the relationship: legal recognition of distributed ledger technology (DLT) or blockchain applications. Specifically, registers appended to blockchains (thereby creating “blockchain registries”), and “smart contracts” executed on blockchains

El derecho de renuncia de propiedad es un acto de disposición extintiva de la propiedad, que no está prohibido por nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, sin embargo, su ejercicio importa respetar los límites que impone la ley. La renuncia sobre bienes inmuebles debe ser regulada expresamente, pues su libre ejercicio puede conllevar a escenarios gravosos, tanto para el titular del derecho renunciado como para terceros.

Nóbrega, Introduction [Rethinking the Portuguese private law in the light of the Europeanisation of law], in: Faber/Lurger (-Caramelo-Gomes/Nóbrega), National Reports on the Transfer of Movables in Europe (Portugal), München: Sellier European Law Publishers 2010. Sonderdruck anlässlich des Jahrestreffens der Deutsch-Lusitanischen Juristenvereinigung (DLJV) in Osnabrück 2010.

This agreement is made the day and year stated in Section 1 of the First Schedule hereto between the party whose name and description are stated in Section 2 of the First Schedule hereto (herein-after called " the Landlord " which expression shall where the context so admits include in the case of natural persons his legal representatives and permitted assigns and in the case of a company or corporation its successors in title and permitted assigns) of the one part and the party whose name and description are stated in Section 3 of the First Schedule hereto (hereinafter called " the Tenant" which expression shall where the context so admits include in the case of natural persons his legal representatives and permitted assigns and in the case of a company or corporation its successors in title and permitted assigns and in the case of a company or corporation its successors in title and permitted assigns) of the other part. WHEREAS: 1. The Landlord is the registered/beneficial owner of land/premises which is more particularly described in Section 4 of the First Schedule hereto (hereinafter referred to as "the Demised Premises ") 2. The Landlord is desirous of granting and the Tenant is desirous of taking a tenancy of the Demised Premises for the consideration and upon the terms and subject to the conditions hereinafter contained. Now This Agreement Witness eth as follows: 1. The Landlord hereby lets and the Tenant hereby takes the Demised Premises for the term stated in Section 5 of the First Schedule hereto commencing from the day and year set out in Section 6 of the First Schedule hereto at the rental and payable in the manner stipulated in Section 7 of the First Schedule hereto (which said rental is hereinafter to as the Reserved Rent") 2. The Tenant covenants with the Landlord as follows: a) To pay the Reserved Rent on the days and in the manner aforesaid ; To pay to the Landlord upon the execution of this agreement the sum stipulated in Section 8 of the First Schedule hereto by way of a deposit as security for the due observance and performance by the Tenant of its covenants herein contained the receipt of which the Landlord hereby acknowledges the deposit shall not except with the written consent of the Landlord be treated or deemed as payment of any rent hereunder or any parts thereof and subject to such deductions there of the Landlord may lawfully make hereunder, the Landlord shall refund the deposit to the Tenant free of interest upon expiration of the term hereby granted b) To pay and discharge all charges payable for the supply of electricity and water and the use and hire of telephone (if any) and conservancy in respect of the Demised Premises; together with Indah Water charges thereon. c) To permit the Landlord and /or his agents and others at all reasonable times to enter upon and examine the condition of the Demised Premises and thereupon the Landlord may served upon the Tenant notice in writing specifying any repair necessary to be done and for which the Tenant is liable under the terms of this agreement and require the Tenant forthwith to execute the same and if the Tenant shall not within fourteen (14) days after the date of such notice proceed diligently with the execution of such repairs then