Online Platform

«DATA-DRIVEN ECONOMY»: BIG DATA, DIGITAL PLATFORMS, DIGITAL RENT
Abstract
This paper aims to study the main parameters of the «Data-driven Economy» and the prospects for its development. The authors propose to include Big data, as well as tools for their processing and analysis, to a new type of capital - information and digital capital (IDC). The authors also introduce the concept of digital rent, obtained by digital platforms due to the exclusive right to use unique and valuable information and digital capital (IDC).
Keywords: data-driven economy, digital technologies, big data, digital plat-forms, information and digital capital, digital rent

«ЭКОНОМИКА ДАННЫХ»: BIG DATA, ЦИФРОВЫЕ ПЛАТФОРМЫ И ЦИФРОВАЯ РЕНТА
Аннотация
Целью настоящей работы является изучение основных параметров «экономики данных» и перспектив ее развития. Авторами предлагается отнести большие данные, а также инструменты их обработки и анализа, к новой разновидности капитала – информационно-цифрового капитала. Также авторами вводится понятие цифровой ренты, получаемой цифровыми платформами за счет обладания исключительным правом на использование уникального и ценного информационно-цифрового капитала.
Ключевые слова: экономика данных, цифровые технологии, большие данные, цифровые платформы, информационно-цифровой капитал, цифровая рента.

While developing countries are increasingly benefitting from the convenience and time savings brought by online shopping, the concept has not gained much popularity in Pakistan. Keeping in view the rise in the number of professional women in Pakistan and their struggle with work-life balance. The paper attempts to find out why professional women in Pakistan are not taking advantage of online shopping facility followed by recommendations regarding how online shopping experience can be made better for them. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 professional females for collecting the data. A semi-structured questionnaire comprising of 20 items was used to obtain the data. Grounded theory was used to identify the key factors involved in the online shopping behavior of professional women. The research findings revealed, firstly, that professional women are more likely to purchase online when complete product information in terms of Price, Variants, Mode of Payment and Brand history was provided. Secondly, Seller Credibility was found to be a major factor influencing the online purchase decision. And lastly, Buyers prefer delivery within 3 days to one week along with an exchange/return option to increase their confidence level in online purchases. This research shall help in increasing the online shopping trend in Pakistan which will help professional women in maintaining work-life balance through a suggested online shopping framework.

Ova knjiga je o online obrazovanju, platformama, vođenju, menadžmentu, organizaciji, teorijama učenja, online edukatorima i studentima. Nastala je kao rezultat doktorske disertacije autorice i istraživanja odnosa stilova učenja na platformama i voditeljstva nastavnog procesa, kao i percepcije studenata prije i poslije jednog online edukativnog procesa. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je pedagoška klima na platformama u međuzavisnom odnosu sa stilovima učenja i pozitivno utječe na percepciju kompetencije i samopoštovanja studenata. U istraživanju je utvrđeno da su određeni stilovi i uslovi učenja dobri prediktori osobne kompetentnosti studenata. Voditeljski stilovi nastavnog procesa na platformama su u zavisnosti od preferencija nastavnika, njihovih zanimanja i uloge, koju zauzimaju na platformi, i u odnosu na platformu na kojoj rade. Osoblje na platformama preferira približno iste ili slične stilove voditeljstva i nisu zabilježene značajne statističke razlike u preferencijama stilova voditeljstva. U radu su diskutirani aspekti učenja i edukacijskog menadžmenta, kao i dat niz preporuka i savjeta.

Based on a new governance theory as regulatory governance, this article analyzes how a new economy creates new transaction costs at the local level due to the lack of legal coordination based on diversity and competition. The literature focuses on how new platform technologies have decreased existing transaction costs (i.e., online platforms). Surrounded by uncertainties in today’s diverse, complex, competitive, and a fast market environment, the lack of legal coordination has created new transaction
costs for digital platform companies. There is limited research on new digital platform company experiences with high transaction costs. There is also limited information on how to overcome these costs, especially due to the lack of legal coordination. This article documents ways to understand how transaction costs are revealed through new technologies. It compares diverse regulatory impacts of the new economy on different localities, including San Francisco and Istanbul. Analyzing Uber as the case company, as well as its relationship with other stakeholders, this article adopts the governance model of regulation to identify the constitutive dynamics of the regulatory challenges. It reveals that local and global e-hail firms in the same country acquired different acceptance and responses in the local market. Thus, the level of transaction costs varied. Local communication based on diversity and competition was derived from the vested interests of lobbying powers, which led to the rising transaction costs. Comparing the local governance in two cities reveals the extent to which transaction
costs affect the raison d’etre of companies to perform activities.

G. NOTO LA DIEGA, Uber law and awareness by design. An empirical study on online platforms and dehumanised negotiations, in "Revue européenne de droit de la consummation", 2016, II, 383-413.

This article sheds light on the main consumer law aspects of the sharing economy through an empirical analysis of online platforms. Given the recent European consultation with the purpose of understanding (whether, or, more likely) how to regulate platforms, it is critical that consumer law considerations will be part of future regulations. For instance, it is hardly acceptable that the consumer acts in the belief that the contractual party (thus the potentially liable party) is the platform, but in reality the former disclaims any responsibility and claims to be a mere intermediary , which only seldom actually is. After a critical analysis of the Italian legislative proposal on platforms and collaborative economy, the articles moves on to illustrate the use case of Uber, the $60 billion ride-hailing platform, which is acting at the margin of existing laws, thus giving rise to protests and debate around the world. After an assessment of the Italian ruling preventing Uber to provide the UberPop service in Italy, the use case is the perfect tool to show the main reasons for concern of consumers is the lack of awareness of their rights and obligations. This articles deals with two factors of the said lack: the contractual quagmire and the corporate labyrinth. In the conclusions, it is presented an ambitious, albeit feasible, practical proposal. It is suggested the development of a mobile app that helps the consumers to assess the legal quality of the contracts they are entering in order to access the services offered through the platform. At the same time, this app, called 'Awareness by Design', should contribute to raise awareness in consumers, thus creating critical mass and making platforms understand that trust, transparency, and accountability are competitive advantages.

Cet article met en lumière les principaux aspects de droit de la consommation de l'écono-mie de partage à travers une analyse empirique des plates-formes en ligne. Compte tenu de la consultation européenne récente dans le but de comprendre (si, ou, plus probablement) la façon de réglementer les plates-formes, il est essentiel que les considérations de droit de la consommation fassent partie des futurs règlements. Par exemple, il est difficilement acceptable que le consommateur agisse dans la conviction que le cocontractant (donc la partie potentiel-lement responsable) est la plate-forme, alors qu'en réalité, celle-ci décline toute responsabilité et prétend être un simple intermédiaire. Après une analyse critique de la proposition législative italienne sur les plates-formes et de l'économie collaborative, les articles illustrent le cas d'uti-lisation de Uber, la plate-forme de covoiturage à 60 milliards de dollars, qui agit à la marge des lois en vigueur, ce qui donne lieu à des protestations et des débats autour du monde. Après une évaluation de la décision italienne empêchant Uber de fournir le service de UberPop en Ita-lie, l'examen de ce régime est l'outil idéal pour exposer que le principal motif de préoccupation des consommateurs concerne la connaissance de leurs droits et obligations. Cet article traite de deux facteurs qui sont à la base de cette difficulté : la multitude des contrats et le labyrinthe des entreprises. Dans les conclusions, il sera présenté une proposition pratique ambitieuse, mais réalisable. Il sera suggéré de développer une application mobile qui aide les consommateurs évaluer la qualité juridique des contrats qu'ils souscrivent dans le but d'accéder aux services offerts par la plate-forme. Dans le même temps, cette application, appelée « conscience by Design », devrait contribuer à sensibiliser les consommateurs, créant ainsi une masse critique et à faire comprendre aux plates-formes que la confiance, la transparence et la responsabilité sont des avantages concurrentiels.

Here is the summary of the issue http://editionslarcier.larciergroup.com/titres/134650_2_0/revue-europeenne-de-droit-de-la-consommation-european-journal-of-consumer-law-r-e-d-c-2015-2.html

Technology causes the emergence of new kinds of disputes and dispute resolution methods. Accordingly, the era of online platform economy has created its own types of disputes and needs its own unique methods to deal with those disputes. Today, the dependence of business users on online platforms implies that the platforms have a large scope to engage in harmful trading practices which may unfairly limit business users' online activities. The Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 requires online platforms to establish internal complaint-handling systems. Internal complainthandling systems have utmost importance regarding online platforms' decisions to restrict, suspend or terminate the business user's accounts. The Regulation provides the business users important procedural safeguards. Internal complaint-handling systems appear as an alternative dispute resolution method and supports the creation of accessible justice regimes. When evaluated in conjunction with the conventional alternative dispute resolution methods, it resembles the negotiation method. This article opines that even in jurisdictions where the Regulation is not applicable, the conventional commercial law principles may still require an internal complaint-handling system's implementation by the online platforms. The article sets forth how this may emerge by exemplifying the issue through the lens of trader's duty to act as a prudent businessman under Turkish law and the board of director's duty of care under US law. It is envisioned that internal complaint-handling systems will play a crucial role in the online platform economy, since the conventional principles of commercial law support and would inherently require its implementation.

Resumen:
Introducción. Los diarios en papel de distribución gratuita, una de las principales innovaciones en el mercado de la comunicación, son paradigma de la crisis y debate en torno a papel y Red como soportes. Metodología. Se indaga, a través de análisis de contenido, entrevistas y grupo de discusión con expertos, en 7 proyectos en Galicia en los últimos 5 años. Resultados. El mapa ha cambiado notablemente y sus promotores han seguido 4 estrategias diferentes: mantenimiento de ambos productos; abandono del mercado; integración en oferta de pago y supervivencia en digital. Hay, además, pequeñas iniciativas locales como Lindeiros. Conclusiones. Puede que la prensa gratuita aún no haya dicho su última palabra en cuanto a su soporte de preferencia porque los mercados de proximidad aparecen como espacios para estas iniciativas. Otra cosa es su sostenibilidad para conseguir un lugar estable en el mercado de la comunicación.

Abstract:
Introduction. Free print newspapers, one of the main innovations in the communications market, are a paradigm of the crisis and the debate over the print and digital platforms. Method. The article explores, through content analysis, interviews and panels of experts, seven print and online free newspapers that were launched in Galicia in the last five years. Results. The landscape of free newspapers has changed markedly and their promoters have followed four different strategies: maintenance of print and digital formats; closure of the newspapers; integration of paid-for modalities; and survival in the digital platform. In addition, there are small local newspaper initiatives such as Lindeiros. Conclusions. It seems that the free press is still unsure about what is its preferred dissemination platform and that the proximity markets seem to be suitable spaces for this type of press. Moreover, it is unclear whether the free press will maintain a stable position in the communication market.

Global disruption and innovation are revolutionising many industries and creating a digitally disruptive environment (DDE); real estate is no exception. Real estate online platforms (REOPs) are getting more attention in the era of COVID-19, where the real estate businesses must run online, and the service users are pushed to a forced digital experience adoption. The users or consumers are not satisfied or happy with the current state of REOPs and often regret their decisions due to the poor quality of the web-based information provided on these REOPs. Based on a mixed approach of integrated KANO-SISQual, the current study develops a comprehensive smart real estate technology adoption model (SRETAM) to model the users' perception of the REOPs in DDE. Data is collected through a questionnaire survey from 407 Sydney based REOP users. A total of 31 key factors are identified by reviewing 256 articles vetted by 12 local real estate agents. The results highlight 19 factors to be very important to REOPs users: reliability, the accuracy of the information, and credibility of the online platforms are the top three important factors. The hypotheses' results show that all the SRETAM categories contribute equally to the users' behavioural intention to use the REOPs and the KANO categories are statistically different. For KANO categories, eight attractive features are identified: graphical statistics, familiar web technology, content structure, web design, immersive content, self-efficacy, information novelty, and presence of 3D interactive models. Displaying the users' location, learning tutorials, and hyperlinks to external sources on the web portals dissatisfy REOP users. The factors and their classifications can help the users get more features, verified, and transparent information for making better decisions in the DDE, whereas the REOP can enjoy more business due to increased service consumers. This can lay the foundation for transforming the traditional real estate sector into smart real estate in lines with industry 4.0 requirements in the DDE.

The scientific-practical conference “Natural Science Education in a Comprehensive School - 2021”, which has already become a tradition, was held in an unusual way, remotely (online). This format of the conference was determined by the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, so the conference could not take place in the usual format for the second time. This time, the plenary session of the conference was truly international and extremely interesting. In total, four key reports were presented in plenary.
It is fair to say that the plenary has 'united' different continents: Africa (presenter: Dr Angela James from South Africa), Latin America (Dr Solange Locatelli from Brazil), Europe (Dr Mihail Calalb from Moldova and Dr Malgorzata Nodzynska from Poland). It is also interesting that the plenary reports covered all three essential areas of science education - chemistry, physics, biology.
The topics of the reports were various, mainly in various fields of science and technology education. It is important that the participants were active, there were intense discussions and sharing of experiences. All participants acknowledged that education in a pandemic environment is significantly restricted. This applies in particular to various non-formal education activities, or activities that take place outside the regular classroom (e.g. various project activities).
Presentations were also made on the second day of the conference. Dr. Rita Makarskaitė-Petkevičienė (Vilnius University) moderated four presentations. Traditionally, on the second day of the conference, practical seminars were organized for all conference participants. A similar goal was set at this conference - to make all reports useful for all professionals at all levels of education.
Most conference reports were presented in the form of articles and published in the conference proceedings. One can find full texts in the database at: https://oaji.net/journal-archive-stats.html?number=1984&year=2021&issue=18298 It is tentatively scheduled that the 28th Conference will take place on April 29-30, 2022, also remotely.

En todo el mundo, debido a la emergencia sanitaria internacional provocada por la Covid-19, las Instituciones de Educación Superior se vieron obligadas a revisar sus prácticas y, en poco tiempo, a diseñar estrategias, establecer normativas y elaborar planes de apoyo capaces de respaldar una adopción más amplia y generalizada de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en los contextos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Este artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos a partir de un estudio nacional en Portugal con objeto de comprender mejor los cambios introducidos en el funcionamiento de las Instituciones Públicas de Educación Superior Portuguesas (IPESP), desde la perspectiva de los/as alumnos/as y la de los/as profesores/as cuya actividad lectiva presencial se vio interrumpida. El principal instrumento para la recogida de datos fue una encuesta en línea, a la que contestaron 1908 alumnos/as y 453 profesores/as en el período comprendido entre el 4 de mayo y el 24 de junio de 2020. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que las IPESP facilitaron información, principalmente por correo electrónico, no solo sobre la pandemia, sino también sobre las actividades lectivas. El uso de plataformas y aplicaciones de aprendizaje en línea se vio reforzado. La mayoría de los/as participantes señalaron que poseían los recursos y las condiciones para trabajar en línea.

The spatial design of a home has an affinity to intimacy that might have been overlooked by many practicing architects. In this paper, the subject matter of housing will be discussed with a shifted focus from domestic buildings to the space of home and intimacy that scatters in a city. In recent years, some sociologists (Illouz, 2013 & 1997; Turkle, 2013; Jamieson, 2012) have underlined a social translation of a new spatial home by analysing an intimacy in a city that has been enabled by ICT technologies; business models i.e. Airbnb and Couchsurfing also indicated a new form of dwelling by demonstrating how share-economy can assist this spatial home and, in particular, assist the distribution of it so as to assist a city dweller to find and make home without possessing a house. And yet, neither of these examples of home are designed by architects who might actually know the best about the subject matter - this space of home and intimacy. What if the critical spatial design that an architect can produce isn’t the domestic buildings but the visualisation of this space? What is this critical spatial design of the home to cope with the shifting social needs already seen? Through Jeremy Till’s way of looking at buildings and beyond - the lens of Spatial Agency (2011) - the paper will further speculate these examples of home by architectural-writing this spatial design - this architectural-writing, as Jane Rendell describes in chapter of Essay Collections of Critical Architecture (2007), similarly to art-writing, “the very form of the writing itself is taken to be integral to the way in which a critic positions him/herself… The personal and autobiographical enter the debate, not in order to assert an ego criticism, but as part of an on-going political exploration of subjectivity.”

While developing countries are increasingly benefitting from the convenience and time savings brought by online shopping, the concept has not gained much popularity in Pakistan. Keeping in view the rise in the number of professional women in Pakistan and their struggle with work-life balance. The paper attempts to find out why professional women in Pakistan are not taking advantage of online shopping facility followed by recommendations regarding how online shopping experience can be made better for them. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 professional females for collecting the data. A semi-structured questionnaire comprising of 20 items was used to obtain the data. Grounded theory was used to identify the key factors involved in the online shopping behavior of professional women. The research findings revealed, firstly, that professional women are more likely to purchase online when complete product information in terms of Price, Variants, Mode of Payment and Brand history was provided. Secondly, Seller Credibility was found to be a major factor influencing the online purchase decision. And lastly, Buyers prefer delivery within 3 days to one week along with an exchange/return option to increase their confidence level in online purchases. This research shall help in increasing the online shopping trend in Pakistan which will help professional women in maintaining work-life balance through a suggested online shopping framework.

We need legal services, but not always and, in any case, lawyers. There are other companies on the market, real business structures, which represent a highly recommended alternative to traditional law firms. These companies, mostly known by the English term "LegalTech" startups, offer their "products" to the final consumer. In this sense, they are able to facilitate access to, for example, writing of documents, the presentation of claims or the possibility to finding a suitable lawyer for the consumer's case for free or at a very low cost. "LawTech" tools are especially suitable for small claims that, otherwise, and despite the European process established for that purpose, would not be suited. On the other hand, the provision of a "legal product" entails the provision of a "digital service or digital content", so the issue should be linked to the recent and controversial Directive (EU) 2019/770, of Parliament European and of the Council of May 20, 2019 regarding certain aspects of the contracts for the provision of digital content and services. To distinguish between the provision of the legal service and the provision of the digital service or digital content is not always an easy task and, nevertheless, it is meaningful because it will affect the determination of the applicable norms; for example, regarding the lack of conformity or the mistakes or biases of the algorithm. Likewise, the explainability of the algorithm is a first-order issue in consumer's protection, in relation to the pre-contractual information that should be supplied to them.

SafeZone.ch ist ein Internetportal, das kostenlose und anonyme Onlineberatungen zu Suchtfragen anbietet und sich dabei sowohl an Personen mit problematischem Substanzkonsum, deren Angehörige und andere interessierte Personen richtet. Nach der zweijährigen Pilotphase dient der vorliegende Bericht als Schlussevaluation von SafeZone.ch, indem definierte Leistungskriterien zur Angebotsnutzung den Ergebnissen der Evaluationsbefragung von beteiligten Institutionen und aussenstehenden Personen gegenübergestellt werden.

Abschliessende Empfehlungen auf einen Blick
 Sichtbarkeit von SafeZone.ch erhöhen: effektvolle Platzierung und Verlinkung auf relevanten
regionalen Websites und Auftritt über soziale Medien; Einbezug der Zielgruppe und
Verbreitung über externe Personen mit grossem Netzwerk.
 Französische Version: nach Möglichkeit französischsprachige Kantone mit einbeziehen und Angebot in allen drei grossen Landessprachen anbieten.
 Spezifische Diversifikationsthemen: Einbauen und Zielgruppe darauf aufmerksam machen.
 Aktivität im Forum erhöhen: interessierte Personen zum Austausch im Forum motivieren.
 Netzwerkarbeit: Aufrechterhalten der bestehenden kantonalen und regionalen Netzwerke und Einbindung weiterer interessierter Institutionen und Fachkräfte.
 Qualitätssicherung: hat sich bewährt und dient der Professionalisierung des Angebots.

Adhyayan Online Platform is mostly useful for student and teachers. The impact of pandemic situation student faced lots of problems during in academic year such as Study material, attendance, and also submitting their assignment. This type of issue recovers in one single platform based on web application. This platform is very beneficial for a single educational institute because of ability to recover the manual errors and also take caring of wastage of time that will growing performance. This platform is very essential as well as it is to use and understandable view. Methods involve in Adhyayan Online Platform are teachers can provide study material through platform, student submit their assignment and teachers can access those assignment through platform and teachers can send notice to whole collage or single student along with that mange attendance of student by teachers in the platform and all information notify to student on mobile by message. This project is very convenient to whole collage. Every user that involve in module can easy and friendly handle this platform.

The pandemic has changed many aspects, including sports activities reduction. On the other hand, the government urges people to maintain health by exercising. Thus, Jakarta citizens found problems to exercise, especially when the fitness centers are closed. Zumba Fitness has been a popular sports program for a long time. Nevertheless, the character of Zumba is group exercising. Hence it should be conducted in a virtual class. Furthermore, the weakness of the Zumba virtual class still is the barriers between the instructor and members, or among members themself. In the perspective of sports communication, it causes further boundaries that require instructors to implement strategies to manage their audience in virtual classes. This study aims to explain how they use digital media as a marketing tool for the Zumba virtual class.

Using the “Computers are social actors” paradigm, this study brings the concept of power to human–computer interactions in tourism. Building on theories of social power and deliberate practice, the authors examine psychological effects of expert power of online travel review platforms (influencer) and its interaction effects with the power of users (influenced). Two expert platform attributes are conceptualized: specialization and experience. A significant interaction effect was identified between platform specialization, platform experience, and user power on perceived information-task fit using a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment. When users are powerful, specialization affected perceived information-task fit for lowexperience platforms; no significant effect was evident for high experience platforms. When users are powerless, specialization did not affect perceived information-task fit, regardless of experience condition. Perceived information-task fit mediated the effect of specialization on intention to use. The findings contribute to power discourses by exploring the workings of expert power.

Rezime
Predmet istraživanja je utvrđivanje radnopravnog statusa lica koja rade na online platformama. U uslovima digitalizacije tržišta rada, pružanje usluga na online platformama poput Uber-a, Upwork-a, Deliveroo-a, CitySprint-a, uobičajeno se kvalifikuje kao rad samozaposlenih lica. Ipak, skorija istraživanja karakteristika rada na online platformama pokazuju da se vrlo često ovakav rad može okvalifikovati i kao rad u okviru „prikrivenog radnog odnosa“. U tom kontekstu, poseban izazov predstavlja dokazivanje elemenata radnog odnosa uzevši u obzir da fleksibilnost, depersonalizacija, postojanje trostranog odnosa (radnik – online platforma – klijent), netransparentnost funkcionisanja online platforme kao osnovnih karakteristika ovakvog rada, otežavaju dokazivanje de facto radnog odnosa. U tom pogledu, predmet istraživanja je utvrđivanje karakteristika položaja lica koje nude usluge na online platformama u odnosu na tipične karakteristike pojma radnika uspostavljene u evropskim državama kao i od strane Evropske unije.

Ključne riječi: online platforma, Uber, crowdwork, gig economy, ekonomska podređenost

REDEFINING THE CONCEPT OF A WORKER IN CASE OF  ONLINE PLATFORM WORK

Summary
The subject of research is to determine the work status of persons working on online platforms. As the labour market digitalisation picks up the pace, providing services on online platforms such as Uber, Upwork, Deliveroo, CitySprint, is commonly qualified as the work of self-employed persons. However, more recent research on the characteristics of work on online platforms suggests that very often this type of work can be qualified as a "disguised employment relationship".
In this context, the particular challenge is to prove the elements of employment, taking into account that flexibility, depersonalization, the existence of a three-party relationship (worker - online platform - client), and the non-transparent functioning of the online platform as the basic characteristics of this type of work make it difficult to prove employment relationship. In this regard, the subject of research is to determine the characteristics of the position of persons offering services on online platforms in relation to the typical characteristics of the concept of workers established in European countries as well as by the European Union.

Keywords: online platform, Uber, crowd work, gig economy, economic subordination

This is a presentation that I gave at virtual seminar in South Korea, organised by TAIEX. There were five speakers relating to this topic, so my presentation only covers certain aspects in order to avoid overlapping with other presentations.

One of the virtues of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) is that, because of their scalability, temporal flexibility and digital mediation, they have the potential to increase learner numbers in higher education, boosting their general level of social inclusion. Whether a MOOC actually succeeds in enhancing students' social inclusion, however, is shaped by two elements of the course: 1) the features of the online interface-the embedded linguistic, pedagogical and interactive features that direct students' engagement with the course materials, the educator and their peers; and 2) the knowledge content of the course, especially its relevancy for equipping learners to be able to engage meaningfully with the world after completion of the MOOC. With this in mind, this paper focuses on the first element, exploring Turkish students' experiences of taking a MOOC and their perceptions of how the MOOC interface shaped their sense of social inclusion. Fifteen university-level students registered for a five-week MOOC on how to improve their English language writing skills. They then completed a questionnaire about their views on the learning experience. Nine of the students also kept diaries reflecting on their learning through the MOOC. Findings reveal that these students had a positive view of the MOOC, with different elements of the online interface playing important roles in improving digital, educational and social inclusion. The paper ends by recommending that researchers should further investigate the relationship between social inclusion and MOOCs; that course designers should rethink the role of online interfaces within MOOCS; and that Turkish higher education institutions should develop more MOOCs with locally relevant features embedded within them.

A loan contract in the judicial practice of ordinary Polish courts // The report from an empirical study, carried out in the Institute of Justice (Instytut Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości) in Warsaw  in 2015–2016 (empirical part) and in 2017–2018 (analytical part). It embraced a sample of 367 cases, decided by Polish ordinary courts in 2015-2016. The bulk of the analyzed data encompassed consumer loans - especially micro-loans concluded beyond the banking sector (including peer-to-peer lending and the role of online platforms). The study focuses on judicial practice and through these lenses attempts to understand better the functioning and dysfunctionality of law applicable to loan agreements, with particular regard to consumer contract law.

En todo el mundo, debido a la emergencia sanitaria internacional provocada por la Covid-19, las Instituciones de Educación Superior se vieron obligadas a revisar sus prácticas y, en poco tiempo, a diseñar estrategias, establecer normativas y elaborar planes de apoyo capaces de respaldar una adopción más amplia y generalizada de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en los contextos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Este artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos a partir de un estudio nacional en Portugal con objeto de comprender mejor los cambios introducidos en el funcionamiento de las Instituciones Públicas de Educación Superior Portuguesas (IPESP), desde la perspectiva de los/as alumnos/as y la de los/as profesores/as cuya actividad lectiva presencial se vio interrumpida. El principal instrumento para la recogida de datos fue una encuesta en línea, a la que contestaron 1908 alumnos/as y 453 profesores/as en el período comprendido entre el 4 de mayo y el 24 de junio de 2020. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que las IPESP facilitaron información, principalmente por correo electrónico, no solo sobre la pandemia, sino también sobre las actividades lectivas. El uso de plataformas y aplicaciones de aprendizaje en línea se vio reforzado. La mayoría de los/as participantes señalaron que poseían los recursos y las condiciones para trabajar en línea.

Blockchain regulation is still in its embryonic stage and the European Union is called upon to face this complex regulatory challenge. Although scholarly opinions vary, it must be acknowledged that the growth of blockchain could, at least within the framework of European private law, lead to the discarding of principles and rules traditionally considered as providing the default order. The increasing global investment in blockchain technology will demand the creation of a new private law, one in which principles and rules thus far considered recessionary could emerge and, in the near future, play a primary role.
The present work aims to evaluate the impact of blockchain on private law’s civil liability sector, attempting to describe its future path and envisage future regulation. The need to identify the person responsible for either malfunction in the chains or illegal activities perpetrated against them, thereby causing economic damage to end users, clashes with the highly decentralised nature of this technology. On the basis of an activity risk analysis carried out on blockchain platforms, the paper argues that the strict liability of the relevant operators will increasingly become the reference paradigm for civil liability, definitively supplanting the fault- based rule. Meanwhile, the need to consider the introduction of a mandatory insurance scheme for blockchain platform operators is emphasised, with a view to not only protecting the assets of operators but also ensuring full compensation for end users in the event a malfunction or attack results in the loss of assets held on the decentralised network.
The renewal described will perhaps involve a new basic philosophy that will oblige the European Union to face the challenge of a regulation that will be increasingly intertwined with economic evaluations.

Social media platforms are today one of the primary means of political expression and campaigning. The growing entanglement of politics with the online sphere raises interest in how these new types of media shape the social and political reality. While previous research tends to focus on Twitter and Facebook, limited works exists on the political influence of YouTube. This is even though YouTube is the second-most visited website and provides unique ways of engaging users and disseminating political messages through the combination of rich communication functionality with immersive audiovisual media content. Unfortunately, the influence of social media platforms such as YouTube on politics is difficult to analyse, due to a lack of transparency and qualitative data. Independent researchers and the public have limited ways to access meaningful statistics about the video service. This article derives a taxonomy to classify YouTube's ways of political influence from a case-study-driven analysis of YouTube in the European political landscape. The authors' taxonomy aligns with traditional theoretical concepts from the media effects theory, particularly framing, priming and agenda-setting. A brief discussion of the current regulatory landscape in the EU is provided, and gaps are highlighted that might need improvement. The authors conclude by considering the question of whether YouTube is a political actor.

This article examines an Uberization model of governance that can enable the existing United Nations (UN) regime for preventing the financing of terrorism to overcome the problems caused by the obfuscation techniques employed by virtual currencies (VCs). This new global governance model envisions a multi-sided platform where public and private actors are interconnected by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The central argument of this article is that the UNSC can build a powerful and transparent platform of cooperation and set binding rules of cooperation for all countries and members of the VC ecosystem. This governance platform will offer an entrepreneurial opportunity for private actors of the VC ecosystem to allocate their idle investigation capacity towards cooperation with national law enforcement agencies who lack investigation resources to tackle the problem of obfuscation in VCs. It will also enable national law enforcement agencies to collaborate with the most competent private cyber forensic experts in a cost-efficient way.

The collaborative economy is currently experiencing a re-comeback in an innovated form given the development of digital platforms. This model of the economy was further supported by the period of the Covid-19 pandemic, when as a result of the introduced lock-downs, traditional forms of the economy have so far been dampened by states, especially in tourism (accommodation and gastronomic services). From the states' point of view, the collaborative economy is an area of interest in terms of legal regulation, including tax policy settings, and in the context of its expansion, its non-taxation may represent a tax revenue gap (especially for local governments in the context of local taxes). In the paper, the authors analyse the existing legal regulation of taxation in the field of tourism, focusing on the provision of accommodation services in the Slovak Republic, in connection with its possible application to the model of the collaborative economy. The authors aim to answer the research question of whether the existing tax legislation in the Slovak Republic is applicable to economic activities in the field of accommodation services carried out under the collaborative economy model. For this purpose, using the method of legal analysis, analysis of secondary data from available databases (Eurostat), partial comparisons with other EU countries and using induction, deduction and scientific synthesis, the authors conclude in terms of a formulated scientific question.

En todo el mundo, debido a la emergencia sanitaria internacional provocada por la Covid-19, las Instituciones de Educación Superior se vieron obligadas a revisar sus prácticas y, en poco tiempo, a diseñar estrategias, establecer normativas y elaborar planes de apoyo capaces de respaldar una adopción más amplia y generalizada de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en los contextos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Este artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos a partir de un estudio nacional en Portugal con objeto de comprender mejor los cambios introducidos en el funcionamiento de las Instituciones Públicas de Educación Superior Portuguesas (IPESP), desde la perspectiva de los/as alumnos/as y la de los/as profesores/as cuya actividad lectiva presencial se vio interrumpida. El principal instrumento para la recogida de datos fue una encuesta en línea, a la que contestaron 1908 alumnos/as y 453 profesores/as en el período comprendido entre el 4 de mayo y el 24 de junio de 2020. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que las IPESP facilitaron información, principalmente por correo electrónico, no solo sobre la pandemia, sino también sobre las actividades lectivas. El uso de plataformas y aplicaciones de aprendizaje en línea se vio reforzado. La mayoría de los/as participantes señalaron que poseían los recursos y las condiciones para trabajar en línea.

Companies are constantly being pressured to innovate in order to stay competitive in the short run and have new offerings in the long run. One way of boosting innovation is to develop idea support systems that go beyond the traditional methods and tools. Through a qualitative study, this paper explores the lessons learned from developing an online platform for idea generation, and discusses it in terms of innovation process, climate, and capabilities. The results show that the platform itself is not enough for innovation. The structure and work processes around the platform are as important, which implies the need to design processes and procedures that allow an idea to develop, providing, focus, idea feedback and role clarity.

Negli ultimi anni le opportunità offerte dallo sviluppo della tecnologia hanno avuto una notevole importanza sulla diffusione e sull'uso di strumenti informatici e multimediali legati al settore della formazione e dell'educazione. Nel settore dell'insegnamento linguistico ciò ha comportato una vera e propria rivoluzione dal momento che risorse come i social network o le piattaforme e-learning, hanno rappresentato solo alcune delle numerose risorse di cui gli insegnanti possono usufruire per costruire attività e percorsi di apprendimento grazie alla tecnologia.

В последние годы применение системы обучения (LMS) в практической работе преподавателя становится распространенным и имеет много преимуществ: позволяет студентам быстрее получать знания, облегчает взаимодействие между студентами и преподавателями. Кроме того, использование системы обучения (LMS) увеличивает количество студентов в дистанционном обучении. Академическая группа в социальной сети Facebook используется как в повседневной жизни студентов, так и считается учебным инструментом. Социальную сеть легко адаптировать в качестве дополнительной системы управления обучением, так как виртуальное пространство прочно вошло в нашу жизнь и с его помощью можно оперативно решить многие задачи «не сходя с места». Однако в полной мере влияние академической группы Facebook на обучение не изучено, особенно в сравнении с другими системами управления обучением. По результатам исследования, участники группы Facebook академически превзошли тех, кто использовал Moodle. Более того, пользователи в группе Facebook придерживались позитивного отношения к обучению и взаимодействию, высокой мотивации по сравнению с пользователями Moodle. В данной статье приводится анализ внедрения и возможного ограничения в использовании системы управления обучением. Результаты исследования могут представить интерес для преподавателей, которые предполагают принять Facebook в качестве одной из систем управления обучением. Ключевые слова: средства иностранной коммуникации, системы управления обучением, социальные сетевые технологии, постдипломное образование, дистанционное образование, интеграция онлайн-платформ, инструменты образования, средства коммуникации.

Abstract: In recent years, the use of the learning management system (LMS) in the educator's practical work is becoming more popular and has many advantages: it allows students to get knowledge faster and deeper, facilitates interaction between students and educators. In addition, the LMS use increases the students' number in distance education. Academic group in the social network Facebook is used both in the students' daily life, and is considered as an educational tool. The social network can easily be adapted as an additional learning management system due to the fact that virtual space become a part of our lives and it can be used efficiently to solve much problems " on the spot ". However, the full impact of the academic group in Facebook on learning has not been studied, especially when compared with the use of other training management systems. According to the study results, the Facebook group members surpassed academically those who used Moodle. Moreover, Facebook users held a positive attitude towards learning and interaction, higher motivation to learn compared to Moodle users. This article provides an implementation analysis and possible limitations in the use of the training management system. The study results may be of great interest to educators who suggest taking Facebook as one of the training management systems.

Delovanje kariernih centrov pridobiva na univerzah vse večjo vlogo. Zanimanje študentov za karierni center pa se še ni razvilo v dovoljšni meri. Opravljena raziskava prikazuje predloge za reorganizacijo področij del znotraj kariernega centra in izboljšanja obstoječe ponudbe. Prispevek vključuje kvalitativno raziskavo, znotraj katere so bili intervjuvani štirje karierni svetovalci, ki so zaposleni v kariernih centrih na univerzah v različnih državah. Na podlagi opravljene analize je bilo ugotovljeno, da imajo intervjuvani iz kariernih centrov z daljšo dobo delovanja in večjim številom zaposlenih znotraj kariernega centra bolj specializirana področja dela in ponujajo več dejavnosti za študente. Karierni svetovalci uspešno in kakovostno delovanje kariernega centra pripisujejo predvsem spletni platformi in konstantnemu stiku s študenti in delodajalci. Po mnenju intervjuvancev predstavlja dobro poznavanje vsebine študijskih programov, ki jih univerza ponuja, veliko prednost.
The work of career centres is becoming increasingly important at universities. However, students’ interest in career centres has not yet developed to a sufficient extent. The research therefore presents proposals for reorganising career centres’ areas of work and improving their existing offer. The article includes a qualitative survey in which interviews were conducted with
four career counsellors at university career centres in different countries. The analysis shows that the career centers which have been around longer and have a larger number of employees also have more specialised areas of work and provide more activities for the students. The counsellors attribute the successful and high quality performance of a career centre primarily to its online platform and to being in constant contact with both students and employers.
According to the interviewees, having a good grasp of the study programmes at the university is a great advantage.

While developing countries are increasingly benefitting from the convenience and time savings brought by online shopping, the concept has not gained much popularity in Pakistan. Keeping in view the rise in the number of professional women in Pakistan and their struggle with work-life balance. The paper attempts to find out why professional women in Pakistan are not taking advantage of online shopping facility followed by recommendations regarding how online shopping experience can be made better for them. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 professional females for collecting the data. A semi-structured questionnaire comprising of 20 items was used to obtain the data. Grounded theory was used to identify the key factors involved in the online shopping behavior of professional women. The research findings revealed, firstly, that professional women are more likely to purchase online when complete product information in terms of Price, Variants, Mode of Payment and Brand history w...

Cities are venues for experimentation with technology (e.g., smart cities) and democratic governance. At the intersection of both trends is the emergence of new online platforms for citizen engagement. There is little evidence to date on the extent to which these are being used or the characteristics associated with adopters at the leading edge. With rich data on civic engagement and innovation from a 2016 International City/County Management Association (ICMA) survey, we explore platform use in U.S. local governments and relationships with offline civic engagement, innovation, and local characteristics. We find that use of online participatory platforms is associated with offline participation, goals for civic engagement, and city size, rather than evidence that this is related to a more general orientation toward innovation.

Questa rubrica di aggiornamento è curata dal Prof. Salvatore Orlando e dal Dott. Daniele Imbruglia nell'ambito delle attività dell'OGID, Osservatorio Giuridico sulle Innovazioni Digitali, costituito presso il Dipartimento di Diritto ed Economia delle Attività Produttive dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" (https://web.uniroma1.it/deap/[email protected]). SOMMARIO: 1. La sentenza "Schrems II" del 16 luglio 2020 della Corte di Giustizia UE sul Privacy Shield con gli USA e sulle clausole contrattuali tipo.-2. Le conclusioni dell'Avvocato generale della Corte di Giustizia UE del 16 luglio 2020 sull'interpretazione delle direttive 2001/29/CE e 2000/31/CE sulla responsabilità dei gestori di piattaforme online con riferimento alle opere protette dal diritto d'autore.-3. CasaPound vs. Facebook: il Tribunale di Roma conferma in sede di reclamo il provvedimento cautelare a favore di CasaPound.-4. Pubblicate il 10 luglio 2020 la relazione introduttiva e le prime tre bozze di relazione del gruppo di esperti dell'Observatory on the Online Platform Economy.-5. Lo studio del luglio 2020 su "Intelligenza Artificiale e responsabilità civile" commissionato dalla Commissione JURI del Parlamento europeo.-6. Il Consiglio di Stato francese conferma la sanzione di 50 milioni di Euro a Google per violazione del GDPR.-7. La «Algorithm Charter » della Nuova Zelanda.