Medieval city

This book explores the Byzantine city and the changes it went through from 610 to 1204. Throughout this period, cities were always the centers of political and social life for both secular and religious authorities, and, furthermore, the focus of the economic interests of local landowning elites.

This book therefore examines the regional and subregional trajectories in the urban function, landscape, structure and fabric of Byzantium’s cities, synthesizing the most cutting-edge archaeological excavations, the results of analyses of material culture (including ceramics, coins, and seals) and a reassessment of the documentary and hagiographical sources. The transformation the Byzantine urban landscape underwent from the seventh to thirteenth centuries can afford us a better grasp of changes to the Byzantine central and provincial administrative apparatus; their fiscal machinery, military institutions, socio-economic structures and religious organization. This book will be of interest to students and researchers of the history, archaeology and architecture of Byzantium.

"Cos’era Udine agli occhi di un cividalese del Quattrocento, se non una ‘neonata’ irriverente? Partendo da questa domanda provocatoria, il saggio delinea lo sviluppo e la storia di Cividale durante il Medioevo da un’angolatura diversa: quella del conflitto latente che la contrappose a Udine per la maggior parte del tempo.

Come sottolinea il titolo del saggio, si tratta di un percorso che inizia in età tardo antica, quando ‘Forum Iulii’ strappò ad Aquileia la palma di capitale, e si conclude al tramonto del Medioevo, quando quella che ormai si chiamava ‘Civitas Austriae’ cedette il primato a Udine.

Dapprima come ‘forum’ romano, quindi come ducato longobardo, e più oltre, in età carolingia, quando è attestata l’esistenza di una scuola capitolare, nei secoli centrali del Medioevo Cividale del Friuli crebbe fino a divenire la sede prediletta dei patriarchi aquileiesi. E fu proprio il rapporto con alcuni presuli – in particolare da Bertoldo di Andechs Merania in poi – a contrapporre l’antica ‘città ducale’ alla nuova ‘terra’ di Udine. Un continuo rivaleggiare che non si esaurì nemmeno con la sottomissione a Venezia (1419-21) e che, anzi, inseguì i primati già nella decorazione delle insegne che celebravano la Serenissima."

From Turkestan to Andalusia Spain, Medieval Islamic cities geographically occupied a wide area, and thus they had left their mark on the medieval era. Being one of these Islamic cities, Cordoba was seized by the Arabs in 711 and the first urbanization activities began upon moving the government centre from Seville to Cordoba. Later on, as the capital city of Andalusia Umayyad Dynasty, Cordoba became one of the most crucial cities of Spain in terms of science, art and trade. In this study, stating the features of medieval Western and Islamic cities, initially, the geographic, politic, economic and philosophic bases that took part in the establishment of the cities will be discussed and a specific focus will be made upon Cordoba city. Afterwards, information about the history, city layout and structure, city administration, socioeconomic structure and cultural formation of Cordoba will be presented. This study reveals that Renaissance which is the main output of the European urbanizat...

"Nel Friuli patriarcale Cividale era solo una 'terra', ma la vocazione urbana - già visibile nella 'forma urbis' - era fortissima. Nel corso del Trecento il consiglio del Comune attuò una chiusura oligarchica: 'milites' e 'pedites' appaiono ormai come etichette prive di valore, ma sono un gruppo coeso, che nei confronti del patriarca Bertrando di Saint-Geniés seglie la via del conflitto, fino al tragico epilogo del 1350.
Nel saggio sono descritte le magistrature cittadine e individuato il gruppo dirigente urbano tra tra 1328-45 (riassunto in due tavole poste in appendice)."

The article is aimed at identifying the role, character and wealth of two main occupational groups of late mediaeval Warsaw –merchants and artisans. The analyzed data include: change in the number and value of record entries, asset and business structure as well as loan market involvement.

Medieval and modern ceramic in north-western Slovakia. This article summarizes the results of my thesis as well as reflects some new facts from my doctoral work. The main goal was to create the evolutional schemes of pottery from cities, castles, bulwarks, manors and similar fortified high-placed locations of north-western Slovakia. Tiles and pipes, as part of potter’s production, are included too. The whole described collection dates back to a relatively long time period, from the High Middle Ages to the end of the Early Modern Age (13th – 18th centuries). The secondary aims include the relations of pottery production to the neighbour-ing areas (south-western Slovakia, both Silesias, north-eastern Moravia, and Lesser Poland), the creation of ceramic-material classes of pottery and the percentage and typological comparison of ceramics from cities, castles and fortified high-placed locations
Key words: North-western Slovakia, Late Middle Ages to Early Modern  Age, ceramic, city, castle, bulwark

The chapter has been published in the book, History of Bangladesh, Sultanate and Mughal Periods (c. 1200 to 1800 CE),  Vol 1, Political History edited by Abdul Momin Chowdhury. It is a chapter on the urban process took place in the Nawabi capital of Murshidabad during the late Mughal period. The extant edifices played a pivotal role in tracing the urbanisation of the flourishing city of Murshidabad. A map has also been plotted for an in depth study of how the city  gradually developed.

Drishti (also called Drivasto during Middle Ages) stands around 12-13 km close to Shkodra, in the region of Postriba. This city's castle is thought to date from the Roman or the Illyrian times. During the early middle ages, the city has been part of the Byzantine Empire, during the second half of the 11th century it has been under the reign of Bodini of Dioclea, from 1185 Drishti fell in the hands of the Serbs and from 1393 to 1395 it was lorded by the Ottomans, but from 1396 the Benedicts took its reigns. Balsha II tried to occupy the city twice and on 1418 he caused great damage to the Drishtans. Later, and until 1442, Drishti was taken by the Serbian Despots. After the Despots, Drishti was under the jurisdiction of the Venetians until 1478. The same year it was occupied then by the Ottomans and afterwards it fell completely as a city. Drisht's population is composed by several ethnic minorities. We found there the Roman, the Albanian, even the Slav or Greek element. Some of the last names of the families in Drisht are for example: clearly Roman as: Palombo or Colomba, de Leporibus, etc; Albanian last names as: Bariloth, Precalo, Scapuder (1368 the first trace of the name of the Albanian people "Shqiptar"); Serbian last names as: Beroj, Svinja; or Greek ones as: Calageorgi and Spano (spanos = beardless). From an administrative point of view, the city had Vojvoda, which principally concerned 'the police' and the communal organization of the city. There was also Podestas (Podesta), which means owner, captain, a man with total power in an office, and it seems that this post was also known as "castellanus popolaris".

O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi o de fazer uma análise aprofundada das origens e desenvolvimento inicial da Praça de Coimbra, atual Praça do Comércio, espaço situado na Baixa da cidade, tendo em conta a evolução urbanística e o contexto socioeconómico da área abrangida pelas antigas freguesias de S. Bartolomeu e Santiago durante a Idade Média, dentro das quais a praça se inseria.
O trabalho foi dividido em três partes. A primeira consiste em uma contextualização inicial, onde se procurou analisar a progressiva afirmação do arrabalde dentro do contexto socioeconómico da cidade medieval, tendo como foco as freguesias de S. Bartolomeu e Santiago, seguida de uma reconstituição do aspecto urbano dos locais de maior interesse nelas inseridos, incluindo reflexões acerca da origem da Calçada, através de elementos coligidos tanto em fontes publicadas como em fontes inéditas.
Na segunda parte tratou-se da Praça propriamente dita, iniciando-se com uma abordagem ao período anterior ao seu surgimento, com o objetivo de localizar sua possível matriz, para, posteriormente, analisar os motivos por trás de sua formação, em finais do século XIV, assim como o seu subsequente processo de desenvolvimento e afirmação.
A terceira parte procurou traçar uma caracterização social das freguesias de S. Bartolomeu e Santiago na Idade Média, analisando os personagens que habitaram a área e tentando recriar alguns aspectos do cotidiano medieval desta zona do arrabalde.

The main purpose of this thesis was to provide a deep analysis of the origins and initial development of Coimbra´s plaza, currently designated Praça do Comércio, located in downtown area of the city, taking into account the urban evolution and socio-economic context of the area covered by the former parishes of S. Bartolomeu and Santiago during Middle Ages, within which the square was inserted.
The work was divided into three parts. The first consists of an initial contextualization, where the author tried to analyze the progressive affirmation of the suburbs within the socio-economic context of the medieval city, focusing on the parishes of S. Bartolomeu and Santiago, followed by the reconstruction of the urban aspect of the major places of interest within it, including reflections on the origins of the Calçada, through evidence collected both in printed as in unpublished sources.
The second part dealt with the square itself, starting with an approach to the period prior to its emergency, in order to locate its possible matrix, to subsequently analyze the reasons behind its formation, at the end of fourteenth century, and its subsequent development process and affirmation.
The third part sought to draw a social characterization of the parishes of S. Bartolomeu and Santiago in the Middle Ages, analyzing some characters who inhabited the area and trying to recreate some aspects of the medieval daily life in this area of the suburbs.

monografías de arqueología cordobesa Vaquerizo, D.; Garriguet, J. A.; León, A. (Eds.) Ciudad y territorio: transformaciones materiales e ideológicas entre la época clásica y el Altomedioevo 20 [ 2014 ] Córdoba, 2014 Ciudad y territorio: transformaciones materiales e ideológicas entre la época clásica y el Altomedioevo Vaquerizo D.; Garriguet, J. A.; León, A. (Eds.) La dirección de MgAC no se hace responsable de las opiniones o contenidos recogidos en los textos, que competen en todo caso a sus autores «Cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública o transformación de esta obra solo puede ser realizada con la autorización de sus titulares, salvo excepción prevista por la ley. Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra (www.conlicencia.com; 91 702 19 70 / 93 272 04 47)» Serie monográfica publicada por el Grupo de Investigación Sísifo (P.A.I., HUM-236), de la Universidad de Córdoba, en colaboración, en este caso, con su Servicio de Publicaciones. N Ú M E R O 2 0 2 0 1 4 [ N U E V A É P O C A ]

7 Ћирковић, Ковачевић-Којић, Ћук, Старо српско рударство, 21-48. 8 Јиречек, Историја Срба II, 90-91. 9 Popović M., Remanier la capitale, 267-276. 10 Калић-Mијушковић, Београд у средњем веку, 84-90. Марко Поповић Сл. 89. Закон о рудницима деспота Стефана Лазаревића из 1412, градско веће 1 5 5 КОСМОПОЛИТСКА СРЕДИНА СРПСКИХ ГРАДОВА Брмболић, Лазаревић, Манастир Манасија = М. Брмболић, К. Лазаревић, Манастир Манасија -резултати археолошких истраживања 2013. године, ГДКС 38 (2014) 69-73. Брокијер, Путовање преко мора = Бертрандон де ла Брокијер, Путовање преко мора, Београд 1950. Бугарски, Иванишевић, Раносредњовековна остава = И. Бугарски, В. Иванишевић, Раносредњовековна остава гвоздених предмета из Рујковца и слични налази са подручја централног Балкана, Старинар 63 (2013) 131-152. Веселиновић, Војска = А. Веселиновић, Војска у средњовековној Србији, Војноисторијски гласник 1-2 (1994) 385-422 (= idem, Држава српских деспота, Београд 2006, 153-204). Веселиновић, Држава српских деспота = А. Веселиновић, Држава српских деспота, Београд 2006. Винавер, Проблем производње сребра = В. Винавер, Проблем производње сребра у средњевековној Србији, Историјски записи 17/3 (1960) 481-512. Винча = Винча у праисторији и средњем веку, каталог изложбе, Београд 1984. Војводић, Владарски портрети у Дуљеву = Д. Војводић, Српски владарски портрети у манастиру Дуљеву, Зограф 29 (2002-2003) 143-160. Војводић, Укрштена дијадима и "торакион" = Д. Војводић, Укрштена дијадима и "торакион". Две древне и неуобичајене инсигније српских владара у XIV и XV веку, in: Трећа југословенска конференција византолога, edd. Љ. Максимовић, Н. Радошевић, Е. Радуловић, Београд-Крушевац 2002, 249-276. Вуксан, Средњовековни локалитети = М. Вуксан, Средњовековни локалитети у околини Бора, ГСАД 6 (1990) 191-196. 1 9 0 БИБЛИОГРАФИЈА Гајић, Сребрне чаше = М. Гајић, Сребрне чаше позног средњег века у Србији. Каталог изложбе, Београд 2010. Гај-Поповић, Новац и ковница = Д. Гај-Поповић, Новац и ковница краља Радослава, Нумизматичар 8 (1985) 102-118. Георгиева, Керамика от двореца на Царевец = С. Георгиева, Керамика от двореца на Царевец, in: Царевград Тьрнов, Дворецьт на бьлгарските царе през Втората бьлгарската дрьжава II, Керамика, битови предмети и вьорьжение, накити и тькани, София 1974, 7-186. Григоров, Метални накити = В. Григоров, Метални накити от средновековна България (VII-XI век), София 2007. Гръцки извори за българската история = Гръцки извори за българската история VII, София 1968.

[CAST]

Más allá del testimonio fiscal y financiero que este tipo de documento aporta, el análisis de su contenido permite vislumbrar, por un lado, algunos aspectos interesantes de las relaciones entre la ciudad medieval y la monarquía, y por otro, el posicionamiento político del municipio y el funcionamiento de su órgano de gobierno. En el caso del reinado de Martín el Humano, este volumen de Tesorería se puede considerar una fuente inédita que ofrece datos que completan toda aquella bibliografía dedicada a la vida del monarca y las graves consecuencias de su muerte sin un heredero directo. De esta manera, es posible reconstruir elementos que han pasado bastante desapercibidos, como las exequias reales o el proceso de materialización del posterior Parlamento catalán en Barcelona a finales del año 1410.




"Ciutat, monarquia i formacions estatals, segles XIII-XVIII. XIV Congrés d’Història de Barcelona, 2015. Comunicacions." Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat (Institut de Cultura, Ajuntament de Barcelona). [ISBN:978-84-9156-089-0].pp.55-65
Versió editorial:
http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/arxiumunicipal/arxiuhistoric/sites/default/files/xivchb_-_comunicacions_26_2_2018.pdf

Abstract – Historians of medieval Islamic society have not paid the same attention to night activities as a topic for social history, as specialists of the medieval west have. Examining cases and narrative sources in Cairo and Damascus, this paper presents the complex reality of a Mamluk city that cannot be reduced to the dangers felt by its inhabitants at nightfall. A public lighting system and night markets in the Mamluk city facilitated circulation throughout the evening and for a great part of the night. Public spaces were monitored and controlled by authorities and neither Cairo nor Damascus should be seen as enclosed and partitioned spaces. Commercial exchanges, public entertainment and traffic contributed to extend daytime activities beyond nightfall and to cast the urban space as a place of socialization. Besides, Mamluk power and religious authorities also invested the city through celebrations and ceremonies performed by night which often turned into popular festivals and outlets while urban elites considered night-time as an opportunity to perfect their social role in a more intimate way and to provide evidence of their elevated status. This paper describes the broad range of individual and collective night practices and restores these activities to their rightful place in Cairene and Damascene daily life.

Keywords : Mamluk Era, Cairo, Damascus, night-time, social practices, daily life, criminality, vol, police, public celebrations, public space, lighting, illuminations

Résumé – En tant qu’objet d’histoire sociale du monde musulman médiéval, la nuit n’a pas suscité jusqu’à maintenant d’intérêt comparable à celui manifesté, depuis de nombreuses années, par les historiens de l’Occident médiéval. Les exemples du Caire et de Damas, étudiés dans cet article à partir des sources narratives, mettent en évidence la réalité complexe d’une ville mamelouke, qui ne peut se réduire, à la nuit tombée, à la peur qu’elle aurait inspirée à ses habitants. Partiellement éclairés, les rues et les marchés étaient fréquentés tout au long de la soirée et pendant une grande partie de la nuit. Loin d’être abandonnée par les autorités, la ville était surveillée et contrôlée, sans pour autant être transformée en espace clos et cloisonné. Commerces, divertissements et circulation contribuaient en effet à prolonger le jour et à faire de l’espace public un lieu de sociabilité nocturne. La nuit, la ville était également investie par le pouvoir politique et les autorités religieuses lors de célébrations qui, bien souvent, prenaient la forme de fêtes populaires, véritables exutoires pour les populations. Par ailleurs, au-delà de ces manifestations publiques, les élites urbaines mettaient à profit la nuit pour parfaire leur rôle social, dans un cadre plus intime, et ainsi dispenser les générosités nécessaires à la consolidation de leur statut. Ainsi, le présent article cherche à dépeindre l’étendue de ces pratiques nocturnes, qu’elles soient individuelles ou collectives, et à mettre en lumière leur importance dans la vie quotidienne des Cairotes et des Damascènes à la fin du Moyen Âge.

Mots-clés : Période mamelouke, Le Caire, Damas, nuit, pratiques sociales, vie quotidienne, criminalité, vol, police, fêtes publiques, espace public, éclairage, illuminations

Artfully decorated wooden panels (pettenelle and cantinelle) and frames dating back as far as the 1400s still ornament many ceilings in Cividale del Friuli today. But, in the absence of any documentation on the subject (painting contracts or payslips), it is difficult to say who the patrons responsible for their commission were, especially considering that no family crests, which would at least give clues as to the owners of the houses in question, are depicted. This essay investigates the wealthy inhabitants of Cividale in the 15th century, searching among them for likely candidates, i.e., those who lent money to the comune when the coffers were empty, those who bid for control of datia duties, and those who were appointed chamberlain for the six-month term. By focussing on the revenue flows, in particular that generated by datia duties (which are also compared with those of nearby cities like Udine and Gemona), chamberlains, tax collectors (Appendix I), and their professions (Appendix II), an interesting prosopographical profile emerges: several short genealogies of alliances (consorterie) deeply involved in bidding for datia rights. There are also some notable absences from these activities (like the Boiani family, for example), but, alongside the other noble families, emerge another class of people, comprising notaries, physicians, teachers and skilled craftsmen. Although we cannot be sure that these nouveaux riche had the same artistic sensibilities as their high-born counterparts, they certainly had the financial means to posses large dwellings and commission such elaborate ceilings.
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Pettenelle, cantinelle e cornici lignee variamente decorate ornano ancor oggi molti soffitti cividalesi. Chi furono i mecenati che le commissionarono a partire dal Quattrocento? È difficile dirlo, soprattutto in assenza di documenti (contratti col pittore o cedole di pagamento) e di stemmi parlanti, che indichino almeno la famiglia cui appartenevano le dimore.
Il saggio indaga tra le persone abbienti della Cividale del sec. XV, cercando tra i nomi di coloro che prestavano denaro al comune nei momenti in cui le casse erano vuote, di coloro che partecipavano alle aste per assicurarsi l’appalto dei dazi e di coloro che assumevano la carica semestrale di camerario.
Dapprima l’analisi si è concentrata sulle entrate fiscali, in particolare sui DAZI cividalesi (mettendoli anche in relazione con quelli delle comunità vicine (Udine e Gemona); quindi si è portata l’attenzione sui nomi dei camerari e dei daziari (Appendice I) e sulla loro professione (Appendice II).
Ne è emerso un quadro prosopografico interessante: si sono evidenziate brevi genealogie di consorterie fortemente coinvolte nell’appalto dei dazi e assenze altrettanto interessanti (come quella della famiglia Boiani). E, oltre ai nomi delle principali casate nobiliari, sono usciti dall’ombra quelli del notabilato locale composto da notai, medici, maestri e quelli della componente artigiana. Forse non tutti erano ugualmente dotati di sensibilità culturale e gusto artistico, ma da un punto di vista meramente economico commissionare un ciclo di pettenelle era nelle loro possibilità."

The collected essays in this peer-reviewed volume bring together a range of experts on the English Church to reflect on the distinctive relationship between the Church, the parish and the urban environment. Urban religion in the later Middle Ages was characterised by competition and co-operation between wealthy lay patrons and the religious orders, especially the friars. Civic churches were made splendid through lay investment and their parishioners, wealthy and poor, benefited from a spectacular and diverse liturgy and mutual support in pursuit of salvation. The collected essays also reflect on the wide-ranging influence of the scholarship of Clive Burgess who, for over thirty years, has changed our understanding of religion, religious culture and the men and women whose lives were shaped by belief.

The volume includes contributions by: Amy Appleford, Caroline M. Barron, Julia Boffey, Gabriel Byng, James G. Clark, Justin Colson,  Anna Eavis, Peter Fleming, Katherine L. French, Gary G. Gibbs, Vincent Gillespie, David Harry, Martin Heale, T. A. Heslop, Nick Holder, David Lepine, Julian Luxford, Nigel Morgan, Elizabeth New, Christian Steer, R. N. Swanson, Anne F. Sutton, Magnus Williamson and Robert A. Wood, and with an appreciation by Eamon Duffy.

“And then we catch sight of Pécs”. The Medieval History of Pécs (1009–1526)

On 23rd August 1009 St. Steven, the first king of Hungary (997/1000–1038), founded a bishopric in Pécs. The royal foundation of the ecclesiastical see was certainly a decisive moment in the medieval history of the settlement: Pécs became one of the episcopal towns in Europe, which also determined its topographical development in the following centuries.
Charters refer to Pécs as a civitas from the thirteenth century on. Since the city was under the authority of the bishop and partly that of the cathedral chapter, its inhabitants must be considered as iobagiones in a legal sense. However, they are usually mentioned as cives (citizens) in primary sources. Bishops performed blessings and exercised educational and administrative authority over their provinces; thus – in accordance with the rules of canon law – they needed to have a residence in that very city, where their cathedral church stood. Therefore, the principal residence of the bishop of Pécs was in Pécs, in the north-western part of the city.
The medieval Latin name of the settlement was Quinque Ecclesiae. German documents used the translated form of the Latin expression and talked about the town of Fünfkirchen. The first reference to the settlement as Peech is known from 1297.
Although the inhabitants of ancient Sopianae had already disappeared when the Magyar tribes conquered the Carpathian basin, some of the sacral and profane buildings of the settlement survived in a fairly good condition and played a crucial role in the development of the medieval town. Nonetheless, the site of the Roman and medieval settlement did not correspond to each other entirely, since large parts of the ancient town were not inhabited in medieval times. After the Romans left Sopianae, it fell apart into smaller vicinities; then, from the eleventh century, Pécs – unlike other founded settlements – developed in a natural way.
The first centre of the medieval city was located on the western rim of the cemetery lying north of the former Roman civitas: the cathedral, the episcopal palace as well as the cathedral monastery, which housed the rooms needed for the common life of canons, were erected here. The bishop’s castle was built after the Mongol invasion, most probably on the initiative of Bishop Job (1252–1280). In the fourteenth century an inner wall and towers were erected, in the fifteenth a round-shaped barbican was attached to the complex on its south-western side. In spite of modern fortification techniques, as a result of its unfortunate strategic position the castle was hardly defendable in the time of firearms.
The most important among the buildings of the bishop’s castle was the cathedral with the bishop’s throne (cathedra) inside. The construction works of the building erected on the site of today’s cathedral started in the last quarter of the eleventh century, after the fire of 1064. The cathedral was built in several phases: the three-aisled Romanesque basilica with two pairs of towers in its eastern and western sides was finished by the end of the thirteenth century at the latest. The church had no transept but a huge five-aisled crypt. It was richly decorated; the decorations reflect the influence of North-Italian sculpture. The latest reconstruction works of the Middle Ages were undertaken at the end of the fifteenth century, when Gothic vaults were constructed over the nave and the sanctuary.
The medieval city started to develop east-southeast of the episcopal residence, in its close neighbourhood. Excavations revealed Árpadian graves around the magnificent early-Christian chapel called Cella Septichora (i.e. chapel with seven apses), which suggests that the chapel served as a parish church for the inhabitants of the core-settlement until the Mongol invasion. By then it was seriously damaged and due to the construction of the bishop’s castle in the thirteenth century it has never recovered. South of the chapel a small, early Árpadian village of pit-houses was found, which became urbanised gradually in the course of the thirteenth century.
The collective way of life (vita communis) of canons living in Pécs ceased to exist by the beginning of the thirteenth century. Owing to this change a new district developed east of the bishop’s castle by the turning point of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries at the latest, which became a characteristic of the settlement’s topographic structure. The dignitaries and the canons lived in today’s Káptalan Street, the arch-deacons south of it, in the area bordered by Káptalan Street–Hunyadi Street–Széchenyi Square–Janus Pannonius Street.
Fourteenth-century primary sources regularly refer to the so-called Óvár (Old Castle) or Harangozó (Bell-ringer) vicus. In the centre of this district laying in the western part of the town a chapel was erected in honour of St. Stephen, which functioned as a parish church from the beginning of the fifteenth century. Excavations revealed not only the remains of the building but also a cemetery around the church. Franciscan friars, who arrived in Pécs in the thirteenth century, built their monastery in the southern part of this district.
The centre of the city developed on the site of today’s Széchenyi Square, with the merging of different settlement-parts in the course of the thirteenth century. This area became inhabited soon after the Mongol invasion, and the most important parish church of Pécs – consecrated to St. Bartholomew – was erected here. Wealthy burghers built houses south of the parish church in today’s Jókai Square and a market was also set up here. Thus, this vicinity became the administrative and economic centre of the city.
Another district emerged northwest of the southern gate, from where it expanded northwards, towards today’s Jókai Square. Its centre was the St. Benedict Parish Church in today’s Citrom Street. People living here reused ancient Roman stone buildings.
Dominicans came to Pécs sometime around 1238. Their monastery was built in today’s Munkácsy Street (on the parcel where nowadays the Lenau House is located), while the Dominican church consecrated to St. Thomas became the centre of the south-eastern district. 
The quarter called Malomszeg/Malomséd (Mill-spot) developed northeast of the town, along the Tettye-stream. Because of strategic reasons this district became extra muros, when the city walls were erected in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Augustinian hermits as well as the Dominican nuns had their monasteries in this part of the town, in the centre of which the All Saints Parish Church was put up. This district of 69 ha by the city walls was not a densely build-up area: sources mention vineyards and fruit gardens here.
The street layout of Pécs was fixed after the Mongol invasion: the two most important roads crossed the city in north-south and east-west direction and they were leading to the four gates.

This Unit will take you through the tale of this city, which underwent remarkable changes in three centuries. It transformed from a pargana headquarter to the provincial capital of Awadh in 1775. After the British annexation in 1856, it became a major colonial centre. The revolt of 1857 and its aftermath shook the city in many ways and it underwent significant morphological changes to pacify the wrath of the colonial authentics. A major blow to its prestige came with its demotion to a provincial town when Oudh was absorbed in the North West Provinces in 1877. Finally, Lucknow was restored as the capital of the United Provinces in 1920.The region is significant from the perspective of varied changes it underwent in a short span of time.

This paper offers a critical review of the potential contribution that cultural-historical geographers’ recent debates on mapping and cartography make to those users of GIS and other ‘spatial technologies’ in the production of digital maps in archaeology and history. Using ‘critical cartography’ as a contextual framework, the paper demonstrates how GIS applications open up both insights into modern map-making processes as well as their medieval counterparts, and concludes that there are common aspirations – truth claims – in both.

Solar hour length changes with the season and its reckoning begins twice a day, from sunrise and from sunset. When public clocks appeared in Castilian cities and towns in the late 14th and early 15th centuries,  modern clock hours were introduced. Their length is the same in all seasons and their reckoning begins only once a day. This paper studies how clock hours were introduced in Castile using Palencia and Valladolid as examples, and explains how modern clock hours coexisted with the old forms of time reckoning and what purposes they were used for.

Las antiguas horas solares variaban de duración a lo largo del año y su recuento se iniciaba al amanecer y al anochecer. La llegada del reloj público a las ciudades y villas castellanas entre los siglos XIV y XV conlleva la introducción de las horas modernas o de reloj, que son de igual duración independientemente de la época del año y su recuento normalmente se comienza una sola vez al día. En este trabajo se estudia cómo se introducen estas nuevas horas de reloj en Castilla a través de los ejemplos de las ciudades de Palencia y Valladolid. Para ello explicaremos cómo conviven con las viejas horas solares y para qué actividades se emplean.

,,This article presents 22 strap-ends recovered during the course of excavation work carried out at 73–74 Chmielna Street, Gdańsk. For the purposes of this study, the items in this assemblage have been divided into three groups based on shape: oblong strap-ends, oval strap-ends, and others. The third group is represented by solitary specimens which differ in shape from the remainder. Most of the strap-ends are made of copper alloy, with only three exceptions made of pewter. In this analysis attention is drawn to the techniques used to manufacture individual strap-ends, and descriptions are given of decorative motifs. An attempt is also made to decipher the mottos and Gothic letters present on several of the finds. The items in this assemblage were recovered from levelling deposits, meaning that they were found in secondary contexts. This makes it difficult to determine a precise chronology for them. They have been dated based on analogies from Poland and abroad, and with the help of iconographic sources. The eight oblong strap-ends can be linked to the type of belt known as a girdle. Girdles typically featured a very elongated metal strap-end, and a buckle with a very long hasp. They were also worn in a distinctive manner, the tip of the belt with its metal fitting hanging down to the knees. Women’s belts sometimes even reached down to the hem of their dresses, as evidenced by iconographic sources. The oblong strap-ends are dated to the late 14th century. Eight of the finds in this assemblage were classified as oval strap-ends. They had a wide range of uses, featuring on suspension straps, accessory straps, sword belt straps, bag straps, and various leather elements of horse harnesses. The characteristic features of the artefacts in this assemblage include openwork decoration and various lugs. Both archaeological and iconographic evidence reveals that they are of later date than the oblong strap-ends, having been made in the 15th century. The last group is represented by six solitary strap-ends of various shapes and ornate styles. They date from the 15th century. This assemblage provides evidence on which to base conclusions regarding dress accessories worn by Gdańsk’s inhabitants. Oblong and oval strap-ends occurred synchronously in Gdańsk in the 15th century, and possibly even in the early 16th century.''

Cetate de scaun încă de la finele secolului al XIV-lea, oraşul Târgovişte s-a înpodobit de-a lungul veacurilor cu numeroase biserici. Ridicate prin grija domnitorilor sau a marilor familii boiereşti, acestea au cunoscut toate etapele evoluţiei oraşului, constituind o sursă importantă pentru cunoaşterea unor aspecte mai puţin cercetate, legate de circulaţia monedelor.

Nel XII secolo, Ottone di Frisinga, accompagnando Federico I in Italia, restò sbalordito dalla capacità delle città italiche di imporsi sul territorio circostante. Molto più tardi, negli anni ’60 del secolo scorso, Ernesto Sestan evidenziava che il particolare rapporto tra le città comunali e la campagna circostante era uno degli elementi che più aveva differenziato il panorama italiano dal resto dell’Europa.
Per quali motivi, però, le città comunali italiane furono spinte a creare e a consolidare nel corso del XII e XIII secolo un distretto territoriale posto sotto il loro controllo? Con quali meccanismi? Quali le conseguenze sul territorio circostante il centro urbano?
Al fine di rispondere a queste domande, Reggio Emilia risulta un caso di studio particolarmente interessante per diverse ragioni: l’abbondanza delle fonti utilizzabili, la condizione in cui si trovò il Comune urbano, obbligato a sostenere un difficile confronto con la forte aristocrazia rurale un tempo legata a Matilde di Canossa, e, infine, un territorio diocesano difficile da controllare, allungato dal crinale appenninico fino al corso del Po.
Il volume ribalta la visione tradizionale di un’aristocrazia matildica monolitica e contrapposta al centro urbano, ma fa anche emergere la fragilità del distretto comunale, messo in discussione dal compli- carsi della situazione politica in seno alla città già dalla prima metà del XIII secolo. La politica territoriale comunale uscì da questa fase di transizione profondamente ridefinita e ridimensionata, immersa in un clima sociale urbano di forte tensione, che condusse inevitabilmente ai governi signorili instauratisi dalla fine del Duecento in poi.
Monografia nella collana BUP del DISCI : Dipartimento storia culture civiltà. Medievistica, 5.

BATHS IN THE TEUTONIC ORDER STATE IN PRUSSIA

Based on written sources, the article discusses the functioning of baths in the Teutonic Order state in Prussia, taking into consideration baths in towns as well as those located in the Order’s castles. Most towns of the area in question probably had public baths. The rules of their functioning were specified by the Order or by Prussian bishops, usually in town charters, which was connected with the rulers’ exclusive right to use waters. The costs of building baths and the shares in their usage were usually divided between the ruler (the Order or the bishop), the issuer of the charter and the town. The Teutonic Order gradually gave up its rights to baths in exchange for a general rent that towns paid for various business establishments. In this way towns were taking over such establishments, profiting in turn from rents paid by their tenants. Only exceptionally did the Order keep control over baths (in the Old Town of Danzig/Gdańsk and the Old Town of Elbing/Elbląg) or shares in the rent (in Tolkmicko, Młynary, Pasłęk, Miłakowo, Golub, Gniew, Hel, Lębork, Sępopol, Kętrzyn, Zalewo, Miłomłyn, Grudziądz, Skarszewy, Królewiec–Lipnik). Bath-keepers used those establishments on the basis of lease contracts with the owners (the town council or a town manager) or of a separate privilege granting them a hereditary right in accordance with the Chełmno Law (similar to the practice in the case of mills and inns) in exchange for an annual rent. In the latter case the bath-keeper paid the costs of building and maintaining the bath. Bath were not free-of-charge, which made them unavailable to the poorest class of town dwellers. This problem was to some extent alleviated by pious legacies made by burghers in their last wills (Seelbader). Financing the use of baths by the poor, also involving feeding them, had a commemorative aim and the benefi ciaries were obliged to pray for the donors. Funding baths for the poor on selected days after the testator’s death separated the benefi ciaries for other users of baths, who came from higher classes. Another solution was to build separate baths only for those who lived in town hospitals. Apart from public baths in towns there were numerous baths in castles located in the Teutonic Order state, frequented by convent members and castle servants. The article has an appendix listing mentions of baths in the towns of the Teutonic Order state in Prussia and an edition of a document concerning the funding of place for bath-keepers in St Elizabeth’s hospital in Gdańsk.

Abstract – The study of the economic history of Bilād al-Shām during the Mamluk period is hampered by a lack of detailed sources. This makes the Syrian historian al-Jazarī's description of the agricultural production of the Damascus and the Ghūtạ plain in the 14th century CE and the organization of tax collections there all the more interesting. The present paper attempts to examine the variety of agricultural production in the greater Damascus area and to analyze the role of agriculture in its economic system. It does so also by focusing on the close connections between the city of Damascus and its hinterland at the end of the Middle Ages.

Keywords: Damascus - Ghūṭa - Mamluk period - agricultural products - tax system - prices

Résumé – L'histoire économique de Damas et du Bilād al-Shām à l'époque mamelouke demeure un champ de recherche difficile à explorer du fait de la rareté des documents d'archives disponibles et du caractère épars des informations dans les textes historiques. En prenant comme source principale un passage particulièrement détaillé de la chronique de l'historien al-Jazarī (VIIIe/XIVe siècle), cet article entend non seulement mettre en lumière la richesse et la diversité de la production agricole de Damas mais également contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de l'économie et du système fiscal de la ville et de sa campagne, la Ghūtạ , à la fin de la période médiévale.

Mots-clés : Damas - Ghūṭa - période mamelouke - production agricole - fiscalité - prix

The period following the Mongol conquest of vast areas of Eurasia in the thirteenth century, the so-called Pax Mongolica, witnessed the emergence of a new visual language in Persian art and architecture. Various Islamic and non-Islamic visual traditions that permeated the whole body of the arts of thirteenth-and fourteenth-century Iran played a pivotal role in the formation of the hybrid style characterizing the art and architecture of the Ilkhanid period (1256-1335 AD). Along

The office of the town magistrate (reeve) was the most important authority of the town of Brno in the 13th and 14th centuries. The question of the commencement of the activities of the town magistrate is connected with the complex subject matter of the formation of the town of Brno, which can be followed on the basis of written and more recently also of numerous archaeological sources. In the 1220’s and 1230’s the presumed lower courts related to settlement by foreign, mainly German, inhabitants were replaced by the jurisdiction of the magistrate which included the whole area of the town. The main source for the delimitation of the powers of the magistrate is the privilege of king Wenceslas I of Bohemia from 1243.

The main aim of this article is a presentation of academic achievements of Polish medievalists in the field of research on orphans and old men in the cities during the late medieval era. There have been highlighted three main research directions – law, social and economic history. Historians devoted most attention to law systems, especially the ways of ensuring orphans and widows. In Polish historiography there is still lack of monographic studies on orphanhood and senility. Most of the information is scattered over the shorter or longer articles, which, unfortunately, do not focus on the orphans and old men’, but mainly on the history of women, hospitals and sometimes credit market. There has been set a postulate to continue and expand quantitative analysis of loans granted by city council (consules) from orphans assets, which can be compared with calculations and conclusions made for other cities. Another issue waiting for detailed study is a matter of emolument and security for old age. In the medieval municipal books (libri scabinales) can be found records where a lonely person (e.g. widow) transfers her property to one another with stipulation of providing accommodation, care, food, peace, servants, money and worthy funeral. All those elements can be analyzed in the wider context of real-estate market and also ways of securisation and standard of living for old age.