Marketing and Entrepreneurship

Anormal Psikoloji kitabı, ruhsal bozukluklar alanında çalışan tüm profesyoneller, psikiyatristler, klinik psikologlar, psikologlar, psikolojik danışmanlar, hekimler, sosyal hizmet uzmanları, psikiyatri hemşireleri ve bu alanlarda öğrenci yetiştiren akademisyenler ile eğitim alan öğrenciler için temel bir başvuru kitabıdır.
2013 yılının Mayısı ayında yayımlanan DSM-5 ölçütlerine göre ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili sunulan bilgilerin güncellemesinin de yapıldığı bu kitap, tüm dünyada pek çok üniversitenin psikiyatri ve psikoloji bölümlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmaktadır.
Kitabın her bölümünde, ilk olarak ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili vakalar sunulmakta, daha sonra bozuklukların klinik tanıları yapılmakta ve DSM-IV-TR’den farklı olan DSM-5’te yapılan değişikliklere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca, DSM-5’teki tanı ölçütleri, bozuklukların etiyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi, bozukluklar üzerinde kalıtımın ve çevrenin etkileri, biyolojik ve sosyal ve kültürel etkiler, en güncel araştırmalardan elde edilen verilerle harmanlanarak sunulmaktadır. Ruhsal bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili olacak terapi yaklaşımları ve ilaçla yapılan tedaviler hakkında da bilgiler veren kitap, sahip olduğu zengin içeriği ile eşsiz bir kaynaktır.
Anormal Psikoloji kitabının; profesyoneller ve öğrenciler için önemli bir rehber olacağına, yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanların sorunlarının çözümüne, ruhsal bozuklukların tanı ve tedavisinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağına inanıyoruz.

The ability to predict future demand is a need that businesses work towards irrespective of their size. Creating a favourable competitive stance for firm's output is also a crucial goal of businesses. These two goals are of particular importance for enterprises operating in an environment characterised by rapid changes, shortened lead-times, and exponential innovative activities. This study aims to elaborate on branding as a marketing principle relevant to the entrepreneurial quest for stimulating demand and creating competitive advantage. It also aims to highlight the appropriateness of branding to SME practices and to identify relevant guidelines that SMEs could follow in building a successful brand.

This paper considers how marketing can be made more appropriate in entrepreneurial contexts by proposing a conceptual model of the processes of marketing as undertaken by entrepreneurs. Although marketing is a key factor in the survival and development of business ventures, a number of entrepreneurial characteristics seem to be at variance with marketing according to the textbook. These include over-reliance on a restricted customer base, limited marketing expertise, and variable, unplanned effort. However, entrepreneurs and small business owners interpret marketing in ways that do not conform to standard textbook theory and practise. An examination of four key marketing concepts indicates ways in which entrepreneurial marketing differs from traditional marketing theory. Entrepreneurs tend to be 'innovation-oriented', driven by new ideas and intuitive market feel, rather than customer oriented, or driven by rigorous assessment of market needs. They target markets through 'bottom-up' self-selection and recommendations of customers and other influence groups, rather than relying on 'top-down' segmentation, targeting and positioning processes. They prefer interactive marketing methods to the traditional mix of the four or seven 'P's'. They gather information through informal networking rather than formalised intelligence systems. These processes play to entrepreneurial strengths and represent marketing that is more appropriate in entrepreneurial contexts, rather than marketing which is second best due to resource limitations

"Elinizdeki bu kitap, sosyal psikolojinin konularını en geniş kapsamıyla ele almakta, klasikleşmiş deneysel ve saha araştırmalarını en güncel bilimsel çalışmalarla harmanlamaktadır. Bu bakımdan, akademisyen ve öğrencilerin yararlanabileceği eşsiz bir kaynaktır. Kitapta, sosyal psikoloji konuları bölüm bölüm ele alınmıştır; ilgili kavram, terim, kuram ve araştırmalar aktarılırken her bölüm kendi içinde bir bütünlük arz edecek şekilde akıcı bir öyküsel kurguyla ve dille yazılmıştır ayrıca bu kitap; tarihsel olaylarla, edebî ve felsefi metaforlarla zenginleştirilmiştir.
Ayrıca bu kapsamlı çalışma, sadece bilimsel bir disiplinin temel konularını okuyucuya aktarmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda savaş, açlık, çevre gibi gerçek dünya sorunlarının sosyal psikolojik boyutlarıyla ilgili çözüm önerileri de getirmektedir. Bu bakımdan elinizdeki kitap yalnızca bir ders kitabı değil, aynı zamanda sosyal psikolojiye ilgi duyan herkesin merakla okuyabileceği bir kitaptır."

... Rocks, S., Gilmore, A., Carson, D. (2005), "Developing strategic marketing through the use of marketing networks", Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol. 13 No.June, pp.81-92. ... About the author. Dr Audrey Gilmore is a Professor of Services Marketing at the University of Ulster. ...

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to use the case of the Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) in Hobart, Tasmania, to investigate the role of entrepreneurial marketing (EM) in shaping an arts enterprise. It draws on the notion of effectuation and the process of EM in explaining new venture creation and assesses the part played by David Walsh, the entrepreneurial owner/manager. Design/methodology/approach -This case study analysis enables an in-depth appraisal of the impact of EM and effectuation within the growing domain of arts marketing. Findings -The paper offers a glimpse into how creativity and business interact in the creation of new markets. It demonstrates how formal methods of marketing are bypassed in the search for owner/ manager constructed versions of situational marketing. In addition, it provides insight into dominance of entrepreneur-centrism vs customer-centrism in entrepreneurship marketing. An additional contribution to knowledge is the use of effectuation to assist in better understanding of the role of EM in the market creation process. Originality/value -The research carried out here builds on a growing body of work adopting the EM lens to better understand arts marketing and new venture creation.

Purpose -This paper aims to investigate how effectuation and causation logic influences portfolio formation among entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach -The methodology used was a case study with 15 participants. Findings -There is evidence of effectuation reasoning during the preliminary and early stages of venture and portfolio development. Portfolio entrepreneurs tend to adopt causation logic as ventures and portfolios mature.

Page 1. The Art of the Entrepreneurial Marketer Dr Ian Fillis Senior Lecturer Department of Marketing University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA Scotland, UK [email protected] Abstract: This paper interrogates the notion of the art of the entrepreneurial marketer by ...

Social entrepreneurship represents an unconventional, but increasingly prevalent, activity in developed and emerging economies. Social entrepreneurs devise novel business models that blend business and social missions with the aim of (co-)producing value with two primary stakeholder groups, beneficiaries and customers. Although interactions between social entrepreneurs and their beneficiaries are well-studied, the relationship between social ventures and consumers has received almost no extended attention. Using a qualitative, partially-inductive approach based on interviews with 38 social entrepreneurs, a study of how social entrepreneurs market their ventures to consumers was conducted. Findings reveal the ways in which marketing is relevant for social entrepreneurs, the unique challenges and opportunities entrepreneurs face in their interactions with customers, and the tactics entrepreneurs use to understand and educate their consumers. These findings contribute to work on social entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurship and marketing interface and have practical implications for social entrepreneurs.

Purpose -Entrepreneurial marketing (EM) is at the brink of becoming an established discipline. To advance the field further and to better guide research efforts in different sub categories, the purpose of this paper is to examine the field's intellectual structure with the help of citation and co-citation analysis. Design/methodology/approach -This paper is based on a two-stage research design. First a citation analysis is carried out through which thematic clusters are identified. In a second step a co-citation analysis is conducted to determine the intellectual structure of EM research. Findings -This study exposes the most influential authors and publications and emphasizes conjunctions among scholars and their findings. Results show three streams that are the foundation of EM research: theoretical foundations of management, entrepreneurship, and marketing; the research interface of marketing and entrepreneurship; SME and new venture marketing.

This paper seeks to review the state of knowledge to this much talked-about paradigm, first made famous by . Clusters are a striking and common feature in today's economy. Nonetheless, this phenomenon is not exactly new and has been the object of attention from a wide variety of social scientists for much of this century. In the last ten years, this phenomenon has attracted renewed interest from academics, practitioners, and the British Government -who have become aware of its central importance in competitive strategy. An understanding of clusters adds an important dimension to the more commonly debated role of personal contact networks in the success of entrepreneurial small business.

Yalın girişimciliğin ve startup'ların gelişimi, vizyon ve inovatif düşünme yeteneğine sahip bireylere bağlıdır. Girişimcilerin kazancı, yüksek büyümeyi hızlandırmaları için verileri kullanmayı öğrenerek müşteri etkileşimini artırması bakımından çok önemlidir. Bu amaçla, yalın girişimcilik alanında önemli danışmanlardan olan Brant Cooper ve Patrick Vlaskovits, bu kitabı kaleme alarak girişimciliğin inovatif yönüne vurgu yapmış ve alana katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Yazarlar bu kitapta, teknolojinin içinde ve dışında faaliyet gösteren onlarca girişimci ve startup fitma sahipleri ile görüşerek çeşitli vaka incelemelerini paylaşmışlardır.
Yeni bir girişimin oluşumunun ilk aşamalarında belirsizlik vardır. Ancak bu belirsizlik karşısında tahmin ve planlama gibi geleneksel müdahaleler artık yeterli gelmemektedir. İşte Yalın Girişim, tam da bu noktada devreye girmektedir. Bu kitapla Yalın Girişimcilere inovasyon odaklı, bilimsel verilere dayanan, test ve deneylerle ölçümlenebilir yeni bir yönetim anlayışı aktarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kitap vasıtasıyla girişimciler; müşterilerle nasıl iletişim kurulacağını, denemelerin nasıl gerçekleştirileceğini ve iş girişimlerinde elverişli verilerin nasıl kullanılması gerektiğini öğrenip bu doğrultuda girişimlerine inovasyon katabileceklerdir.
Bu kitap, kurumların işletme modellerine ilişkin zorlukların belirlenip bunlar üzerinde çalışılmasını sağlayacak yeni düşünme biçimleri, araçlar ve aktiviteler sunmaktadır. Startup'ın ne olduğu, bu doğrultuda vizyon, değerler ve kültürün etkileri üzerinde yeni bir vizyon vermektedir. Ayrıca inovatif bir vizyon için müşteri etkileşimi ve yalınlık, uygulanan gerçek vaka incelemeleriyle detaylandırılmıştır. Bu bakımdan Yalın Girişimci kitabının, sistemli ve inovatif bir girişimin oluşmasına rehberlik etmesi açısından okunması gerekir. Kitap sadece yeni girişimciler için değil, aynı zamanda üniversitelerde girişimcilik kültürü kapsamında da değerlendirilmesi gereken bir kaynaktır. Ayrıca, işletmelerde özellikle araştırma ve inovasyon odaklı çalışmalara önem veren şirket sahiplerinin ve yöneticilerin başvuru kitabı olarak değerlendirebilecekleri bir referans niteliği de taşımaktadır.

Merging two formerly distinct disciplines, the term entrepreneurial marketing is used to describe the marketing processes of firms pursuing opportunities in uncertain market circumstances, often under constrained resource conditions. The aim of the study is to identify the effect of entrepreneurial marketing on firms’ innovative performance. The hypothesized relationships between dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing and innovative performance are tested with data collected through structured questionnaires administered face-to-face to managers of 560 SMEs in the Turkish manufacturing industry. Analyses results revealed that proactiveness, innovativeness, customer intensity, resource leveraging dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing are positively related with innovative performance. Finally, the limitations of the study and the suggestions for future research will be presented.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to better understand how strategic orientation guides the marketing strategy and marketing efforts of niche firms, by addressing the questions of which strategic orientation niche firms apply and how managers in niche firms handle the potential problems associated with different strategic orientations. Based on these findings, managerial implications are discussed. Design/methodology/approach –

Purpose -Entrepreneurial passion has recently begun to fascinate a growing number of researchers. While only a few systematic studies exist, Cardon et al.'s review suggests passion as a prevalent phenomenon among entrepreneurs. They make a call for empirical and systematic studies of entrepreneurial passion to provide insights for practice and research. This paper aims to apply the recent theoretical advances in a particular empirical setting: the heavy metal genre in the popular music industry. Design/methodology/approach -Using a qualitative in-depth case study approach, four ventures that are considered new ventures in the metal music business are studied. Findings -The findings strongly imply that the grounds for a globally successful creative venture require the passion of at least one inventor entrepreneur. Also, at least one founder is needed to take the venture to the next stage, where business is formalized for ramp up and at least one developer is needed to grow the business after the other two identities and earlier stages of the venture life cycle have created the platform on which to build and develop the business. The paper also finds that these role identity-related behaviors are essential characteristics for artists in the popular music industry. Originality/value -The popular music industry is an excellent research site for studying entrepreneurial passion because artists start their careers and join together to form bands mainly because of their passion and love to create and perform music. While the theory of entrepreneurial passion offers a promising approach for entrepreneurial studies, few systematic studies exist that apply it.

In this article the important contributions in marketing made by Nordic researchers and its applicability to studies of the marketing/entrepreneurship interface will be discussed. It is argued that much of the contemporary Nordic research in marketing, for example, networks, relationship marketing and recent phenomena such as strategic alliances and imaginary organisations, is important for the understanding of marketing behaviour in entrepreneurial firms. Furthermore, a conceptual framework for research at the interface is suggested

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Palestine, and thus to contribute to the existing knowledge on the critical success factors (CSFs) of SMEs in the Palestinian context, especially in the West Bank.,The study is comprised a survey of a convenience sample of 370 SMEs operating in the West Bank, Palestine. It uses a multiple regression analysis to examine the effect of a set of CSFs, namely, reputation of the brand, excellence of customer services, reliable delivery and product innovation on the success of SMEs.,The results show that brand reputation, excellence of customer of services and reliable delivery strongly influence SME success, while innovation is weakly associated with SME success. These results imply that success is tied to customers and competition more than to production, structures or finance. That is, reputable brands, excellent customer service and reliable delivery are means to success according to the r...

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the economic impacts of the current coronavirus disease, which is globally known as (COVID-19) pandemic, on small businesses in the tourism and hospitality industry, including food and beverages (F&B) industries in Malaysia during and after the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) and conditional (CMCO) with the emergence of new business models. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the implemented methodology involved a secondary qualitative research design based mainly on the existing literature, the World Health Organisation (WHO) reports, the government’s documents, in addition to online sources and observations regarding local business experiences. Findings The findings revealed that implementing effective strategies of recovery, shaping resilience solutions and supporting policies such as the National Recovery Plan, which is backed by the government played a pivotal role in avoiding the turndown of small businesses. Origin...

This article considers the attempted change to the image of an established brand by studying the semiotics within the brand's historical advertising campaigns. The use of semiotics to study the interpretation of messages is discussed, and the link between interpretation of messages and advertising effectiveness in changing brand image is explored. The authors deconstruct advertisements of a brand to provide a model containing opposing dialectics that may aid managers by highlighting alternative symbolic messages contained in advertisements. Once identified, these alternative symbolic messages may be used to help change brand image and influence advertising effectiveness.

Problem Statement: The increasing need of the funding and financing has changed the universities mission universities in terms of their commercial activities,particularly those in the best ranking lists of the universities.
Research Questions: What kind of commercial activities is more important in increasing revenues is questioned taking into account the comparative study in the US,UK,and Turkey since they are critically in transition.
Purpose of the Study: This paper focuses carefully on the university commercialization in three different countries(the US,the UK,and Turkey) in which the main activities,which create effective and efficient in increasing funding and financing,are analyzed because right decisions would be taken into account for short and long-term sustainable success of the universities.
Research Methods: By using a phenomenological analysis, the data were collected through 57 semi-structured interviews with technology transfer officers (67) at 6 different universities (2 in the US, 1 in the UK, and 3 in Turkey) in three different countries. As taking into consideration the observations of the researchers,the collected data of were systematically examined in NVivo 10, data analysis software-program.
Findings: The study shows critically that the heterogeneous commercial activities were seen in three different countries. The findings clarified that the university leadership was critical in funding and financing the universities. The American and English universities were really very successful in developing university-industry partnership comparing to Turkey. Their licensing revenues of the university patents were much higher than Turkish universities.
Conclusions: The Technology Transfer Offices(TTOs) played important roles in developing university-industry partnership,particularly in the US and UK:however,in Turkey,the TTOs were so new in developing strong relationship with the industry. Additionally, the revenue through licensing activities was still limited.While the American and English universities were commercialized and funded by means of the industry,the Turkish universities were funded by the government.

Steve Jobs knew what he was doing. He watched as technology tightened its grip on the American psyche. Long before others understood the potential of the personal computer, he saw its power. But it was his visionary use of media to explain technology to a hungry culture that revealed his singular genius. As a result, even by today's standards few inventions approach the world-wide religious devotion that tech users have lavished upon the products "Designed by Apple in California" and its late founder.

In "Appletopia" media and culture critic Brett T. Robinson reconstructs Steve Jobs' imagination for digital innovation in transcendent terms. Robinson portrays how the confluence of Jobs' religious, philosophical, and technological thought was embodied in Apple's most memorable advertising campaigns. From Zen Buddhism and Catholicism to dystopian and futurist thought, religion defined and branded Jobs' design methodology.

Appletopia navigates decades of marketing strategy and divines the clever and creative ways that Apple conveyed its purpose to the world: Apple products were to be known for their fantastically simple design and astonishing ease of use. In so doing, Robinson resurrects Jobs' uncanny ability to integrate philosophical and religious thought with technological genius, laying the groundwork for Apple's ubiquity today. As it turns out, culture was eager to find meaning in the burgeoning technological revolution, naming Jobs as its prophet and Apple the deliverer of his message.

Over the past five years, university students have been involved in different leadership and innovation projects and activities. Such projects and activities are particularly about the incubation of start-up firms in which the students try to commercialize their knowledge by taking entrepreneurship courses to develop partnerships and the delivery of their innovative products and services at the technology parks of the universities. This study aims to explore the effects of the entrepreneurship courses on developing startups at the technology parks in Turkey. In order to understand the real effects of taking entrepreneurship courses in establishing startups, the data were collected first using a phenomenological concept analysis. The original data were gathered from 'naive' descriptions by asking open-ended questions and dialogue. The researcher described the experiences based on reflection and interpretation of the research participant's story. The aim of the study is to determine what the experience means for the people who have had the experience of entrepreneurial courses to establish startup companies. The study generates a perspective about the effects are critically analyzed before and after the entrepreneurial courses taken at the technology parks of two different universities. After analyzing the data about the reasons behind these short entrepreneurial courses, it is so clear that the reasons are coming not only from national, but also from supranational arenas where innovation and knowledge are taken in the entrepreneurial courses as drivers of the competitiveness and growth. By generating technological and entrepreneurial knowledge in the courses for the global market economy, the new startup at the technology parks can be empowered by these courses in the private industries. More importantly, they can decrease the unemployment rate and the country's current account deficit.

Human Resource Development for their tireless support in the preparation of the research thesis. Secondly, I wish to equally relay my gratitude to the management of Eldoret Municipal Council for allowing me access their confidential information, which was central to this research. Thirdly, I would wish to acknowledge the respondents for their contribution to this study. Fourthly, I would wish to pay homage to my family members and specifically my dear wife Gloria, Son Reagan, Brothers Gilbert and Alan, Sister Linda, Cousins Steve, Rono, Robin and Alex and other relatives for their support during this period. Fifthly, to colleagues in the 2010 Entrepreneurship class for their comradeship and support during the course work particularly Tallam, Evans and Sydna. Lastly, to those groups that have participated in editing, advising and otherwise of either omission or commission is the responsibility of the researcher and not the entities mentioned above. Thank you and God bless. Nebert Kipchirchir Matelong. iv

Problem Statement: The number of the students, who are taking massive open online courses(MOOCs), has markedly increased at the universities where the revenues are strategically financing the budget of the universities.
Research Questions: What the effects of the MOOCs were on funding the universities was studied in this study,while they were diminishing the quality of teaching and learning because the interaction decreased.
Purpose of the Study: This study examined strategically the effects of the MOOCs on funding and financing the universities. In order to understand critically the students’ spending on online courses, the quality of teaching and learning was questioned in this digital age. The interactions between teachers and students had also interactively overviewed.
Research Methods: In this study, the quantitative study had preferred taking into consideration the perceptions and the experiences of the students (654),the lecturers (34),the experts(22) of the MOOCs. Two different surveys related to the outcomes of the MOOCs and the effects of MOOCs on financing the two universities were used. The data were analyzed and clustered according to the participants’ profiles.
Findings: The study shows the students’ participations on MOOCs had increased while increasing the revenues from these MOOCs.The funding from the MOOCs was a new subject and the universities did not critically know how to invest for long-term sustainable goals.As the participants had mentioned most of the technical investments were not planned strategically to meet the needs.
Conclusions: In conclusion,the students were not happy about the content of these MOOCs,but they attended just having the certificates.As lecturers mentioned that the interaction between the students and teachers were very limited:however,they participated in the MOOCs in order to earn just money.The MOOCs quality is limited for all stakeholders who take all these MOOCs from the commercial perspective.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of managers' emotional intelligence, organizational climate and employees' creativity on industrial small to medium‐sized enterprises' (SMEs') entrepreneurial orientation.Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative survey methodology was adopted to collect data from industrial SMEs' owner‐managers in Jordan. A sample of 317 managers from 418 SMEs, located at three Jordanian industrial estates, was used. Data were analyzed using AMOS 16.0 to determine the interactions between the various factors.Findings – Empirical findings confirmed that managers' emotional intelligence, organizational climate and employees' creativity had a positive direct effect on industrial SMEs' entrepreneurial orientation. In addition, managers' emotional intelligence had a positive direct effect on organizational climate. In turn organizational climate had a positive direct effect on employees' creativity.Practical implications – The current study could be useful to man...

This exploratory study examines differences in opportunity recognition by industry. A sample of 142 entrepreneurs completed a detailed questionnaire. Certain differences by industry were found in the product, firm and respondents' characteristics as well as in opportunity recognition processes, especially in regards to innovation and level of creativity. In addition, there is a very clear, significant relationship between level of creativity and the number of opportunities identified and pursued across industries. The implications of this is that future research that involves creativity, such as using the creativity-based model provided by Lumpkin et al. (2003), should include industry in the analysis.

This paper discusses methodological issues relevant to research at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface. Based on analysis of 352 papers published in the proceedings of the annual International Symposium on Research at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface, the paper highlights the importance of contextual issues in interface studies, the role of qualitative and mixed method designs, and the need for further cross-national investigations.

A major challenge facing Welsh speciality Small and Medium-sized Agri-food Enterprises (SMAFEs) is how to sustain growth in a global market. This can be enhanced through e-commerce and the marketing of product through the Internet to an international audience. Recent research carried out by the Welsh Enterprise Institute (WEI) found that there may only be 10% of Welsh SMAFEs using the Internet for this purpose. The challenge, therefore, is how to enable SMAFEs to market effectively their products; to put these small firms not only in contact with local markets but also international markets; to ensure a range of 'authentic' food products is available to Welsh communities in other countries and those people with affinity to 'all things Welsh'; and to establish channels that facilitate repeat purchase by visitors to Wales. This challenge can be responded to by enabling SMAFEs to gain access to the Internet and to be confidence in its use, to develop 'user friendly' Web sites, to link to overseas markets through the Internet, and to establish a long-term customer base.

Owner‐managers of small businesses invariably cite word of mouth recommendations as the principal way in which they attract new customers. Marketing theory is under‐developed in this field with little empirical evidence about the recommending behaviour of small business customers and referral groups. The case study of an independent health club reported here illustrates how these processes can be researched and the results used to influence word of mouth recommendations. The owner‐manager of the club carried out some basic research on his customer base in order to identify the types of members who were most active in recommending the club, and the stimuli that led to recommendations being made. A key finding was that newer members were more likely to recommend than those who had been members for some time, contradicting the implications of relationship marketing theories that long standing customers generate most recommendations. Membership more than doubled following a number of ac...

Purpose – This paper aims to explore, and is the first in a series, whether it is possible to use risk-taking activities as way of identifying potential entrepreneurs. The research examines the motivations of individuals to engage in deviant consumer behaviour, in this case illegal downloading and the link between this behaviour and possible entrepreneurial characteristics. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology approach was of a quantitative nature using a 32-item questionnaire disseminated to 215 undergraduate students at a UK university. Findings – Although there was strong evidence of entrepreneurial traits existing across the participants, including risk-taking propensity, no relationship could be found between risk-taking propensity and illegal downloading. Reasons put forward for these findings were that the level of risk involved was too low to be identified as such by the downloaders, even though the non-downloaders were worried about being caught and, therefore, wer...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the entrepreneurial marketing (EM) and small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) brand management knowledge. It explores the brand management practices of four entrepreneurially driven market innovators. The authors add theoretical and practical insight by distinguishing the brand management approaches of small- and medium-sized firms. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use purposive sampling to select 15 producers of high or medium value-add from the food and beverage industry. Data include secondary sources and two rounds of in-depth interviews, first, between the project leader and CEO/founder of each company and, second, between members of the project team and functional managers of the organisations. Data were coded, analysed and agreement reached between the co-authors. Findings – Four firms were characterised as having integrated brand orientation (Wong and Merrilees, 2005) and as using market innovation as an EM p...

Purpose This paper aims to critically reflect upon the qualitative research strategy adopted by an outsider investigating business practices between first and second-generation South Asian entrepreneurs. The paper presents, explains and justifies the methodological design and outsider strategy used to help overcome a number of operational research issues. In addition, for those considering the use of qualitative methodology for similar research, practical advice is offered to researchers whom do not share the same ethnicity as the informants under investigation. Design/methodology/approach To implement an outsider strategy, the methodological design draws its theoretical underpinning via a phenomenological paradigm. Issues appertaining to sample design, negotiating access, adopted research instruments are examined, and their uses to overcome potential operational issues justified. Findings The complexities, difficulties and successes of an outsider looking in are highlighted. Eviden...

Purpose This paper aims to draw on the organizational ecology theory to examine variations in branding efforts and performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across enterprises sizes and business operating sectors. Design/methodology/approach A four-stage analysis involving principal component analysis, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and logistic regressions was used on a sample of 430 SMEs within an emerging market. Findings Principal component analysis identified four brand marketing efforts relevant to the SMEs. These efforts were used in fluctuating extents among small-sized versus medium-sized enterprises, as well as manufacturing versus services SMEs. Additionally, proportionate levels of performance corollaries were found to be accruable across the enterprise sizes and operating sectors. Originality/value The paper first identifies four brand-building efforts germane to SMEs within an emerging market and examines their precise contributions to firm performance withi...

The past two decades have witnessed significant changes in China as it has moved from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented one. As a socialist nation, state owned enterprises (SOEs) continue to comprise a dominant part of economic activity in China. While many SOEs are inefficient and incur losses, economic reforms since the late 1970s have brought about irrevocable changes in the manner in which Chinese SOEs conduct their business. The important agenda for the Chinese government now is how to 'vitalize' state sectors and ensure that SOEs are able to strive for their own survival. SOEs therefore are exploring ways to improve the productivity of their current operation and to enhance innovativeness in their business development, including seeking financial and technological resources overseas. The varying levels of market-orientation in SOEs present diverse outcomes for the SOEs.

The transition from a product driven to market driven culture has enforced changes in management style in previously nationalised companies. This article examines the background to the phenomenon of privatisation in the United Kingdom and explores current practice. The transition to change over two decades has brought about more demanding and value conscious customers along with a technological revolution in information technology. Corporate culture is seen as the litmus test in shaping changes in performance, and a strong culture is an important factor in unifying the social dimensions of an organisation. Privatisation has seen changes emerge in some companies more dominantly than in others. The principal purpose of this paper is to use this background as a building block to describe the detailed empirical research that has been conducted within three previously nationalised companies. This research is reported in the next issue of this journal. G Their understanding of marketing culture in the organisation and differences pre and post denationalisation G Marketing planning pre and post denationalisation G Strategy and contingency planning G Composition of the marketing team and whether new marketing/sales staff had been recruited internally or externally G Proactive marketing and reactive marketing G Changes in the organisation relative to being product, market or customer led G Problems relating to 'change' to cope with commercial competition

Creativity is not a new phenomenon. Neither is entrepreneurial marketing. This paper offers a discussion, based on both classical and contemporary evidence from the world of art, on how creative ability can give both the individual and the smaller firm a competitive advantage. Instead of adopting a replicative, quantitative methodology, as found in many smaller firm studies concerning marketing and entrepreneurship, this work embraces an alternative methodology by examining actual creative practice, as well as investigating the creative metaphor. It is believed that a range of useful outcomes will emerge from this, ranging from the promotion of awareness of the need for creativity in the smaller firm, given the inherent lack of many other resources, to the belief that those researching at the Interface will also benefit from adoption of alternative methodologies in order to generate new theory.

This paper offers some thoughts on the current state of play in creative thinking and practice, and how we as entrepreneurial marketers might embrace an alternative methodology in order to promote an improved understanding of business. When I feel well and in a good humour, or when I am taking a drive or walking after a good meal, or in the night when I cannot sleep, thoughts crowd into my mind as easily as you could wish. Whence and how do they come? I do not know and I have nothing to do with it. Those which please me, I keep in my head and hum them; at least others have told me that I do so. Once I have my theme, another melody comes, linking itself to the first one, in accordance with the needs of the composition as whole (Fletcher, 1999:21, quoting Mozart).