Methodological Nationalism

Хан В. С. К вопросу о методологических принципах изучения узбекской идентичности // Цивилизации и культуры Центральной Азии в единстве и многообразии. Материалы Международной конференции. - Самарканд - Ташкент: МИЦАИ, SMI-ASIA, 2010, стр. 291-297.

Political philosophy has long treated the nation-state as the starting point for normative inquiry, while paying little attention to the ongoing legacies of
colonialism and imperialism. But given how most modern states emerged,
normative discussions about migration, for example, need to engage with the colonial and imperial history of state immigration controls, citizenship practices, and the nation-state more generally. This article critically reviews three historical studies by Adom Getachew, Radhika Mongia, and Nandita Sharma that engage in depth with this history. The studies historicize concepts that are central to discussions in political philosophy: the categories of citizen and migrant, the concept of ‘nationality,’ and the principle of self-determination. I argue that this historicized form of conceptual analysis helps us challenge the default authority of concepts that are deeply embedded in the political structures that we inhabit.

This book proposes a cosmopolitan ethics that calls for analyzing how economic and political structures limit opportunities for different groups, distinguished by gender, race, and class. The author explores the implications of criticisms from the social sciences of Eurocentrism and of methodological nationalism for normative theories of mobility. These criticisms lend support to a cosmopolitan social science that rejects a principled distinction between international mobility and mobility within states and cities. This work has interdisciplinary appeal, integrating the social sciences, political philosophy, and political theory.

W literaturze podkreśla się fakt, że Darwin sprzeciwiał się poglądom głoszącym nagłe stworzenie niezmiennych gatunków przez Boga. Wykazuję, że tworząc swoją teorię, odrzucał nie tylko koncepcję bezpośredniej Boskiej ingerencji, ale także wszelkie – oprócz deistycznego – teleologiczne wyjaśnienia procesów ewolucyjnych. Jako powody zmiany przez Darwina stanowiska dotyczącego rozwoju życia na Ziemi wskazuję zarówno przytaczane przez niego argumenty naukowe jak i jego filozoficzno-światopoglądwą ewolucję.

Dzięki sukcesowi teorii Darwina przyjmowany przez niego naturalizm metodologiczny stał się fundamentem współczesnej nauki. Postulat naturalizmu zakazuje wyjaśnień odwołujących się do łamiących porządek przyrodniczy bytów nadprzyrodzonych i do procesów celowościowych. Uwzględnienie czynników naukowych oraz światopoglądowych wpływających na Darwina daje pełniejszy obraz motywów, które przyczyniły się do utrwalenia wizji współczesnej nauki jako bazującej na naturalizmie.

Developing the critique of notions of the “integration of immigrants”, twelve propositions are advanced to diagnose the methodological nationalism of mainstream approaches. The concept of “integration” contains assumptions about the nature and functioning of modern society which, in a post-industrial and post-colonial context, are falsely trapped within the normative bounds of thinking for the nation-state. An alternate empirical operationalisation is suggested that would render traditional types of assimilation and integration research obsolete.

This paper argues that nationalism, and nationalistic activism in particular are being globalized. At least certain fringes of radical nationalist activists are organized as ‘cellular systems’ connected and mobilize-able on a global scale giving birth to what I call ‘global nationalistic activism’. Given this change in nationalist activism, I claim that we should abandon all ‘methodological nationalism’. Methodological nationalism fails in
arriving at a thorough understanding of the impact, scale and mobilization power (Tilly, 1974) of contemorary ‘national(istic)’ political activism. Even more, it inevitably will contribute to the naturalization or in emic terms the meta-political goals of global nationalist activists. The paradox is of course evident: global nationalism uses the scale- advantages, network effects and the benefits of cellular structures to fight for the (re)construction of the old 19th century vertebrate system par excellence: the (blood and soil) nation. Nevertheless, this, I will show, is an indisputable empirical reality: the many local nationalistic battles are more and more embedded in globally operating digital infrastructures mobilizing militants from all corners of the world for nationalist causes at home. Nationalist activism in the 21st century, so goes my argument, has important global dimensions which are easily repatriated for national use. This forces us to adjust our understanding of locality, nationalism and our methodological apparatus.

Methodological nationalism, discourse, global nationalism, network effects, cellular systems

Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie Migrationsforschung betrieben werden kann, ohne die Kategorien von Sesshaftigkeit und Migration zu reproduzieren. Denn in der Praxis sind Sesshaftigkeit und Migration nur zwei hypothetische Enden eines Kontinuums an alltäglichen Praxen und Erfahrungen, die sich ebenso über staatliche Grenzen hinwegsetzen wie lokal verorten können. Indem die Migrationsforschung diese Spannbreite auf zwei Pole verengt, reduziert sie soziale Komplexität. Wir schlagen vor, stattdessen mit Isabell Loreys Konzept der Un-Ordnung zu arbeiten und erproben dies an zwei Beispielen aus unserer eigenen Forschung.

Mobility studies emerged from a postmodern moment in which global ‘flows’ of capital, people and objects were increasingly noted and celebrated. Within this new scholarship, categories of migrancy are all seen through the same analytical lens. This article and Regimes of Mobility: Imaginaries and Relationalities of Power, the special issue of JEMS it introduces, build on, as well as critique, past and present studies of mobility. In so doing, this issue challenges conceptual orientations built on binaries of difference that have impeded analyses of the interrelationship between mobility and stasis. These include methodological nationalism, which counterpoises concepts of internal and international movement and native and foreigner, and consequently normalises stasis. Instead, the issue offers a regimes of mobility framework that addresses the relationships between mobility and immobility, localisation and transnational connection, experiences and imaginaries of migration, and rootedness and cosmopolitan openness. The introduction highlights how, within this framework and its emphasis on social fields of differential power, the contributors to this collection ethnographically explore the disparities, inequalities, racialised representations and national mythscapes that facilitate and legitimate differential mobility and fixity. Although the authors examine nation-state building processes, their analysis is not confined by national boundaries.

We argue that a number of biology (and evolution) textbooks face a crippling dilemma. On the one hand, significant difficulties arise if textbooks include theological claims in their case for evolution. (Such claims include, for example, 'God would never design a suboptimal panda's thumb, but an imperfect structure is just what we'd expect on natural selection.') On the other hand, significant difficulties arise if textbooks exclude theological claims in their case for evolution. So, whether textbooks include or exclude theological claims, they face debilitating problems. We attempt to establish this thesis by examining 32 biology (and evolution) textbooks, including the Big 12 -- that is, the top four in each of the key undergraduate categories (biology majors, non-majors, and evolution courses). In Section 2 of our article , we analyze three specific types of theology these texts use to justify evolutionary theory. We argue that all face significant objections. In Section 3, we step back from concrete cases and, instead, explore broader problems created by having theology in general in biology textbooks. We argue that the presence of theology -- of whatever kind -- comes at a significant cost, one that some textbook authors are likely unwilling to pay. In Section 4, we consider the alternative: Why not simply get rid of theology? Why not just ignore it? In reply, we marshal a range of arguments why avoiding God-talk raises troubles of its own. Finally, in Section 5, we bring together the collective arguments in Sections 2-4 to argue that biology textbooks face an intractable dilemma. We underscore this difficulty by examining a common approach that some textbooks use to solve this predicament. We argue that this approach turns out to be incoherent and self-serving. The poor performance of textbooks on this point highlights just how deep the difficulty is. In the end, the overall dilemma remains: God-talk or no God-talk?

Methodological nationalism assumes that, to understand a phenomenon, nation-states are the relevant units of analysis. This assumption has been recognized as a source of bias in most of the social sciences. Does it bias Rawls’ understanding of justice, too? This paper argues that it does for at least two reasons. Firstly, what Rawls thinks justice requires on a global scale falls short of what states and international organisations actually do. Secondly, framing the difference principle in national terms, as Rawls did, is a way to increase the “citizenship rent”, or the revenue a person receives just by being citizen of a rich country . The paper argues that methodological nationalism biases Rawls’ understanding of justice by affecting both the plausibility and the coherence of his theory.

"Much of what has subsequently unfolded as transnational migration studies has been descriptive rather than analytical and has been relatively silent about globe-spanning
and place-making dynamics of power. At this point in
transnational migration studies, the various analytical tools in our research repertoire need to be assessed in order to combine an analysis of the dynamics of global capitalism and its intersections with political and cultural forms of power
with a fine-grained reading of the way in which structures and sensibilities of the global, national, and local are mutually constituted.

By defining key concepts for the study of transnational
migration in a way that emphasizes social fields, I make it possible to differentiate social relations from questions of identity, belonging, loyalty, nationalism, long distance nationalism, and citizenship, terms that generally dominate the discussion of migration. Analytically distinguishing transnational social fields from discussions of identity,
culture, and politically defined members allows scholars to  better assess the degree to which the social relations that make up civil society and identities cohere or separate. Drawing this distinction facilitates the investigation of when,
if, and how individuals acquire new political or social identities as part of the migration process  "

Mobility studies emerged from a postmodern moment in which global ‘flows’ of capital, people and objects were increasingly noted and celebrated. Within this new scholarship, categories of migrancy are all seen through the same analytical lens. This book builds on, as well as critiques, past and present studies of mobility. In so doing, it challenges conceptual orientations built on binaries of difference that have impeded analyses of the interrelationship between mobility and stasis. These include methodological nationalism, which counterpoises concepts of internal and international movement and native and foreigner, and consequently normalises stasis. Instead, the book proposes a ‘regimes of mobility’ framework that addresses the relationships between mobility and immobility, localisation and transnational connection, experiences and imaginaries of migration, and rootedness and cosmopolitan openness. Within this framework and its emphasis on social fields of differential power, the various contributors to this collection ethnographically explore the disparities, inequalities, racialised representations and national mythscapes that facilitate and legitimate differential mobility and fixity. Although they examine nation-state building processes, the anthropological analysis is not confined by national boundaries.

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As the world rapidly becomes a different place for migrants and non-migrants alike, this article asks whether transnational migration scholars have an adequate conceptual toolkit to address the temporal dimensions of mobility regimes. The article notes the way those who initiated the transnational framework for the study of migration conceptualised temporality, critiques the failure of subsequent researchers to adequately address the rapidly altering conditions of migration and offers a concept of multiscalar conjunctural transformation. A multiscalar conjunctural approach allows researchers to address both time and space. It highlights emergent processes of capital accumulation by dispossession and the ways in which such processes are culturally, politically, socially and spatially constituted as people around the world respond to multiple forms of displacement and reconstitute their lives.

To forge an anthropology that speaks to the full range of human experiences, especially our domains of commonality, we need to critically examine the historical and locational positioning of the anthropological project. In this essay, I argue that is best to understand anthropology in terms of a history of transnational schools of anthropology, rather than in terms of national or continental divisions. When the history of anthropology is examined in terms of its generative networks, the discipline emerges as a transnational endeavour built by networks of individuals, scholarly organizations, universities, foundations, and national government institutions including colonial offices.

The nature of the contemporary global political economy and the significance of the current crisis are a matter of wide-ranging intellectual and political debate, which has contributed to a revival of interest in Marx’s critique of political economy. This book interrogates such a critique within the broader framework of the history of political economy, and offers a new appreciation of its contemporary relevance.
A distinctive feature of this study is its use of the new historical critical edition of the writings of Marx and Engels (MEGA²), their partially unpublished notebooks in particular. The sheer volume of this material forces a renewed encounter with Marx. It demonstrates that the international sphere and non-European societies had an increasing importance in his research, which developed the scientific elements elaborated by Marx’s predecessors.
This book questions widespread assumptions that the nation-state was the starting point for the analysis of development. It explores the international foundations of political economy, from mercantilism to Adam Smith and David Ricardo and to Hegel, and investigates how the understanding of the international political economy informs the interpretations of history to which it gave rise.
The book then traces the developments of Marx’s critique of political economy from the early 1840s to Capital Volume 1 and shows that his deepening understanding of the laws of capitalist uneven and combined development allowed him to recognise the growth of a world working class. Marx’s work thus offers the necessary categories to develop an alternative to methodological nationalism and Eurocentrism grounded in a critique of political economy.
This book is essential reading for anyone interested in the development of Marx’s thought and in the foundations of International Political Economy.

Globalization, immigration and the multiculturalization of society have had a deep impact on Finland in the last few decades. But what effect did these altered cultural-societal circumstances have on literary life in Finland in the early 2000s? The object of research in this article-based dissertation is the transnationalization of literary life in Finland. This is investigated through what is called ’new transnational literature’ in this study by means of analyzing literature published by writers with migrant backgrounds during the first decade of the 20th century in Finland. The study analyzes the reception of debut novels by Ranya ElRamly, Umayya Abu-Hanna, Zinaida Lindén and Alexandra Salmela. Furthermore, it considers how this reception has implicitly defined and canonized Finnish literature, and how transnational and cross-border writers are situated in the literary field in Finland. By problematizing how to approach the transnational in literary studies, this dissertation contributes to current debates on methodological nationalism.

The research material consists of works of fiction as well as texts published on internet and print media that deal with the reception of the novels. These sources are examined within the framework of cultural studies, mainly from the perspectives of close reading and sociological criticism, media studies-oriented reception theory, and the history of literature, as well as transnational approach that goes beyond national framework.

This research demonstrates that approximately 90 writers with migrant backgrounds, often writing in languages other than Finnish, Swedish or Sami, have published texts in Finland in the 2000s. Although many of them have been successful, most of them have continued working without due recognition hampered by prevailing monolingualism. New transnational literary works have been placed in rigid categories, and the reception has emphasized authors’ backgrounds and national borders, thus concealing the literary dimensions and qualities of their works. New transnational literature questions the understanding of literature as nation-bound. According to this study, Finnish literary life appears to be a transnational and multi-lingual space, in which writers simultaneously belong to both transnational and national literary cultures. The significance of gender is also evident, in that women writers and their books have had a pivotal role in the transnationalization of Finnish literature.

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Globalisaatio, maahanmuutto ja yhteiskunnan monikulttuuristuminen ovat viime vuosikymmeninä
luonnehtineet Suomea. Miten muuttunut kulttuuris-yhteiskunnallinen tilanne on vaikuttanut kirjalliseen elämään 2000-luvun alun Suomessa? Artikkeliväitöskirjassa tutkitaan suomalaisen kirjallisen elämän ylirajaistumista. Tätä hahmotellaan tarkastelemalla maahanmuuttajataustaisten kirjailijoiden julkaisemia tekstejä, joita kutsutaan tässä uudeksi ylirajaiseksi kirjallisuudeksi.

Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan myös teosten vastaanottoa, vastaanoton sisältämää suomalaisen kirjallisuuden määrittelyä ja kanonisointia sekä ylirajaisten kirjailijoiden sijoittumista kirjalliselle kentälle Suomessa. Pohtimalla sitä, miten tutkia kirjallisuuden ylirajaisuutta, tutkimus osallistuu kansainväliseen keskusteluun metodologisesta nationalismista.

Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kaunokirjallisuudesta, erityisesti Ranya ElRamlyn, Umayya AbuHannan, Zinaida Lindénin ja Alexandra Salmelan esikoisteoksista, sekä internetissä ja printtimediassa julkaistusta, kirjallisuutta käsittelevästä tekstimateriaalista. Aineistoa lähestytään tekstilähtöisen ja yhteiskunnallisen kirjallisuudentutkimuksen, mediatutkimuksellisesti painottuneen vastaanottotutkimuksen, kirjallisuushistoriallisen tutkimuksen sekä kansallisesta kehyksestä irtaantuvan ylirajaisen lähestymistavan suunnista.

Tutkimus tuo esille sen, miten Suomessa on 2000-luvun mittaan julkaissut erilaisia tekstejä noin 90 maahanmuuttajataustaista ja usein muulla kuin suomen-, ruotsin- tai saamen kielellä työskentelevää kirjailijaa. Vaikka moni on menestynyt hyvin, edelleen suurin osa työskentelee näkymättömissä erityisesti kieleen liittyvien esteiden keskellä. Vastaanotossa aineiston kirjallisuutta on aseteltu jähmeisiin kategorioihin ja kirjailijoiden maahanmuuttajuutta on tuotu esille, mikä on korostanut kansallisia rajoja ja häivyttänyt teosten kaunokirjallisia ulottuvuuksia.

Uusi ylirajainen kirjallisuus on horjuttanut käsitystä kansallisesta kirjallisuudesta. Suomalainen kirjallinen elämä näyttäytyy tutkimuksessa transnationaalisena ja monikielisenä tilana, jossa kirjailijat kuuluvat sekä ylirajaisiin kirjallisiin yhteisöihin että kansallisiin kirjallisuuksiin. Tutkimusaineisto
havainnollistaa myös sukupuolen merkitystä. Kirjailijanaisilla ja heidän teoksillaan on keskeinen rooli kirjallisuuden ylirajaistumisessa ja neuvotteluissa suomalaisesta kirjallisuudesta.

The changing political and social meanings of space under conditions of advanced globalization point to the need to analyze security—or the deployment and management of violence—as a socio-spatial practice. This article draws attention to the " methodological nationalist' bias that has traditionally characterized mainstream security studies, and discusses its effect on how security issues are studied and conceptualized. Building on insights from political geography and sociology, the article makes the case for a " spatial turn " in the field. It demonstrates how a socio-spatial approach can help make sense of evolving state security practices, and presents examples of non-national spaces of security— including cities, cyberspace, and the global polity. Such spaces are increasingly objects of security practices, although the implications of this remain largely under-theorized in security studies.

The aim of the article is to analyze how the national framework structured to literary life has affected the position of transnational literature in Finland in the early 2000s – time when Finnish society has become more multicultural due to increased immigration and growing mobility of people. It discusses what challenges nationalism presents to writers with migrant backgrounds and to those who often write in languages other than Finnish, Swedish or Sami. Literary life is studied through the observations of other researchers and through mediatexts from which the experiences of transnational writers and the voice of literary institutions are construed. The methodological basis of the article come from the transnational approach which is conscious of the critique of methodological nationalism and pays attention to movements and sociocultural existence across national, cultural and linguistic borders in literary life. The article argues that, part of the structures built in literary culture do not respond to the current realities and needs of transnationalization, multilingualization and multiculturalism in the Finnish literary field. Both the naturalized mo-nolingual paradigm and the national defined literary field generate nationalistic and exclusive positions, and the authors writing in other than dominant languages may be excluded from literary institutions, canonization and even literary life.

In this first chapter of Migrants and City Making, Dispossrssion. Displacement, and Urban Regeneration, Ayse Caglar and I discard the binary between migrants and non-migrants and yet keep
in focus the migration experience, with its multiple forms of displacement as well as barriers to and modes of emplacement withing globe´spanning processes of city´making.  The chapter provides explanations of key concepts and processes needed to initiate an approach to the relationship between migrants and cities that moves beyond methodological nationalism and the ethnic lens.

In this article I focus on how the politics of knowledge, that have been shaped in a world without socialism, can be also considered as a space of multiple “post’s”. Social researchers from the post-socialist region strive to return their countries onto the map and to identify their place in history, while applying various conceptual approaches based on different ideological premises. Meanwhile, all of these theoretical frameworks are not neutral in their relation to hegemonic discourses. Here I address the methodological nationalism, gender studies, and decolonial discourse as the examples of “engaged knowledge”, while considering them as the most influential interpretative models among those that have become established in the post-socialist space after 1991, on the ruins of orthodox Marxism. What interests me most of all is the epistemological and political effects that they produce when they are applied to the analysis of the post-“post-socialist condition”. I argue that, depending on the interpretative optics, we might get quite different answers to such questions as whether the time has come to say “Goodbye, post-socialism!”, or
to which extent the “Global East” can be considered as a useful category of analysis in the given circumstances. What I understand here by the ‘space of multiple “post’s”, is, firstly, a territory that, after the collapse of socialism, was inscribed into a new spatial constellation, but still continues to search for its place on the geopolitical map of the world and remains very sensitive to the politics of naming; secondly, I invoke it as a space of epistemological heteroglossia, that is, the one in which various ways of conceptualizing both the recent past and the actual present continue to compete with each other.

The goal of this paper is to thoroughly analyse Karakasidou’s Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood . First, I will give a summary of the book. In the second part of this essay, I will argue that Karakasidou resisted to methodological nationalism quite consistently. I will use specific passages from the book in order to prove that, according to me, Karakasidou tried very hard not to succumb to methodological nationalism. However, I will also point to some paragraphs which one could use to claim that the author sometimes touches the border of methodological nationalism. By the end of the essay, I hope to have shown that Karakasidou is one of the few scholars who conducted research about a sensitive part of the history of her native country without succumbing to methodological nationalism in a consistent or obvious way.

When I first wrote about Caribbean Cosmopolitanism and the potential for ethnographies of cosmopolitanism in the 1990s the ideas involved perhaps seemed strange and out of place. Nowadays cosmopolitan perspectives in social inquiry and the notion of methodological cosmopolitanism are commonplace and ubiquitous. This essay looks at some of the theoretical contexts for that change in the study of the Caribbean and some of its implications. This is a contribution to the 2018 revised edition of Gerard Delanty's  Routledge Handbook in Cosmopolitan Studies.

Die Migrationsforschung ist aktiv an der (Re-)Produktion gesellschaftlicher Dichotomisierungen zwischen »Migration« und »Sesshaftigkeit« und den damit einhergehenden Ethnisierungen beteiligt. Eine Abschaffung dieser Forschungsrichtung würde jedoch zur weiteren Unsichtbarmachung ihres Gegenstandes führen. Im Berliner "Labor Migration" wurde daher eine »Entmigrantisierung« der Migrationsforschung diskutiert, wodurch der Fokus weg von den migrantischen Subjekten und Räumen hin zu den Techniken und Institutionen ihrer Beherrschung gelenkt wird. Zugleich müsste aber die Gesellschaftsforschung »migrantisiert« werden, indem Migration ihren Sonderstatus ablegt und – analog zu Gender – in sämtliche Forschungsfelder interveniert, das heißt ihre gesellschaftstheoretische Relevanz geltend macht.
Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt sich die Frage, ob Begriffe und Konzepte von Mobilität für diese Zwecke geeignet wären. Zum einen fragt er danach, was welches Mobilitätskonzept für eine Entmigrantisierung der Rede über Migration und eine Normalisierung migrantischer Praxen leistet. Zum anderen wird die Frage diskutiert, inwiefern das Mobilitätsparadigma migrantisiert werden kann, indem die Rede über Mobilität aus einer Perspektive der Migration kritisch angeeignet wird.

The aim of this article is to contribute a greater understanding of the processes by which nationalism passes by unnoticed in research and distorts knowledge about the past. It identifies four narrative practices typical of methodologically nationalist history-writing and explains why they should be rejected as dubious scholarship. These are: concept overstretch; selection bias; the misrepresentation of governing bodies; and the conflation of culture with identity. It is argued that each functions as a hidden authentication route, entrenching nation-centric understandings of the past as valid perspectives in scholarly discourses under the legitimating cover of scientific protocol. By increasing awareness around methodological nationalism in history-writing, this article serves at least two normative purposes. First, it emphasises the reflectiveness required for analysts to avoid co-option by ideology. Second, it functions as a critical vantage point for dispelling misunderstandings that fuel interstate disputes, interethnic tensions, and the oppression of minorities among populations understanding themselves as heirs to timelessly national property.

Classic authors in nations and nationalisms studies recognize mainstream media as crucial for the construction of nations and spread of nationalisms. While the media landscape in their works is confined to traditional media, in this theoretical chapter Szulc rethinks the relationship between nations, nationalisms and the media in the digital age. Zooming in on the concept of banal nationalism, which refers to unconscious and unnoticed reproductions of both individual nations and the world as a world of nations, he examines the role of the internet for everyday reproductions of nations and nationalisms. Each section of his chapter starts with a specific point of criticism of banal nationalism—related to methodological nationalism, sociological essentialism and technological determinism—and continues by applying the criticism to the internet.

This article seeks to expand the discussion on Methodological Nationalism (MN) within the discipline of International Relations (IR), to contribute to MN literature from the perspective of IR studies and to evaluate the prevalence of MN in the field by the quantification of selected works. To achieve these goals, the article, firstly, recapitulates the general MN literature and critically evaluates this discussion in IR. Later, it identifies the forms of MN as they appear in IR with two faces: Level of analysis (nation-as-arena) and unit of analysis (nation-as-actor). Secondly, the article proposes a method to assess the prevalence of MN through quantification. Finally, the article applies its method to IR works to address the question of how widespread MN is in academia in Turkey. The findings demonstrate the proportional pervasiveness of MN within the IR community of Turkey, which is part of the "periphery" in the discipline. The findings also let us draw some hypothetical conclusions, which have the potential to be a springboard for further research on the MN-IR nexus.

Este trabajo analiza la situación de la representación política en las sociedades contemporáneas en un mundo globalizado que permite visibilizar fenómenos que, por un lado, van más allá de los límites de lo nacional y local, y por el otro lado, desafían el nacionalismo metodológico. Así mismo, se tendrá en cuenta a los agentes, las estructuras y los procedimientos de representación involucrados para aportar un mayor y más comprensivo análisis de los procesos globalizadores y de las interconexiones que emergen del interior de las fronteras del Estado-nación westfaliano que se transponen a un sistema internacional considerado como anárquico. Este artículo inicia considerando la situación de crisis de soberanía de los Estados nacionales a razón de la emergencia nuevos actores y de procesos globalizantes. Luego se analiza, teóricamente, procesos que atraviesan las fronteras de los Estados nación y visibilizan nuevos escenarios de interacción como las dinámicas de la globalización a la luz de la defensa de principios inmersos en relaciones de interdependencia compleja promovidas por redes transnacionales. Además, se estudia una posible forma de representación política en regímenes democráticos que incorpora elementos de la globalización. Todo lo anterior, es producto de una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica que sugiere pistas para el estudio de las implicaciones de cómo la aceleración del proceso de globalización modifica cualitativamente la representación política en las sociedades contemporáneas permeadas por influjos transnacionales.

Since the calls to view accounting as a cultural defined discipline Geertz's work yields significant debate from accounting scholars. This review paper argues that Geertz á la interpretive anthropology has been inaccurately discerned by many accounting methodologists. They overlook the theoretical anchoring Geertzian conception of culture schemes -"by isolating its elements", "internal relationships", and "in some general way" -that illustrate accounting as a kind of being of knowing -the form of what accounting comes to. The paper traces the implications of this on fundamental consequences for accounting research methodology and establishes direction to critic with a position of where the claims of Geertz should apparently held.

Infamously, Rawls assumed a democratic society to be "a complete and closed social system," in that "entry into it is only by birth and exit from it is only by death." Since the beginning of the present millennium, however, debates about the ethical issues related to immigration have been prominent. In this context, these methodological departure points seem long outdated, if not simply biased. This paper will rework Rawls's theory of migration for application to the case of provisional immigrants by reworking its theoretical underpinnings. I will argue that once his assumptions are adjusted, Rawlsian notions of 'stability' in conjunction with his idea of a 'society understood as a fair system of cooperation' justify inclusive membership regimes. In other words, Rawlsian domestic justice requires inclusive membership regimes for provisional immigrants.

The article examines methodological nationalism, a conceptual tendency that was central to the development of the social sciences and undermined more than a century of migration studies. Methodological nationalism is the naturalization of the global regime of nation-states by the social sciences. Transnational studies, we argue, including the study of
transnational migration, is linked to periods of intense globalization such as the turn of the twenty-first century. Yet transnational studies have their own contradictions that may reintroduce methodological nationalism in other guises. In studying migration, the challenge is to avoid both
extreme fluidism and the bounds of nationalist thought.

Questo articolo si confronta con il concetto di ‘esternalizzazione dei controlli delle frontiere’ affermando l’esigenza di attenuare i condizionamenti dello stato-centrismo (na- zionalismo metodologico) e del nord-centrismo (settentrionalismo metodologico) negli studi su migrazioni e confini. Il nord-centrismo (qui esaminato come euro-centrismo) può indurre a vedere l’esternalizzazione anche dove non c’è, e i paesi ‘esternalizzandi’ solo co- me soggetti passivi, costretti a seguire le direttive degli ‘esternalizzanti’. Lo stato-centrismo impedisce di cogliere la complessità di un quadro generale che, nelle dinamiche relative alle migrazioni, vede coinvolti non solo gli stati ma anche diversi attori non statali, i quali contribuiscono a generare, sostenere o contrastare le spinte esternalizzanti. L’articolo passa anche in rassegna alcuni concetti e approcci metodologici, tra cui il concetto di ‘deloca- lizzazione’, utili a relativizzare il concetto di esternalizzazione e ridurre il rischio di cadere nelle trappole nord-centriche e stato-centriche.

This paper engages with the concept of ‘externalization of border controls’, arguing for the need to compensate for the perspective biases of state-centrism (methodological nationalism) and North-centrism in migration and border studies. North-centrism (which is here examined as Euro-centrism) may make us see externalization even where it does not exist, and the countries that are the object of externalization policies just as passive subjects who can only follow the directives of externalizing countries. State-centrism doesn’t allow to grasp the complexity of the broader context of migration dynamics, in which not only states but also different non-state actors are involved and contribute to generating, supporting or opposing externalization. The paper also reviews some concepts and methodological approaches, including the concept of ‘delocalization’, which may help relativize the concept of externalization and reduce the risk of falling into the traps of North-centrism and state-centrism.

Studies of masculinity and armed conflict have struggled to capture the complex interaction between globalized militarized masculinities and local gender formations. Particularly in conflicts characterized by a high degree of combatant mobility (in the form of foreign fighters, massed displacement, or significant diaspora involvement) locating the relevant gender dynamics can prove to be a difficult step in understanding the character of armed groups. Based on fieldwork with Indonesian former foreign fighters, we make the case that feminist international relations have tended to unreflectively default to the nation when locating gender hierarchies. Exploring the multiple articulations of masculinity present in former fighters’ lives, we suggest that efforts must be made to resist methodological nationalism in understanding the relationship between gender hierarchies and armed conflict. Charting how foreign fighters traverse local constructions of gender, national gender hierarchies, and transnational social structures to participate in the conflict, we argue that adopting a conscious consideration of scale in our research method is needed to move beyond methodological nationalism.

Le nationalisme méthodologique est la tendance à prendre l'Etat-nation pour l'unité naturelle de l'analyse des phénomènes sociaux. Mais comment ce biais affecte-t-il les théories de la justice distributive? Pour répondre, on distingue d'abord trois versions de nationalisme méthodologique, pour montrer ensuite que la théorie de Rawls endosse les trois versions. Les arguments fondés sur la justice en pâtissent.