Methodological Nationalism

This article traces the trajectory of transnationalism as a perspective and field of study and suggests that new impetus can be given to its development by establishing a dialogue between transnationalism and other key concepts. While the research agenda of the early stages was characterised by a need to distinguish transnationalism from related terms, such as globalisation, we argue that the field could now regain momentum by exploring synergies with other concepts. In this special issue we stage confrontations between transnationalism and, respectively, the (perspectives opened up by the) concepts of 'borders', 'translocality', 'precarity', 'queer', 'moralities', 'the state', and 'brokerage'. Conceptually, this allows us to go beyond an internal critique that exposes the shortcomings of a transnational perspective, by suggesting novel frameworks and toolkits. Substantively, this issue's articles demonstrate the need to refocus transnational studies' attention to the unevenness, instability and inequality of transnational space.

Problem and goal. The countries and territories of the world that are leaders in the system of school
education form strategic development tracks aimed at the implementation of educational projects
focused on the development of the intellectual and creative potential of the individual and its
socialization in the context of global digitalization. The aim of the article is to study the global tracks
of the strategic development of world leaders in the field of school education in anticipation of the
PISA-2022 study.
Materials and methods. Empirical research is based on retrospective and prospective analysis. The
materials of the study included the summary indicators for reading, mathematical and science literacy
from the PISA 2012, 2015, 2018 reports of the OECD countries and their partners in aggregate form,
which were compared with the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the school education
systems of the selected countries and territories. Reported indicators were used to compile a hybrid
ranking, cross-country comparison and assess the dynamics (growth) for the three periods of PISA
surveys. The paper provides a case analysis of the school education systems of countries and territories
of world leaders to identify special and general indicators of global tracks of strategic development.
Measuring the comparison ratio allows to check the applicability of universal and/or unique indicators
of strategic tracks.
Results. The hybrid rating indicators according to PISA 2012, 2015, 2018 show positive growth in Macau
(China) and Moscow (Russia) in the range of 2–4%; near-zero growth in Singapore and Estonia; negative
growth by 2018 in China (Beijing – Shanghai – Jiangsu – Guangdong), Hong Kong (China), Japan, Korea,
Chinese Taipei in the range of 4–5%. Indicators of strategic development tracks have been identified:
the professional standard of the teacher, the system of teacher growth, the certification of teachers, the
assessment of the quality of the teacher's work (attestation), the competence-based approach, the HR
service, the digitalization of the educational process (digital competencies), aimed at implementing the
main tasks of PISA.
Conclusion. The school education system of any country or territory can introduce and implement
indicators of the global universal track of strategic development in its system, but it can also develop
unique educational projects and programs to improve the quality of education.

This essay follows up on my 2013 Ab Imperio article on Russian 'Liberal Mainstream' and Cultural Conservatism. This is a critical analysis of a Russian scholar's article on the linguistic analysis of territory. This scholar’s article is viewed as symptomatic of the right-wing turn in Russian human sciences. It is analyzed for the insights this article offers into national and to some extent transnational trends in the studies of national identity, empire, territory, and space, and in humanistic and social science methodology. The essay is written in Russian.
The reviewed article is also in Russian: Мария Голованивская,                       
О ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИХ МЕТОДАХ АНАЛИЗА ТЕРРИТОРИИ
(НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ДОРОЖНЫХ СЕТЕЙ
И ЦЕНТРАЛЬНЫХ СТОЛИЧНЫХ ПЛОЩАДЕЙ)
This article was submitted several years ago for publication in a prestigious Russian academic journal. I reviewed it and advised the editors to reject it. Even so, the relevant material seemed important enough to warrant a longer piece. Here it is!

This introductory article to the special issue proposes a more encompassing view of transnational collective action in Europe, which goes beyond the classical, country-by-country oriented, comparative industrial relations approach. Instead, we propose an extension of focus to capture also other actors, action repertoires, places and levels. Specifically, we introduce and integrate the contributions to this issue, by extending our analytical perspectives from traditional forms of employment to precarious and posted workers; from national and European trade union structures to informal groups of workers and social movements; from unions’ traditional strongholds in manufacturing multinationals to workers in the meat industry, health care or occupied factories; from national unions seen as coherent units to a perspective that emphasizes their internal contradictions; from the analysis of discrete actions to historically more encompassing perspectives; and from utilitarian views on colle...

Methodological nationalism is understood as the assumption that the nation/state/society is the natural social and political form of the modern world. We distinguish three modes of methodological nationalism that have characterized mainstream social science, and then show how these have influenced research on migration. We discover parallels between nationalist thinking and the conceptualization of migration in postwar social sciences. In a historical tour d’horizon, we show that this mainstream concept has developed in close interaction with nation–state building processes in the West and the role that immigration and integration policies have played within them. The shift towards a study of ‘transnational communities’— the last phase in this process — was more a consequence of an epistemic move away from methodological nationalism than of the appearance of new objects of observation. The article concludes by recommending new concepts for analysis that, on the one hand, are not col...

This special issue consists of four articles, contributed by David
Owen; Désirée Lim, Sahar Akhtar and (as co-authors) Mollie Gerver,
Miranda Simon, Patrick Lown and Dominik Duell. These contributions
address issues related to migration policies with the aim of
bringing normative theories of migration and discrimination into
dialogue. These theories describe the various types of discrimination
inherent in the domestic and global migration systems, as
well as assess arguments, pro et contra, about whether these forms
of discrimination are permissible.

ABSTRACT
This Manifesto calls on migration scholars to confront our transforming world
in which the patterns and possibilities of migration on which our theories and
assumptions have been based are rapidly ending. It addresses the process of dehu-
manization that accompanies the elimination of people’s ability to move and
settle with the eventual possibility of citizenship. People needing or seeking to
leave home are increasingly kept from attaining secure lives in terms of adequate
employment, housing and legal protection. Instead, they face migration indus-
tries that profit from borders, surveillance, short-term labour contracts without
rights to settle or to safety, legalized exploitation, and even the criminalization of
migrancy itself. The basic human right to social and economic justice and dignity
is at stake. This Manifesto therefore sounds the alarm for migration scholars not only to document the transformations in migration but to say clearly and force-
fully: migration is a social good and is part of our struggle for a more just world.
In this dramatically altered terrain scholars must conduct migration research with
these assumptions, starting with developing a deeper understanding of our changing historical conjuncture that is indeed ending migration as we know it.
ing historical conjuncture that is indeed ending migration as we know it.

Studies of masculinity and armed conflict have struggled to capture the complex interaction between globalized militarized masculinities and local gender formations. Particularly in conflicts characterized by a high degree of combatant mobility (in the form of foreign fighters, massed displacement, or significant diaspora involvement) locating the relevant gender dynamics can prove to be a difficult step in understanding the character of armed groups. Based on fieldwork with Indonesian former foreign fighters, we make the case that feminist international relations have tended to unreflectively default to the nation when locating gender hierarchies. Exploring the multiple articulations of masculinity present in former fighters’ lives, we suggest that efforts must be made to resist methodological nationalism in understanding the relationship between gender hierarchies and armed conflict. Charting how foreign fighters traverse local constructions of gender, national gender hierarchies,...

Conversations surrounding decolonial humanistic sociology have been guided by a moral imperative—to advance a radical critique of society for the purpose of reducing inequality. Storytelling has been used by marginalized groups to advance decolonization. Exactly how can instructors use the power of storytelling and maps to facilitate the study of migration among students? We argue that narratives, maps, and museum-like exhibitions can be used to teach human migration in a way that moves beyond the dominant approach of push-pull nation-centered demography. This contribution describes how decolonial humanistic sociology informed the development of the Global Migrations Exhibit Assignment: a hands-on learning experience focused on translating students’ learning into action. We outline learning outcomes, review a sample of students’ work, and consider the limitations of the assignment. We also consider the hostile responses those who use the assignment may face and discuss the peril this poses to academic freedom and democracy.

Possibility Applications of Hayden White's Narrative Constructivism in the Historiographical Analysis of Selected Works by Milan Stanislav Ďurica and František Vnuka

This study is focused on researching the potential application of the theo- retical framework of Hayden White in analysing selected historical narrations by Milan Stanislav Ďurica and František Vnuk. These two historians were the main protagonists of the Slovak exile historiography. The article deals with the application of the following White’s concepts: the formation of historical narration, historical subjects, the meaning of the metaphor in historical narration and historical truth. In analysing of historians texts author concerned with the ideological position of a historian, the relationship between historical narration and ideology. The problem of myth and ideology is connected with a certain practice in representation, historical narration as a moral allegory, and the model of figure filling. The study also represents an attempt at a verification of the aforementioned theoretical concepts on the empirical basis of historical texts by M. S. Ďurica and F. Vnuk.

Keywords: Hayden White, Milan Stanislav Ďurica, František Vnuk, his- torical narration, historical representation, ideology, explanatory structure, climax structure, metaphor, allegory, icon

The study of national representations at world fairs could provide a strong incentive to the field of nationalism studies, since it enables the construction of national identities to be studied as a global process. This way, it can be shown that the process of national identity construction during the heyday of the world fairs between 1851 and the 1930s demonstrated many converging tendencies. This introductory article is divided into five sections. First, I will show how national and other territorial identities have been shaped at world fairs during the second half of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth century. The second section will provide a brief overview of developments in the field of nationalism studies, where scholars have recently placed more emphasis on transnational and bottom-up approaches, while trying to overcome the dichotomy between nation-states and empires. The third section assesses the contributions on nationalism at world fairs published in this and the previous issue of Studies on National Movements, showing how they already integrate many fresh perspectives. In the fourth part, I argue that more attention should be given to the construction of national identities as a global process, showing that world fairs actually had a strong isomorphic effect, as countries increasingly adopted common elements and templates in order to give shape to their national identities. The final section shows that world fairs reflected the existing international order, developed a common taxonomy to categorize human productivity, created a global conceptual framework, defined the main components of a national identity and created successful templates in order to display them for an international audience. World fairs as a consequence had a lasting and homogenizing effect on national identities around the globe.

During the 20th century, the marketing of tourist destinations increasingly shifted from a local to a national level, as politicians became aware of the economic potential of tourism in terms of tax revenues, employment and other gains. Moreover, politicians gradually discovered that (smart) tourism branding could produce positive hetero- and auto-images, that were, not only, vital to attract moneyed, foreign tourists, but could also strengthen national identities. During the last few decades, a host of experts from Tourist Studies have tried to disentangle these links between nationalism and tourism marketing. However, a historical lens, that zeroes in on the topic in a diachronic way, remains largely missing. This paper will break new ground by looking at evolutions in tourism policy and branding strategies from a top-down and bottom-up perspective in one particular – yet highly tormented – nation. How did ideas about nationhood (re)shape the promotion of Belgium as a product for domestic and foreign tourism? What brand should be developed, by whom, and with which media? And, most importantly, what was the rationale behind these promotional activities?

As the world rapidly becomes a different place for migrants and non-migrants alike, this article asks whether transnational migration scholars have an adequate conceptual toolkit to address the temporal dimensions of mobility regimes. The article notes the way those who initiated the transnational framework for the study of migration conceptualised temporality, critiques the failure of subsequent researchers to adequately address the rapidly altering conditions of migration and offers a concept of multiscalar conjunctural transformation. A multiscalar conjunctural approach allows researchers to address both time and space. It highlights emergent processes of capital accumulation by dispossession and the ways in which such processes are culturally, politically, socially and spatially constituted as people around the world respond to multiple forms of displacement and reconstitute their lives.

Historiografia je profesia. Vykonávanie tejto profesie si vyžaduje kvalifikáciu, potvrdenú vysokoškolským diplomom. Študuje sa na vysokých školách vo všetkých stupňoch vysokoškolského štúdia, vrátane doktorandského. Absolvovanie doktorandského štúdia je predpokladom kvalifikovaného vykonávania tejto profesie. Historiografia však nebola vždy akademickou disciplínou. V minulosti sa z vykonávania tejto profesie dalo síce vyžiť, ale písači histórie nepatrili medzi nejaké honorácie, boli asi tak na úrovni hudobníkov, maliarov ako služobníci, ktorí slúžili panovníkovi, šľachte, mestám. Písali životopisy panovníkov, mestské kroniky a podobne. Honoráre za túto činnosť neboli vysoké. Je zaujímavé, že tento služobnícky syndróm v profesii historikov pretrváva, aj keď na to už neexistujú vonkajšie podmienky. Historici si akosi zvykli na služobnícky pomer a dobrovoľne slúžia. Niekedy tvrdia, že národu, ale najčastejšie je to prisluhovanie politikom, vládam, skrátka mocným, ktorí majú páky k honorárom. V určitej dobe boli historici vnímaní ako spisovatelia, teda ako umelci. Nemecký historik Theodor Mommsen, ako doteraz jediný historik, sa stal laureátom Nobelovej ceny za literatúru, pričom sa hodnotil predovšetkým podmanivý štýl jeho diela Dejiny Ríma(1). Profesionalizácia historiografie je až záležitosťou poslednej tretiny 19. storočia, keď sa z historiografie stala samostatná akademická univerzitná disciplína. O dejinách sa, pravda, učilo na univerzitách aj predtým, vlastne už od stredoveku, od samého začiatku existencie univerzít, ale bola vždy súčasťou práva, teológie, alebo filozofie. Keď sa stala samostatnou akademickou disciplínou, musela si v krátkom čase vypracovať svoje pracovné postupy, metodiku i metodológiu. Tie, samozrejme od začiatku neboli a ani nie sú sterilné, menia sa, vyvíjajú, transformujú. Až v druhej polovici 20. storočia došlo, napríklad k zásadnej zmene v tom, že sa za relevantné historické pramene začali považovať aj pramene neverbálnej povahy.

attention of an informal nature directed at creating decolonised South African physical culture narratives (Cleophas, 2018c). This is best done through the culling of data from private archives. Archives and decolonisation Traditionally, state and official archives provided primary sources for South African sport research. Such archives are however limited in their capacity to constructing decolonised sport narratives. Despite certain limitations that underexploited private archives hold, they constitute a valuable body of evidence (Odendaal, 2018:2). The researcher, however, not the owner or donor, creates the private archive from loose materials. Therefore, what we call private archives today was previously referred to as private manuscripts, historical manuscripts or manuscript collections. The evolving terminology is not without polemics for archivists today, considering the impact and influence of their motive and thought on archives. 'Private archives' is both a more inclusive term than manuscripts in that it more readily encompasses digital records and non-textual media and also expressly applies the word 'archives' to fonds of private provenance, something beyond 'historical manuscripts'. Then there are grey areas that dwell between public and private archives, and personal and corporate archives. Nowhere else, other than the private archive, do black weightlifters, who were and remain marginal figures in South African sport history, get to tell their story in detail and thereby allow historians a glimpse of their lives (Fisher, 2009:7). The aim of this chapter was to create such an archive by discarding and ignoring what has been wrongly written about black sport. Such an attempt is undertaken by an examination of Ron Eland's private archive. Traditional South African weightlifting (the modern-day version of physical culture) narratives reveals a white bias (see Leach & Wilkins, 1992:141-144). During the colonial and apartheid eras, public archives supported this biasness, which therefore limits their usefulness for decolonial sport history research (Lalu, 2008:158). Public archives also no longer hold the sole authority over creating physical culture narratives because they are "processes of preservation and exclusion" (Booth, 2005:85). Private archives, on the other hand, reveal the conditions under which marginalised communities conducted physical culture programmes. Although there is some scholarly interest (Cleophas, 2009; Snyders, 2018) in South African physical culture, it remains a neglected field of research among scholars. However, the participation of William Ron Eland, a black South African weightlifter in the 1948 Olympic Games and a member of the British contingent, is drawing some interest in South African mainstream printed and digital media (Cleophas, 2018c:9; 2018d). Eland's sport career is tied up in his private archive that reveals how he reached the highest echelons in international sport-the Olympic Games, the Commonwealth Games and Mr Universe-but remains an unknown entity in his country of birth. His international contribution to poor communities, his passion, endurance and commitment to furthering his education make him a role model for youths at risk. The absence of data in Eland's archive relating to strength sport Francois Johannes Cleophas (ed). Critical Reflections on Physical Culture at the Edges of Empire. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media

First, this article will outline the metaphysics of 'the social' that implicitly and explicitly connects the work of classical and contemporary cosmopolitan sociologists as different as Durkheim, Weber, Beck and Luhmann. In a second step, I will show that the cosmopolitan outlook of classical sociology is driven by exclusive differences. In understanding human affairs, both classical sociology and contemporary cosmopolitan sociology reflect a very modernist outlook of epistemological, conceptual, methodological and disciplinary rigour that separates the cultural sphere from the natural objects of concern. I will suggest that classical sociology-in order to be cosmopolitan-is forced (1) to exclude non-social and non-human objects as part of its conceptual and methodological rigour, and (2) consequently and methodologically to rule out the non-social and the non-human. Cosmopolitan sociology imagines 'the social' as a global, universal explanatory device to conceive and describe the non-social and non-human. In a third and final step the article draws upon the work of the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde and offers a possible alternative to the modernist social and cultural other-logics of social sciences. It argues for a inclusive conception of 'the social' that gives the non-social and non-human a cosmopolitan voice as well.

W krótkim wottorhanju hodźa so jenož najwažniše prudźenja a někotre wliwapołne teorije stawiznow sociologije skicěrować. Budźemy spytać, to činić, z tym zo za dwěmaj směromaj postupujemoj. W prěnim dźělu kapitla budźemy šěrše sociologiske teorije přepytować, nowe zakłady za wědomostne myslenje wo towaršnosći jako cyłk we wěstej dobje wutworić, a w druhim dźělu budźemy so z wuwićom specializowanych sociologijow zaběrać, kotrež su so na wěste socialne wobłuki (wědomosć, politika, masowa komunikacija) a jich hłowne zajimawe kónčiny koncentrowali. Tu njeje dosć městna, zo bychmy wopisali sociologiske myslenje krajow, kotrež su najwjetše přinoški k sociologiji zdokonjeli. Móžemy tuž jenož skrótka naspomnić, zo su wudobyća francoskeje a jendźelskeje sociologije na spočatku 19. lětstotka, němskeje sociologije w prěnjej połojcy 20. lětstotka a ameriskeje sociologije w poslednich lětdźesatkach wašnje postajili, kak je so sociologiske myslenje w mjezynarodnym měritku organizowało.
      Při předstajenju najwažnišich sociologiskich teorijow a wuzběhnjenja jeje ćežišćow damy so wot wašnja nawjedować, w kotrejž su so zapřijeći aparaty w cyłkownej realiće wuwili, z tym zo smy specifitu socialneje (abo z druhimi słowami, socialnym swětom) wudźěłali, a wot wašnja, kak pozdźiše sociologiske teorije dohlady swojich předchadnikow dale wjedźechu, wujasnili a pregnantnišo činili. Znutřka tutoho wodźaceho motiwa hodźa so wosebje štyri dimensije wuwića wobkedźbować: 1) Přiběranje kmanosće k hłubšemu rozpušćenju "zakładnych elementow", kotrež so při teoretiskej rekonstrukciji socialneje zaki w sociologiskim teorijowym wuwiću wužiwaja. (Zo by pozdźiše krótko doprědka přiběrało, je tu nastaće sociologiskich analyzow na zakładźe koncepta "róle" město kompaktneho koncepta "wosoby", potom rozebranje rólow w jednanjach a skónčnje wuwiće modernych sociologiskich teorijow na zakładźe analyzy jednanskich komponentow wuznamne.) 2) Paralelnje k tomu so wuwiće teorijow socialneje struktury na zakładźe zakładnych elementow (rólow, jednanjow) skicěruje, kotrež hłubše rozpušćenje zmóžnjeja. 3) To rěka, towaršnosć jako cyłk socialnych subsystemow, abo z druhimi słowami "socialne pola", sfery, jednanske systemy, rólowe systemy atd., druhej formulaciji, po kotrejž je towaršnosć cyłk rjadownjow, worštow a rjadowniskich bojow. 4) Wšako spytamy w štwórtej dimensiji wuwićowu liniju w sociologiji wědy pokazać, kotrež buchu wosebitu "mjechkosć" faktow socialneho swěta, jich prewenciju přez prjedawše teorije a jich łamki wuzběhnjene, w kotrejž najprjedy w sociologiji dominowace teorije, socialne fenomeny jako fakty přirody wobjednawachu, poněčim přez spočatki narunane, kotrež kulturne prewencije faktow socialneho swěta wuzběhnychu.

This article discusses the role of local identity and local leisure practices in migrants' inclusion processes in two rural Norwegian localities. The discussed study was conducted in municipalities that had experienced increased international migration following the EU expansion in 2004 and had a long history of internal in-migration. In the study, individuals' social inclusion and belonging processes are treated as inseparable from a locality's dominant local narratives, practices, and norms-drawing on theories on inclusion/exclusion processes in places. Based on findings from semi-structured interviews with local natives, internal migrants, and international migrants, the study found that different leisure practices were central to local identity in the two localities, which had implications for what was expected of migrants in order for them to be accepted locally. These findings align with what is commonly conceived as outdated community study research findings. The findings indicate the continued relevance of the local for people's identification and migrants' inclusion processes and support a need for closer theoretical and methodological integration of internal and international migration research. Another central finding was that in one of the localities, national narratives about civic engagement were evoked by some majority Norwegians as additional arguments for the importance of migrants' involvement in local leisure activities. These interviewees' main concern appeared to be ensuring local-rather than national-cultural continuity and cohesion. Finally, the different inclusion grammars in the two localities illustrate that inclusion processes in one locality should not by default be seen as representative of what is transpiring in a nation-state.

The paper shows socio-cultural historical research into multilingualism as one of the possible approaches to the analysis of early modern Hungarian society. The emphasis is put on the broadly defined political sphere, respecting its early modern meanings and contexts. The analysis of multilingualism rests on examples both from social practice and the intellectual discourse that dealt with the roles that were ascribed to various languages within the hierarchically ordered early modern society. Two perspectives were used as groundwork when ordering the source material and its subsequent analysis. Firstly, attention is devoted to pragmatic attitudes towards multilingualism present in Hungary. They were represented by acknowledgment of the existing situation, and then search for effective ways to work with it in order to achieve particular (political) aims. Secondly, the analysis focuses on situations when language was instrumentalized-both practically and symbolically-in the political activities within the distinction of "own/native/local" against "foreign/ alien", as a means of inclusion or exclusion. Eventually, it is proposed that the phenomenon of language played specific roles in the political sphere also in the early modern period in spite of a lack of institutional and intellectual background comparable to those of modern times.

Language learning applications have the potential to transform the way languages are learned. This study examined the most popular commercially available language learning applications and evaluated them according to a wide range of criteria. The study found out that no application exists in the market that can teach the Indians or anyone in the world the desired Indian Regional Languages. Three major trends were found in the applications that teach languages to the users: first, apps tend to teach vocabulary in isolated units rather than in relevant contexts; second, apps minimally adapt to suit the skill sets of individual learners; and third, apps rarely offer explanatory corrective feedback to learners. Despite a pedagogical shift toward more communicative approaches to language learning, these apps are behaviorist in nature. Also we aim to create an application that will specifically teach Indian languages to the users in a more effective way replacing the old traditional way of learning.

Kotimaisen kirjallisuuden oppiaine Helsingin yliopistossa on saanut alkunsa Werner Söderhjelmiä varten vuonna 1913 perustetusta kotimaisen ja yleisen kirjallisuushistorian professorin virasta. Se jaettiin kahtia vuonna 1924, jolloin suomenkielisen professuurin sai Viljo Tarkiainen ja ruotsinkielisen Gunnar Castrén. Kun yleinen kirjallisuus ja kotimainen erkanivat vuonna 1968, syntyi kotimaisen kirjallisuuden laitos, joka ehti toimia itsenäisenä tasan 30 vuotta. Nykyään kotimainen kirjallisuus kuuluu oppiaineena suureen suomen kielen, suomalaisugrilaisten ja pohjoismaisten kielten ja kirjallisuuksien laitokseen, jota leikillisesti myös Norsuksi kutsutaan.

Jürgen Habermas’ theory of the public sphere has provoked a massive reaction in European historiography in the last thirty years. However, methodological debates driven by the new questions that it inspired in Germany, England, or France had no equivalent in Poland and more broadly in Eastern Europe. This essay suggests why this might have been the case and argues for the deeper engagement of Polish historians with the Habermasian theory. In the text, I reintroduce the aims of the theory of the public sphere and look for the possible roots of its lacklustre reception among Polish historians in the idea about the Polish case’s supposed incompatibility with the course of modern history assumed by Habermas. I argue against this view, emphasising the flexibility and open‑endedness of the main Habermasian concepts, as well as underlining the necessity for a specifically Polish answer to Habermas’ theoretical enterprise. In the final part, I present the opportunities brought by adapting the theory to the Polish case, claiming that the original history of the Polish public sphere could be a prospective topic for both Polish historians and other historians of the public sphere.

Durante los últimos dos siglos se ha venido sosteniendo la neutralidad y apoliticidad de la ciencia, pero se ha pasado por alto que esta, como construcción humana, no puede ostentar un estatus especial. Es decir, está condicionada históricamente al igual que cualquier otra actividad. La ciencia moderna adquirió su actual división disciplinaria en el siglo XIX, en gran parte por el desarrollo del capitalismo industrial que cubrió el orbe y la conformación de estados-nación y su organización dentro del sistema interestatal, de modo que es una particular forma de entender y estudiar la realidad, pero no la única posible. Las elecciones teóricas y metodológicas hechas desde entonces se han impuesto como la forma natural de aprehender la realidad. La fase actual del proceso de la globalización ha puesto de manifiesto que el marco epistemológico decimonónico –y como parte de él, el nacionalismo metodológico– resulta insuficiente en el presente para explicar ciertos fenómenos sistémicos y ...

Esta tese apresenta um esboco para uma nova teoria da sociedade mundial do trabalho. Seus principais questionamentos sao: (1) ainda vivemos em uma sociedade do trabalho? (2) Podemos teorizar acerca de uma sociedade mundial do trabalho? (3) Existe uma sociedade mundial? (4) Em caso afirmativo, existe uma sociedade mundial modificada? (5) Em que medida as mudancas sociais de tal sociedade, tematizadas por boa parte da sociologia dominante atual, podem ser consideradas meias-verdades e em que medida sao fenomenos sociologicos empiricos? (6) A dicotomia centro-periferia ainda pode ser utilizada? Como? O enfrentamento de tais questoes se desdobra em seis pontos, organizados nos seis primeiros capitulos da tese. Ou seja, uma nova teoria mundial do trabalho precisa articular teoria e pesquisa empirica a partir dos seguintes pontos: (1) se estamos falando em uma sociedade mundial, nao e mais possivel realizar uma teoria do trabalho, da classe e da desigualdade restrita aos marcos teoricos e...

NOTA EDITORIAL: Las opiniones y contenidos publicados en esta obra son de responsabilidad exclusiva de sus autores y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de Dykinson S.L ni de los editores o coordinadores de la publicación; asimismo, los autores se responsabilizarán de obtener el permiso correspondiente para incluir material publicado en otro lugar.

Discussing the scope of religious experience has been one of the most important topics since
the eighteenth century, and from that period until now, thinkers in various fields of study such
as philosophy of religion, modern theology, theology and psychology of religion and ... Has
drawn various opinions in these periods about its nature and nature, the scope of its studies,
its function in human life and the essence of religion or its truth or falsity. Among other things,
the phenomenologists and philosophers of religion have drawn dimensions and characteristics
for religion, one of which is the empirical dimension of religion. Moral, legal, and ideological
precepts may contribute to the emergence of certain emotions, such as astonishment, fear, and
humility, and give rise to a wonderful and exhilarating experience, such as the presence of
God or the transcendent, or the glorification of mystical beings and mystical and inner
experiences. Become another, to be "quite distinct" from external experiences. Because
people in many different religious traditions claim to experience God, Nirvana, or Brahman,
and feel that such experiences give meaning and direction to their lives. It can be
acknowledged that religious experience is one of the most important issues in the psychology
of religion and the philosophy of religion. In the thought of constructivists such as Pradfoot
and Katz, who mostly emphasize the explanation of religious experience in its mystical
dimension, they believe that the nature of religious experience is influenced by the network
of beliefs and mental concepts of the subject and there are no empty experiences of beliefs
and concepts. On the other hand, in Phillips's approach, religious claims, although they do not
have a cognitive and narrative aspect, but to explain the statements, one can look at their
application in one's social life; In other words, in order to understand religious claims, we
must know the areas of life forms and pay attention to the rules of the game of religion, which
is a correct belief related to a person's way of life. In the present study, while examining the
methodology of these views, we try to explain and examine the views of Katz and Phillips on
religious experience.

Where do we stand between the exclusion of migrants as others from national narratives and traditions invented in the nineteenth century and the emergence of new narratives that include them and enable their social, political and cultural participation? This is what we discuss under the label cultural change in this volume, Cultural change in post-migrant societies: Re-imagining communities through arts and cultural activities. Since history has shown that arts and cultural activities have the potential to effectuate cultural change, we focus on the question of whether and how far they contribute to such a change in post-migrant societies. In the introduction, I explain the theme and objective of the present volume. Subsequently, I place it in the wider debate on social and cultural change in migration and cultural studies. I then explain in more detail where and how this volume moves beyond the state-of-the-art. Finally, I discuss our results in the light of recent changes in migration studies.

Older Russian-speaking migrants and the transnational use of health services In this article, we examine the transnational use of health services and the reasons given for their use by older Russian-speaking migrants living in Finland. We analyse the CHARM survey data collected in 2019, and elaborate the results with thematic analysis of the interview data. Almost 30 per cent of Russian-speakers over the age of 50 living in Finland had seen a doctor outside Finland in the year before the survey. Visiting a doctor abroad was more common among women, the unemployed, the highly educated and respondents with a net household income of more than 2,500 euros per month. Having citizenship in a country other than Finland increased the likelihood of use and having a longer period of residence in Finland reduced it. People living with a chronic illness and those who had an unmet need for care used more health services abroad. In the survey data, the main reasons for the cross-border use of services were cheaper prices, faster access to treatment and the delivery of services in one's own language. These same reasons appeared in the interview material, but the interviewees also mentioned perceived disappointments with Finnish health care. The results show that older Russian-speakers face a variety of barriers to accessing and navigating care in Finland. Experiences of misunderstanding and of being ignored can lead to seeking help from outside Finland. The quality and accessibility of health services should be developed to meet the needs of a diversifying ageing population.

The research strategy called naturalistic, in the terms originally proposed by H. Blumer, is rescued in this article seeking to explore the scope of its contributions to contemporary Communication studies. Blumer's pragmatic conceptions about collective behavior, science and research methodology are often misinterpreted in the academic environment as subjective and unscientific. The argument of this work, on the contrary, is that Blumer's avant-garde thought deserves to be revisited to rethink the complexity of the processes and products of social interactions in the online world in the light of more flexible, dynamic epistemological perspectives, consistent with the empirical nature of new phenomena of social organization.

El objetivo que se planteó para el desarrollo de esta indagación fue saber si la formulación de preguntas inferenciales mejora la comprensión de textos continuos de un centro preuniversitario privado de Lima. Esta indagación se ejecutó desde un enfoque cuantitativo; con diseño cuasiexperimental, pues las personas tanto del grupo experimental como del control no fueron asignadas al azar y no fueron emparejadas, esto debido a que los grupos ya estaban constituidos, es decir, existían con antelación a la experimentación (45 estudiantes por grupo). La técnica que se empleó fue la encuesta y el instrumento: el cuestionario con pretest y postest, cuyo coeficiente de confiabilidad fue de 0.093085389 (excelente). El análisis de los resultados fue de tipo descriptivo y se tomó como referencia la varianza, la media y la desviación estándar, además se hizo uso de la estadística paramétrica t-Student a un rango de significancia de <0,05. Los resultados estadísticos obtenidos fueron de 0,0000...

Zusammenfassung: Als nomothetische Wissenschaft zielt die Soziologie darauf, durch Vergleiche vieler Fälle innerhalb eines übergreifenden Kontextes möglichst breit verallgemeinerbare Erkenntnisse zu erzielen. Dabei werden die Spezifik des Ortes und des Falles in der Regel vernachlässigt. Der Vorteil des soziologischen Zugangs liegt darin, dass auch nicht intendierte und nicht politisierte Effekte sozialer Strukturen sichtbar werden. Problematisch ist, dass Fälle regelmäßig nur im Nationalstaat situiert werden. Das Programm eines methodologischen Kosmopolitismus zielt auf Veränderungen in der Konstruktion von Fällen und Vergleichskontexten und deren Verhältnis zueinander. Auf der Grundlage von Methoden und Befunden aus der ethnographischen und der historisch vergleichenden Forschung schlägt der Artikel vor, Fälle in multiplen Kontexten (u.a. auch transnationalen sozialen Feldern oder postkolonialen Räumen) zu situieren. Vergleiche sollten so angelegt werden, dass empirisch erfasst werden kann, ob und wie der Nationalstaat Fälle strukturiert. Anhand eigener Forschungsprojekte aus der Migrationsforschung werden idealtypische Vergleichsoptionen "jenseits" des Nationalstaats diskutiert. Einleitung Eine soziologische Forschung, deren Blickfeld mit dem Rahmen des Nationalstaats identisch ist, bringt systematische Verzerrungen hervor, denn sie kann die Bedeutung des nationalstaatlichen Kontextes für die interessierenden Phänomene nur teilweise untersuchen, da sie seine Grenzen nicht in den Blick nimmt. Bildlich ausgedrückt geht es darum, dass eine Beobachterin, die durch einen Trichter (den am Nationalstaat orientierten Gesellschaftsbegriff) auf eine Ansammlung von Kreisen (die soziale Welt) blickt, Ausschnitte von Kreisen wahrnehmen wird, die oft verwirrend sind. Wenn sie den Trichter ausschließlich so einsetzt, dass die Grenze ihres Blickfelds mit einem oder mehreren besonders wichtigen Kreisen (z.B. nationalen Wohlfahrtsstaaten in der OECD-Welt) übereinstimmt, wird ihr Blickfeld übersichtlicher, aber sie übersieht dann die jeweils ausgeblendeten Kreise und sie kann die Grenze ihres Kreises und die Überschneidungsbereiche und Verbindungen zwischen den Kreisen schlecht erfassen. Der methodologische Nationalismus stellt eine Blickverzerrung dieser Art dar. Er unterstellt, dass sich soziale Phänomene primär durch den Nationalstaat, in dem sie geographisch lokalisiert sind, rahmen lassen. Dadurch werden systematisch zwei Effekte produziert: Erstens wird die globale Bedingtheit lokaler Phänomene (Robertson 1992; Albrow 1996) leicht übersehen. Zum Beispiel konzentriert sich die soziologische Ungleichheitsforschung auf scheinbar meritokratisch hervorgebrachte Ungleichheiten innerhalb des Nationalstaats und verwendet wenig Augenmerk darauf (Beck 2007; Berger / Weiß 2008), dass die Ungleichheit zwischen Haushalten in der Welt zu etwa 60 % mit dem Staat, in dem sich ein Haushalt befindet, und damit mit ungleicher Geburt 1. 1 Ich danke der Leitung und den Teilnehmenden der Tagungen "Varieties of Reflexive Modernization" und "Unbounded Methodologies: Methodological Reflections on Research on Overlapping Spaces, Border-Crossing Diffusion and Transnational Histories" (ZiF Bielefeld) sowie den anonymen Gutachtern, Arnd-Michael Nohl, Karin Schittenhelm und Damir Softic für anregende Kritik. Die VW-Stiftung hat die internationale Studiengruppe "Kulturelles Kapital in der Migration", deren Ergebnisse hier u.a. präsentiert werden, großzügig unterstützt.

W hen we talk to highly skilled migrants, we quickly notice that quite a few of them do not want to see themselves as 'migrants'. This may be attributed to the negative connotation of the word. It could also be seen as an attempt to defend their personal identity against common procedures that turn people into migrants. Let us take Mr Mares as an example. He used to be an engineer, a husband, the owner of a flat. In these roles, he is a topic of interest for many specialities in sociology. Then he moved from Prague to a small town in Germany and the focus of sociological interest shifted. Research on Mr Mares' profession concentrates on questions like: are IT engineers asked for in the German labour market? The fact that he is married results in research about his wife's knowledge of German or her ability to be elected as a parents' representative in the local kindergarten. Owning a flat in Prague is an indicator for Mr Mares' continuing attachment to his home country, and so on. At the same time, Mr Mares' chances of being included in representative panels have decreased to almost zero. Czech researchers will not consider him, because he lives in Germany. German research will avoid potential language problems or explicitly exclude 'sojourners'. At this point, the example of Mr Mares is interesting for sociological self-reflection. While there is no need to doubt the valid and important role of migration research in sociology, we should consider more thoroughly why almost every other field of sociology fails to deal adequately with migrant populations. This is especially true for the sociology of social inequality. Values of equality have developed at the same time as the nation-state. The sociology of inequality has focused on inequality inside nation-states. Of course, the body of international comparative studies is growing (Lemel and Noll, 2002), but these scholars use nation-states' averages and refrain from a direct

Suomen Kansantietouden Tutkijain Seuran kevätkoulu on vakiintumassa folkloristiikan ja lähitieteenalojen tutkijoiden jokavuotiseksi yhteistapaamiseksi, jossa kokoonnutaan kuuntelemaan ja keskustelemaan tällä hetkellä puhuttelevista tutkimusaiheista. Tänä vuonna kevätkoulun aiheena oli ympäristö erityisesti humanistisen tieteentradition ja kulttuurintutkimukseen näkökulmista. Aihepiirin laajuus ja monipuolisuus heijastuivat esitelmistä, joissa ympäristö kiinnittyi niin tieteenkeskusteluihin, metsiin, politiikkaan, mytologiaan, muisteluun kuin uskonnollisuuteenkin.

Older Russian-speaking migrants and the transnational use of health services In this article, we examine the transnational use of health services and the reasons given for their use by older Russian-speaking migrants living in Finland. We analyse the CHARM survey data collected in 2019, and elaborate the results with thematic analysis of the interview data. Almost 30 per cent of Russian-speakers over the age of 50 living in Finland had seen a doctor outside Finland in the year before the survey. Visiting a doctor abroad was more common among women, the unemployed, the highly educated and respondents with a net household income of more than 2,500 euros per month. Having citizenship in a country other than Finland increased the likelihood of use and having a longer period of residence in Finland reduced it. People living with a chronic illness and those who had an unmet need for care used more health services abroad. In the survey data, the main reasons for the cross-border use of services were cheaper prices, faster access to treatment and the delivery of services in one's own language. These same reasons appeared in the interview material, but the interviewees also mentioned perceived disappointments with Finnish health care. The results show that older Russian-speakers face a variety of barriers to accessing and navigating care in Finland. Experiences of misunderstanding and of being ignored can lead to seeking help from outside Finland. The quality and accessibility of health services should be developed to meet the needs of a diversifying ageing population.