Material Architecture

In this work, we describe the synthesis of new Mixed Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles (MPMO NPs), combining the co-condensation of a tetra-trialkoxysilylated two-photon photosensitizer with bis-(triethoxysilyl)phenylene or ethylene. Novel gold core-MPMO shell systems are also described. The MPMO NPs are analyzed and characterized by multiple techniques, and are very efficient for anti-cancer drug delivery combined with two-photon therapy in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, leading down to 76% cancer cell death. MPMO NPs are thus very promising for nanomedicine applications.

The authors present a remarkable site with a remarkable interpretation: a structured platform of dugong bones, containing skulls laid in parallel and ribs in sets, together with artefacts of the Neolithic period. They propose that the bones have been symbolically arranged and the mound as a whole had a ritual purpose -an interpretation endorsed by analogy with dugong platforms noted in the Torres Strait in recent times.

Open-plan is a term which in architecture denotes the principle of spatial integration of functions. Although it has been widely used both in science and in practice, not very much research has been directed at essential understanding of this term. Since the 1950’s, when it was first introduced in the architecture glossary, open-plan has constantly been connected to the principle of flexibility and fluidity of space, but up until now, their relation has not been adequately explained. On the other hand, although open-plan is a concept used generally in all modern living spaces, as it contributes to the quality and space comfort, particularly in smaller living spaces, there has been no research that aimed to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of open-plan, as well as approaches to space integration of housing functions. This is why the aim of this research paper is to shed some light on the origin of this concept, its development in housing architecture and to present the most significant examples that applied the concept of open-plan in a characteristic way. A further aim of this paper is also to emphasize the existence of various design approaches, all contributing to the creation of specific forms of open-plan.
Key words: architecture, housing, flexibility, open-plan, all-in-one space, fluid space.

Otvoreni plan je termin koji u arhitekturi označava princip prostornog integrisanja funkcija. Iako je pojam u širokoj upotrebi u nauci i praksi, veoma malo istraživanja je usmereno u pravcu njegovog suštinskog razumevanja. Od pedesetih godina XX veka kada je termin prvi put uveden u arhitektonsku terminologiju, otvoreni plan se neprestano dovodi u vezu sa principom fleksibilnosti i tekućeg prostora, ali do sada nije na adekvatan način pojašnjena njihova relacija. Sa druge strane, iako je njegova primena nešto što se u velikoj meri podrazumeva kod svakog savremenog stambenog prostora, jer doprinosi kvalitetu prostornog komfora, pogotovo kod stambenih prostora malih kvadratura, ne postoje istraživanja u kojima su ciljano razmatrane njegove prednosti i nedostaci, kao i pristupi prostornom integrisanju stambenih funkcija. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja da se rasvetli poreklo koncepta, njegov razvoj u stambenoj arhitekturi, prikažu najznačajniji primeri kod kojih je otvoreni plan na karakterističan način primenjen, kao i da se skrene pažnja na postojanje različitih projektantskih pristupa koji doprinose formiranju specifičnih vidova otvorenog plana.
Ključne reči: arhitektura, stanovanje, fleksibilnost, otvoreni plan, jednoprostor, tekući prostor

The subject of this study was space within space concept which is one of the universal principles in architecture. This paper analyses typical contemporary and historical examples where this concept has been applied in such a way that one or more independent spatial and functional unities appear within open plan space. The emphasis was on examining various reasons that resulted in the application of space within space concept in certain situations, with particular attention directed towards generalization and explanation of the key design approaches where this concept has been most frequently applied in practice.

Predmet istraživanja ovog rada je koncept prostora u prostoru, koji je jedan od univerzalnih principa u arhitektonskom stvaralaštvu. U radu su analizirani karakteristični savremeni i istorijski primeri kod kojih je ovaj koncept primenjen na takav način da se u okviru prostora otvorenog plana javlja jedna ili više samostalnih prostorno-funkcionalnih celina. Akcenat je na istraživanju različitih povoda koji su u pojedinim situacijama doveli do primene koncepta prostor u prostoru, pri čemu je posebna pažnja usmerena u pravcu generalizacije i pojašnjenja ključnih projektantskih stanovišta sa kojih je koncept u praksi najčešće primenjivan.

Microfoundations of institutions are central to constructing place-the interplay of location, meaning, and material form. Since only a few institutional studies bring materiality to the fore to examine the processes of place-making, how material forms interact with people to institutionalize or de-institutionalize the meaning of place remains a black box. Through an inductive and historical study of Boston's North End neighborhood, we show how locally situated churches that symbolically encoded multivocality shape the institutionalized meaning of the North End as a place.

The use of various mineral admixtures, natural or artificial pozzolan as well as any alternative construction material that could partially or fully replace the conventional Portland cement concrete/mortar with quite similar or even improved performances is receiving nowadays more attention and highly encouraging practice. Back to nature and to ancient and traditional materials that are locally available is not a new vision but it is a strategy largely accepted and adopted to lower the environmental impact of construction sector. Using some locally available materials such as natural pozzolana may require an additional activation process such a calcination at relatively high temperature or a chemical activation by some known activators. Sarooj (SRJ) is a popular name given to a locally produced traditional or artificial pozzolana that has been extensively used as traditional construction material in several countries such Oman and some neighbouring countries like Iran. In modern days however; the usage of Sarooj material is limited to the plastering work and restoration of ancient castles and forts. Sarooj has large variety of chemical composition depending on the location from where it has been extracted and thus, the reactivity and the resulted mechanical performances vary to a large extent. This paper investigates the chemical and physical properties of a sample of Sarooj traditionally prepared and extracted from Wadi AL-Mawal region. The chemical analysis and XRD results indicate a great reactivity potential of this material if properly treated and designed. The traditional heat treatment applied seems to be not the appropriate way to reach the full activation of this clayey material. Although traditionally designed, the results of thermal conductivity showed a net decrease compared to normal Portland cement mortar. Combining the use of a locally produced material with an enhanced engineering properties could further promote sustainability in construction industry.

Constitutive motive represents the concept of organization of living space. It can appear in the form of element, area, space or principle, i.e. it can be material or intangible. Constitutive motives have always been present in space organization domain, in vernacular construction and architecture. Their importance and appearance have with time changed, as the systems of social values changed. The decision on the selection of constitutive motives in the conception of the housing unit structure primarily depends on the subjective view of the creator, but also on numerous other contextual factors. This paper aims to review and examine innovative interpretation of their constitutive role in modern architectural practice. The goal is to examine the most significant motives in organization of the living space, as well as to offer suggestions for their theoretical systematization.

Konstitutivni motiv čini esenciju koncepta organizacije stambenog prostora. Može se javiti u vidu elementa, površine, prostora ili principa, tj. može biti materijalan ili ne materijalan. Konstitutivni motivi su oduvek bili prisutni u domenu organizovanja prostora, kako u narodnom graditeljstvu, tako i u arhitekturi. Njihov značaj i pojava su se vremenom menjali kako su se menjali i sistemi vrednosti u društvu. Odluka o izboru konstitutivnih motiva u koncipiranju sklopa prvenstveno zavisi od subjektivnog stava stvaraoca, ali i od brojnih drugih kontekstualnih faktora. Ovim istraživanjem se vrši njihovo preispitivanje i razmatra inovativna interpretacija konstitutivne uloge koju imaju u savremenoj arhitektonskoj praksi. Cilj rada je da se razmotre najznačajniji konstitutivni motivi u organizaciji stambenog prostora, kao i da se pruži predlog za njihovu teorijsku sistematizaciju.

Se presenta la implementación de un método para indentar superficies rígidas a nanoescala utilizando un microscopio de fuerza atómica (Atomic Force Mi-croscopy–AFM). Esta se basa en el modo de espectroscopia de fuerzas (Force Spectroscopy–FS) que usualmente se encuentra disponible en los AFM, la cual permite generar un movimiento vertical de la punta AFM sin desplazamiento lateral. Se hizo necesario caracterizar la fuerza aplicada por el AFM para producir la indentación a través de la determinación del factor de sensitividad de la viga AFM. Se pudieron obtener curvas de fuerza versus desplazamiento, características de los sistemas para nanoindentación dinámica Depth–Sensing Indentation (DSI), sin embargo estas curvas no son aptas para diagnóstico de propiedades mecánicas por el método de Oliver & Pharr. Fueron generadas huellas de indentación del orden de 1 nm de profundidad sobre silicio poli-cristalino y del orden de 50 nm de profundidad sobre aluminio aleado 6261. Estos resultados son prometedores en apliaciones con materiales de la era de la nanotecnología que deben ser evaluados en dichas escalas.

PACS: 07.79.Lh,34.20.Cf, 07.75.+h

Abstract- Many people use natural stone as a building material as a finishing material for homes, fences, and
garden hardscape.This natural stone has become very popular to be used in tourism accommodation buildings in
Bali, Indonesia, because of its natural and decorative nuances in the diversity of its installation types. One type
of natural stone used is "Kelating Natural Stone (Batu Padas Kelanting)". This Kelating Natural Stone is
classified into volcanic tuff rock from Kelating Village, Bali, Indonesia. Since 2019, there has been a closure of
excavation in Kelating Village and since then the Kelating Natural Stone has not been produced anymore, due
to the scarcity of this material and protection of nature. Based on that, it is necessary to have an effort to
innovate the production of artificial solid stone as an alternative to natural stone Kelating. The objectives of this
study are: (i) to produce an artificial natural stone prototype; (ii) analyze the characteristics (compressive
strength and weight) of Kelating Natural Stone; (iii) analyze the characteristics (compressive strength and
weight) of artificial solids. The methodology used to produce a prototype of this natural stone is Trial Mix. The
benefits and findings of this research are to create Artificial Natural Stone innovation as an alternative material
to substitute Kelating Natural Stone as protection for the environment and, of course, can open new jobs for the
community starting from the production process, marketing to installation.
Keywords: innovative product, artificial, natural stone, environmental protection.

The Malaprabha Valley in north Karnataka, with the well-known sites of Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal etc. are regarded as some of the earliest sites of temple architecture in stone in southern India. At the sites of the temples itself, as well as the quarries from which the stone for the temples were sourced, wedge marks created by the Early Medieval stonecutters can be noticed. These wedge marks, created by hammering in steel wedges to split the stone, are noticeably different from the wedge marks of the Late Medieval stonecutters of the Vijayanagara Empire at Hampi and surrounding areas. In this paper, we develop a method to characterize the shape of wedge marks, and suggest that it can be used to differentiate between monuments created by successive dynasties in regions which have architectural interventions of different periods. We demonstrate this in the case of Badami, by attempting to differentiate parts of the fort wall constructed by the Early Chalukyas from the interventions of Vijayanagara artisans, on the basis of the shape of wedge marks on split stones which form part of the wall.