Lusignan Cyprus

This presentation discusses the historical context around which the eminent historian of the Latin period in Cyprus, Louis de Mas Latrie (1815-1897), visited and worked on the island for three months following his arrival in late October 1845. Despite being relatively short, this visit was of prime importance to Latrie’s historical work, since, in addition to material and document collection on the ground, Latrie’s witnessing resulted in remarks in his publications that regarded the island's history vis-à-vis its contemporary situation. Thus, sketching the local historical context immediately before and during his visit would significantly contribute to our understanding of Latrie’s field research and historical perspective. In order to shed light on the contemporary conditions of the island, the presentation would not only bring together the existing few studies concerning Cyprus in the early Tanzimat period (1839-1878) but also introduce un/under-utilised source material from the Ottoman archive. In doing so, significant attention would be placed on the reform initiatives, such as that of Talat Pasha, who completed the Ottoman survey – dated 1841 – that was used and appreciated by Latrie himself. Likewise, the Ottoman Empire’s Cyprus reform program of 1845 would be illustrated with an emphasis on the then-local governor Hacı Mesrur Agha, who acted on the then Ottoman Grand Vizier Rauf Pasha’s permission for Latrie’s visit to the island and facilitated his activities throughout the island. Notably, Latrie’s observations on the present situation of the island and finally his post-field letter to the Ottoman Government regarding his present and future work, will be presented in this context. Taken as a whole, a close inspection of the historical context and documents above would provide insights into Latrie’s work, and thus, contribute to the expanding literature on his endeavours that left an everlasting impact on our understanding of the history of Cyprus.

Musica, parole, guerre, commerci e persone a Cipro ai tempi del Canzoniere

Dal 2012 disponiamo finalmente, grazie a Giovanna Carbonaro, di un’edizione italiana del cosiddetto Canzoniere cipriota, unica testimonianza della fortuna del petrarchismo in area di lingua greca.
Il volume di G. Carbonaro ha avuto anche il merito di aver suscitato una nuova stagione di studi in Grecia ed è stata prodotta una nuova edizione,  che si basa essenzialmente sul lavoro di ricerca e di raffronto con i modelli italiani effettuato dalla studiosa italiana.

Nel 2022 è stata manifestata apertamente l’esigenza di realizzare un ‘Fondo cipriota’ dei manoscritti espressa in occasione della mostra ‘Cipro nella Biblioteca Marciana di Venezia’, nell’utile catalogo a cura di Marco Fanelli pubblicato per Edizioni Ca' Foscari.

Nel 2024 sono stati pubblicati gli atti del convegno svoltosi a Venezia sul codice cipriota (I-Tn, J.II.9), miracolosamente salvatosi dal devastante incendio della notte fra il 25 e il 26 gennaio del 1904 della Biblioteca Nazionale di Torino, e contenente musica franco-cipriota del XV secolo.
Attraverso una rapida rassegna su recenti pubblicazioni sull’argomento scelto cercherò di evidenziare come soltanto attraverso sinergie interdisciplinari è possibile realizzare un nuovo modo di leggere e interpretare la storia e la cultura di Cipro fra antico e moderno.

Kıbrıs, Akdeniz’in doğusunda yer alan yaklaşık 9 bin 250 m2 büyüklüğünde bir adadır. Sicilya ve Sardinya adalarının ardından Akdeniz’deki en büyük üçüncü ada konumundadır. Selçuklu Devleti ile Kıbrıs Krallığı arasındaki ilişkiler, Orta Çağ’da Doğu Akdeniz’in geniş jeopolitik dinamiklerini yansıtan siyasi hareketler, askeri çatışmalar ve zaman zaman ittifaklardan oluşan karmaşık bir yapıda olmuştur.

Selçuklu Devleti, XI. ve XII. yüzyıllarda zirveye ulaşmış, Orta Asya’dan Türkistan’a kadar uzanan geniş toprakları kontrol eden güçlü bir Sünni Müslüman devletti. Öte yandan Kıbrıs Krallığı, adanın 1191 yılında Üçüncü Haçlı Seferi sırasında Aslan Yürekli Richard tarafından ele geçirilmesi ve ardından Lusignan (Lüzinyan) Hanedanı’na verilmesiyle Doğu Akdeniz’de önemli bir Hristiyan kalesi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Selçuklular veKıbrıs arasındaki ilk karşılaşmalar büyük ölçüde dolaylı olmuştur. Selçuklular öncelikle Bizans İmparatorluğu ve çeşitli Haçlı devletleriyle karşı karşıya geldikleri Anadolu ve Levant’taki hakimiyetlerini pekiştirmeye odaklanmışlardı. Lusignan yönetimi altındaki Kıbrıs, Kutsal Topraklara giden Haçlılar için stratejik bir nokta haline geldi ve böylece dolaylı olarak Selçuklu ilgi alanına girdi. Bu dönemde I. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev, Kıbrıs Haçlı krallığı ile ticaret antlaşmaları yapmıştır.

Bu ilişkiler çatışma ve işbirliğinin hareketli bir etkileşimi ile karakterize olmuş ve sonraki dönemde de aynı şekilde ilerlemiştir. Erken dönemde Haçlı Seferleri sırasında yaşanan askeri çatışmalar zamanla yerini diplomasi, ticaret ve yer yer çatışmalara bırakmıştır. Her ne olursa olsun Kıbrıs’ın Doğu Akdeniz’deki stratejik önemi, Selçuklular için devletin inkırazına dek daima bir ilgi odağı olarak kalmaya devam etmesine neden olmuştur.

Bildirimizin esas amacı Orta Çağ döneminde Müslüman ve Hıristiyan dünyaları arasındaki bu tarihsel ilişki ve etkileşime bir bakış sunarak Türkler’in Kıbrısla olan ilişkilerinin temellerini ortaya koymaktır.

Cyprus is an island of approximately 9,250 m², situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily and Sardinia. The relations between the Seljuk Empire and the Kingdom of Cyprus have been complex, comprising political movements, military conflicts and occasional alliances. These reflect the broad geopolitical dynamics of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Middle Ages.

The Seljuk Empire was a powerful Sunni Muslim state that reached its peak in the 11th and 12th centuries, controlling vast territories stretching from Central Asia to Turkestan. In contrast, the Kingdom of Cyprus emerged as an important Christian stronghold in the eastern Mediterranean after the island was captured by Richard the Lionheart during the Third Crusade in 1191 and then handed over to the Lusignan dynasty.

The initial encounters between the Seljuks and Cyprus were largely indirect. The Seljuks were primarily focused on consolidating their dominance in Anatolia and the Levant, where they confronted the Byzantine Empire and various Crusader states. Under Lusignan rule, Cyprus became a strategic point for Crusaders en route to the Holy Land, and thus indirectly came under Seljuk interest. During this period, Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev I concluded trade treaties with the Crusader kingdom of Cyprus. These relations were characterised by a lively interplay of conflict and co-operation, which continued in the following period. The military conflicts of the early Crusades gave way to diplomacy, trade and occasional conflict. In any case, the strategic importance of Cyprus in the eastern Mediterranean ensured that it remained a focal point of interest for the Seljuks until the end of the state.

The principal objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the historical relationship and interaction between the Muslim and Christian worlds during the Middle Ages, with a particular focus on the foundations of the Turkish relations with Cyprus.

Traveling and recording the adventures lived abroad in travelogues was a common practice among European aristocrats in the eighteenth century. The travel journals are filled with descriptions of the places they visited, but also with characterizations of their impressions and emotions evoked by historical landmarks. This paper aims to explore the sensations of northern and central European travelers to investigate the identity and sense of place of Cyprus, as experienced by the travelers, through deep mapping. The exploration of impressions focuses on seven categories: places, points of interest, people, hospitality, accessibility, landscape, and food/drinks. The impressions expressed by words in the travelogues are coded in a five-point scale to be able to obtain statistics from the geodatabase created in GIS. The result is a bunch of maps that show the diverse level of pleasantness according to the various places and historical landmarks visited. Moreover, this paper demonstrates the importance of combining quantitative and qualitative data through digital tools in archaeological and historical research.

This article discusses diplomatic relations between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus during a period when the Cypriot Kingdom had been reduced to tributary status following the Mamluk invasion of Cyprus in 1426 and the defeat of King Janus at the battle of Khirokitia. The social status of the envoys exchanged, their nationality, their treatment and the means of communication they emploed are discussed, as are some of the specific issues they dealt with, such as the transfer of power on Cyprus from the Lusignan dynasty to the venetains and the Mamluk acceptance of this. The main souce materials are the accounts of the Castilian nobleman Pero Tafur, the Chronicle of the Cypriot Georgios Boustronios and the writings of the Mamluk historian Ibn Taghri Birdi. All three authors lived in the fifteenth century and so are contemporary to the events they recounted.

This article discusses the position of Armenians living in the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus (1192-1473) with specila emphasis on the efforts of the Latin Church to bring the Armenian of Cyprus under its ecclesiastical jurisdiction and to induce them to accept papal primacy. The extent to which the Latin Church succeeded in doing so is discussed with reference to braoder political developments taking place in the wider geographical context of the Eastern Mediterranean, which impacted on the relations of the Armenians on Cyprus and those of the Cilician kingdom of Armenia with the latins in general and the Latin church in particular.

This article's subject is the migration of Apulian New Christians to Venetian Dalmatia in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. These New Christians were the descendants of Jews who had converted to Christianity at the end of the thirteenth century but who continued to constitute a group distinct from the rest of society until many had to flee Apulia due to growing repressions at the turn to the sixteenth century. Based on archival material from Zadar, Split, and Venice, this paper studies the Venetian ruled town of Split as an example of how close and multifaceted the contacts between Apulian New Christians and Venetian Dalmatia were, ranging from grain trade to permanent settlement. Although Venice tried to expel all New Christians from its territories, including Dalmatia, in the 1490s, they appear to have been tolerated in Split. How this was possible and how the Apulian New Christians integrated themselves into the local society is studied in this article.
https://brill.com/view/journals/me/30/4/article-p505_4.xml

Unlike
earlier forms of relic worship, these relics did not invite the
viewer to touch, kiss, or consume the holy fragments. Set behind
the glass plate, they could only be seen. They therefore
communicated differently both from earlier relic forms and
from the narrative images that accompanied them since their
presence does not recount a story in a linear fashion, but instead
“speaks” without the mediation of narration or mimetic
figuration.

I try to tackle here the nature of  social conflict and class boundaries in polis settings, while quantifying certain aspectsa of exploitation.       
    This piece derived from a very enjoyable meeting called Conference on City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy at Brown University, May 1989, that was organized by A.J. Molho and Kurt Raaflaub. Kurt and Glen Bowersock was responsible for the invitation.
    Up until this point I had been running under the radar with my studies of quantitative aspects of Greek social history. Here for the first time some scholars became more of aware of the critique of Marxist economic analysis. I elicited some strong responses.

HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

In this paper I discuss how during the civil war on Cyprus between the years 1456-1464 James, King James II from 1466 onwards, employed mercenaries from various countries and of various faiths to defeat his half-sister Queen Charlotte, the legitimate ruler of Cyprus, and seize power. They included Mamluks, Greeks, Savoyards, Catalans, Neapolitans and Sicilians. Once he had won the civil war, however, the mercenaries who acquired the greatest power and influence in term sof incomes, offices and estates were Catalans as well as Sicilians and Neapolitans, given that Sicily and southern italy came under Catalan rule after the conquests of King Alfonso the Magnanimous in 1442. This was because those particular mercenaries as Roman Catholics were best placed to help James secure papal recognition and thereby legitimise his seizure of power.

Cereals were a commodity that was frequently in short supply on Hospitaller Rhodes, even though wheat, barley, oats and pulses were grown on the island. Wheat and barley from nearby Kos were imported to Rhodes as well as from other Aegean and Mediterranean regions, such as Old and New Phocaea in Anatolia, Euboea, Lesbos, the Peloponnese, Southern Italy, Sicily and Cyprus, although the demand for barley was smaller. Shortages were felt during the fourteenth century. As early as 1317, less than a decade after the Hospitallers' conquest of Rhodes from Byzantium, Pope John XXII alluded to the great shortage of foodstuffs on the island, and in June 1347 there was a new shortage. This impelled the Hospitallers to secure grain from various areas. They concluded an agreement with the Genoese Ettore Vicenzi on 26 July 1347 for him to supply Rhodes with 20,000 modia of wheat and barley in Rhodian measures. Alberto Gentile of Genoa was dispatched on 3 September 1347 to the Aegean area (Romania) to buy an additional 20,000 Rhodian modia of grain and on 22 March 1348 the merchant and burgess of Rhodes Bartolomeo degli Albizzi was licensed to borrow 2,000 florins in order to buy grain in the Aegean area and the Black Sea region. The Hospitallers also imported foodstuffs from the Turkish mainland opposite Rhodes. When in 1386 Grand Master Juan Fernandez de Heredia granted the Commandery of Kos, Kalymnos and Leros to the German Hospitaller Hesso Schlegelholz, among the obligations imposed on the latter were a ban on exports of wheat to any destination besides Rhodes. Furthermore, the population of Rhodes, perhaps less than 10,000 in 1310, may have more than doubled by 1522 to over 20,000. This rise in population exacerbated the shortages of grain and other foodstuffs, increasing the need to import them 1 .

In this paper, written in Modern Greek, I discuss the evolution of the economy of Cyprus under the Lusignans and the Venetians, who ruled Cyprus from 1192 to 1571. While arguigthat as previously land formed the basis of economic production, as wellas that of economic and even social relations, I stress how under the Lusignans and the venetian the economybecame increasingly export orientated, exporting products such as sugar, camlets, grain, oliveoiland wine throughout the Mediterranean. Cyprus was also active as a transilt point but also as a point of consumption of goods in the international carrying trade between East and West. The Cypriot economy reached its peak in the years 1291-1344 followingthe imposition of a papal embargo on direct trade between Western merchants and Mamluks lands after the fall of the Latin Syria, but began to decline in the second half of the fourteenth century,a decline aggravated by ruinous wars with Genoa (1373-1374) and with Mamluk Egypt (1424-1426). Under Venice, however, the economy recovered recovered, and Nicosia the capital became a major centre of consumption until the island fell in 1571 to the Ottoman Turks.

In this paper, written in Modern Greek, I discuss the Assizes of the Court of the Burgesses in the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus within the context of the genesis and evolution of law in the Latin kingdom of jerusalem founded after the First crusade and later on within the kingdom of Cyprus, created in 1192 as a result of the Third Crusade. The origins of the assizes, traceable to elements Roman law as later codified in southern France and in the Byzantine Empire are discussed,as are the scope of the laws found in the Assizes of Lusignan Cyprus, translated from the French Assises de la Cour de Bourgeois in the early fourteenth century.

Among the legends disseminated by the friars of San Francesco in Assisi was an enduring tale that surfaced at the dawn of the sixteenth century, according to which a thirteenth-century queen of Cyprus was buried inside an exuberant Gothic canopied tomb in the convent’s Lower Church. This study examines the queen’s supposed funerary monument, explores the varying permutations of the legend, reveals the presumed gifts she donated to the friars, and unravels the conundrum surrounding her identity and the position of her tomb. In considering the convent-specific and wider contexts of Italy and Cyprus, the paper deconstructs the myth by uncovering new archival sources and offers fresh insights into the identity and activity of the Cypriot queen in Assisi. More importantly, it argues that the legend distorted historical facts as a means to enhance the connection between the Franciscan Order, the convent, and the Holy Land.

The Fourth Crusade marked one of the most dramatic moments of Byzantine history: the occupation of Constantinople in 1204. However, there is one surviving example of the artistic activity of the Latins from this period of plunder and destruction: the fresco cycle of Saint Francis. The cycle was discovered at the Kalenderhane Mosque, a former Byzantine church and part of the monastic complex of Theotokos (Mother of God) Kyriotissa, in 1967 after being sealed and hidden in an annexed chapel for seven centuries. The frescoes portraying Francis’s life were painted shortly after the canonization of the saint in 1228 and prior to the reconquest of 1261. They are regarded
as the earliest depictions of Francis’s life on fresco.

The cycle is an intriguing example of the hybrid works of art that emerged in the post-Crusade Mediterranean. Existing scholarship mainly focuses on four aspects of the cycle: establishing its historical setting and patronage; identifying its scenes; exploring its stylistic associations with other works of art; and interpreting the choice of Byzantine vita icon format. The notable ensemble of various Eastern and Western components in the program, a less discussed and researched aspect of the cycle, is commonly considered to reflect the thirteenth-century climate of the ongoing negotiations for the
union of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.

The fresco cycle is definitely a product of the Franciscans’ purposeful experimentation in the broader context of the commitment of the order to the communion of the churches and missionary activity in the Eastern Mediterranean. However, this thesis argues that the joint presence of Eastern and Western elements and some overlooked particularities of its iconography may also lead to a different reading. This new interpretation of the cycle goes beyond the attempt of the mendicant order to legitimize the sainthood of their recently canonized founder and requires an in-depth reconsideration of its context. This study aims to look beyond the visible and decipher the cycle in light of the ongoing
negotiations of power and ideology in the post-Crusade Mediterranean.

A contract to build a barca in Candia in 1345 was the occasion for a brief study of this vessel in the eastern Mediterranean and especially in the Greek areas under Venetian rule in the late Middle Ages. The barca was a type of vessel that served both trade and transport of goods and fishing. It was of various sizes and could travel short and medium distances, thus covering a large part of the eastern Mediterranean. Its presence in the Venetian possessions in Greece was dominant during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century and began to decline without disappearing from the mid-14th century onwards. It could be built in small shipyards and the cost of building, operating and maintaining it, as well as its sailing capabilities, made it an ideal vessel for small and medium-sized investments in trade by persons of both Greek and Latin origin.

Orta Çağ'da Pisa ve Venedik, İtalya Yarımadası'nın Amalfi ve Ceneviz ile birlikte önde gelen devletleri arasında idi. Bu iki devlet Orta Çağ boyunca gerek Bizans İmparatorluğu'ndan gerekse de Yakın Doğu'daki diğer Latin devletlerinden imtiyaz alıp ticaretlerini yaymak için mücadele etmişler ve Doğu Akdeniz'de koloniler kurmuşlardır. Bu makale I. Haçlı Seferi sırasında Pisa ve Venedik arasında Rodos yakınlarında meydana geldiği düşünülen deniz savaşını ele almaktadır. Bizans tarihçisi Anna Komnena'nın Alexias adlı eseri ile dönemin en önemli Venedik kaynağı olduğu düşünülen Historia de translatione Sancti Nicolai karşılaştırılarak deniz savaşının tarihlendirilmesi, tam olarak nerede yapıldığı ve savaşın sonucunda gerçekleştirilen antlaşmaları konu edinmektedir. Bununla birlikte deniz savaşının Pisa ile Bizans İmparatorluğu arasında vuku bulduğu üzerinde de durulmaktadır.

part qu'ils ont prise à la reflexion dont est issu ce livre. Nous tenons aussi à exprimer toute notre gratitude à Madame Agnès Charpentier dont la culture et le dévouement ont permis que cet ouvrage soit réalisé. 3 Tell es Sultan, fouille Miss Kenyon ; en ce qui concerne ce monument, voir O.Aurenche La maison orientale, Paris, Geuthner1981. 4 Peut-être à la suite d'une sorte de chemisage, car des reprises sont assez probables.

Military establishments, including castles, fortresses, military posts and towers, were mainly constructed for defence purposes. The conservation of military structures as well as other heritage buildings is important since they are monuments that represent a sense of identity, and national pride, bearing a message of oppression. The only way to sustain these monuments is re-functioning with an appropriate approach since they have already lost their original function. However, the problem is to select the most appropriate function according to the structural and formal characteristics of the monuments. The study aims to question the success of the adaptive reuse projects in terms of appropriateness of the museum function and its implementation in castles. Generally, there is a tendency to convert old castles into museums. Due to the physical characteristics, museum can be accepted as a compatible function, if museums are designed with correct approaches. Otherwise, the heritage buildings will lack a living function and become disused or abandoned. The study is a comparative research among castles located in Cyprus and converted to museums. Four castles of the castles in Cyprus that have been converted to museums have been evaluated and compared in terms of the use of military establishments as museums. The selected castles were evaluated in two parts with defined criteria: firstly, in terms of conservation principles and secondly, in terms of museography. According to the results, generally the adaptive reuse projects have sustained the cultural identity of the heritage buildings; however, they have failed in bringing about efficient use and achieving socio-cultural benefits. Although structures have been preserved physically, most of them lack a living function and visitors. Existing exhibitions should be supported by other exhibitions or activities to attract more visitors. Also, successful museum design approaches around the world should be observed and analysed. Then, the existing museums should be redesigned .

Kıbrıs, Doğu Akdeniz'in ortasında Türkiye, Mısır, Suriye, İsrail ve Yunanistan'la çevrelenmiş çok önemli bir odak noktasında, tarih boyunca büyük stratejik öneme haiz olmuş büyük bir adadır. 21.yüzyılın ilk on yıllarını kapsayan dönem içerisinde dünyayı saran petrol savaşları dolayısıyla; söz konusu ticari metanın erişim yollarının ortasında bulunan Kıbrıs Adası'nın sadece stratejik önemi artmamış; ada açıklarında keşfedilen yeni ve zengin, doğal gaz ve petrol yatakları dolayısıyla bölge yeni bir uluslararası gerilim için çok boyutlu bir aday haline gelmiştir. Kıbrıs'ın gelecek on yıllar boyunca büyük bir ekonomik, sosyal, siyasal, ticari ve ekonomik inkişafın ve dinamizmin odak noktası olarak yükseleceği artık kesinlik arz eden bir durumdur. Gelecekteki bu ticari, siyasi ve sosyal yükselişin hangi şekilde tecelli edeceği hakkında geniş görüşlülük sahibi olmak için bölgenin önceki yüzyıllarda yükselen merkezlerinin serüvenlerini ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelemekte fayda vardır. Bu anlamda İngiliz tarihçi ve yazar Philip Mansel'in Türkçe'ye kazandırılan "Levant: Akdeniz'de İhtişam ve Felaketler" kitabının son derecede ayrıntılı ve nitelikli, sosyolojik ve siyasal analizlerle bölgeyi derinlemesine incelediğini görmekteyiz. Levant kitabı doğrudan doğruya Kıbrıs'ı ele alan bir inceleme kitabıdır. Kıbrıs'ı çevreleyen büyük Levant kentlerinin yükseliş ve düşüşünü ufuk açıcı bir şekilde sosyolojik tarih ve şehircilik açısından ele almıştır. Doğu Akdeniz'de geçmişte neler olduğunu anlatarak gelecekte neler olacağına dair de önemli fikirler vermektedir.

ÖZ XII. yüzyıl Batı Avrupa halkının geçen yüzyıla göre daha rahat yaşadıkları bir dönemdir ancak bu dönemde, İkinci ve Üçüncü Haçlı Seferleri de düzenlenmiştir. İkinci seferde etkin faaliyet yürüten kişi Clairvaux Manastırının Başrahibi Bernard'dır. Bernard, pek çok yere yazdığı mektuplar, verdiği vaazlar ile seferin oluşumuna ciddi katkı sağlamıştır. Mektuplarında Müslümanlar için kullandığı ifadeler dönem Hıristiyanlarının Müslüman algısını örnekler niteliktedir. Bu çalışmada Bernard`ın mektupları orijinal Latince metninden incelenmiş hem sefere etkileri, hem de dönem Hıristiyanlarının Müslüman algısı değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Theories based on liturgical, social, and, most recently, educational considerations have been offered to account for the employment of double-nave planning at the [acobin Church of Toulouse in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. However, examination of the architectural, archaeological, and documentary evidence suggests that the church's plan can be explained on economic and structural grounds arising from the Dominicans' poverty in the early thirteenth century and the eccentric configuration of the site given to them for their convent in 1229.

Bu yazımızda konumuz papanın inisiyatifindeki düzenli orduların seferinden önce gerçekleşen ve yazımızın ilk iki bölümünde sözünü ettiğimiz, Keşiş Piyer'in (Peter L'Eremite) başını çektiği "başıbozuk kitleler"in veya "köylülerin" seferi: Halkın Haçlı Seferi.

What sacred objects did the Lusignan kings of Cyprus treasure in their collection of holy items? Certainly, they had fragments of the Holy Cross and saints’ skulls, but what about Passion relics such as the titulus placed above the crucified Christ, or the white rock to which the cross was affixed? This study explores overlooked fourteenth-century Franciscan apocryphal stories about the life of Christ and didactic narratives which, among other things, cite Passion relics and their respective proprietors. In the following essay, I will turn attention to relics which, according to these texts, were in the safe-keeping of the kings of Cyprus. In addition to evaluating the reliability of such evidence, I will discuss the nature of the relics, identify the mysterious relic-hoarder king, and seek to uncover a representation of such a relic in the ‘Royal Chapel’ at Pyrga, Larnaca.

Algeria's pre-colonial towns of the medieval period still exist in different typologies, ranging from the isolated buildings (forts, castles) and town enclosures to whole urban units (fortified villages, defensives towns). Indeed, the constituent of these fortresses was their defense system, characterized by its large dimension, constituted essentially by the enclosure wall, and architectural features of defensiveness correlated with the outside and the inside of the fortresses. This paper aims to evaluate the relationship between physical landscape, built defensive features and cultural values of the medieval fortified villages in Algeria, two medieval fortified villages in our case "Kalaa of Beni Abbes" in Bejaia and "Kalaa of Beni Rached" in Oran, that we identified as an evolved landscape and interpreted as complex system (both defensive architecture and continuing cultural landscape). This current study consists of quantifying the defensiveness degree of these sites situated within different contexts, in fact, this method ensures to identify the strategy adopted to be protected against different invasions. However, in order to achieve this we calculate a spatial defensiveness index (DI) of these sites. The parameters of our choice are related to the implantation site, the elevation, the visibility and the geometrical shape, which allow us to estimate the defensiveness degree of the defense system of our case studies.

* Marielle's team when she was Head Curator/Conservateur en Chef of the Department of Applied Arts at the Geneva Museum of Art and History A tribute to such a great scholar and extraordinary woman, in the form of this special issue of PAM dedicated to lighting devices, deserves an explanation before coming to the homage itself. Marielle Martinani-Reber's name appears as a milestone in any scholarly bibliography devoted to ancient Oriental textiles, whether Byzantine, Coptic, Sassanid or later, at least since 1991 when she published her first volume on the subject. It was the complete corpus of the silk-made masterpieces, Soieries sassanides, coptes et byzantines, V e-XI e siècles, preserved in the Historical Museum of Textiles in Lyon. Why should a publication on ancient lamps, instead of textiles and fabrics, become a volume in honor of Marielle's 65th anniversary? Innate Polish academic politeness, one would say, for a scholar whose work, while not intrinsically connected with the Polish academia, has led her to deal with many artifacts that are of interest to archaeologists, Polish included, working on excavations in the Mediterranean and beyond. And yet there is more to it than heartfelt generosity. It chimes in with the fact that Marielle has contributed to two major projects concerning lighting in Antiquity. First, she coordinated two huge volumes presenting Tibi diem natalem felicem optamus, Marielle ! Top right, the image on the discus of a Roman lamp made in Italy (AD 40-60), perfectly fitting the occasion. The globe, the cornucopia and the caduceus are here to wish Marielle success, health and prosperity! (© Samuel Crettenand, Chaman Multimédia & Musées d'Art et d'Histoire de Genève, inv. 005792).

Despite the lack of written sources before the Frankish period, we may assert that the Byzantine tradition structures in depth the organization of the Cypriote countryside under the Lusignan as well as during the Venetian domination. This tradition enabled the Lusignan to install a centralized monarchy, the foundation of which was laid on a powerful administrative instrument, the Secrète, whose task was to control the royal domain (the régale) and the feuds, granted to knights in certain circonstances, such as civil wars and epidemics. The Franks were clustered at Nicosia, what raises the question of the seigniorial domains' organization : in every case, a bailli, appointed by the lord, directly managed the exploitation, with the assistance of Greek or Syrian secretaries who paid the domain's tax to Nicosia. The economical structure thus perfectly reflects the hierarchical organization of the political and administrative powers : it highlights Nicosia as the main outlet for the products of the neighbouring areas which were redistributed and consumed there. Under those circonstances, the fate of the settlements established in the medium Gialias Valley was closely linked to Nicosia, and this for the whole period of Latine domination on the island.

İkinci Haçlı Seferi sırasında Ortadoğu'ya gelen Renaud de Châtillon, bazı siyasi evlilikler yaparak ilk önce Antakya Prinkepsliğinin ve daha sonra Ürdün bölgesinin idareciliğini üstlenmiştir. Haydutluğu, korsanlığı, zorbalığı, acımasızlığı ve azılı İslam düşmanlığı ile bütün Ortadoğu'da ün salmıştır. Zengilerle yaptığı mücadeleler sırasında Halep valisi Mecdeddin tarafından esir alınmış ve Halep Kalesi'nde 16 yıl hapsedilmiştir. Hapis hayatından kurtulduktan sonra Eyyubiler ve Selahaddin Eyyubî'ye karşı Akabe körfezinde Eyle dolaylarını bir üs olarak kullanmış ve Kızıldeniz'e (Bahr-ı Kulzum) bu bölgeden saldırılar düzenlemiştir. Bu saldırıları ile Mısır Eyyubî kıyılarında Aydib'e, Mekke kıyılarında el-Ragıp'a, Medine kıyılarında el-Havra'ya, Cidde'ye ve Yemen'e seferler gerçekleştirmiş, korsanlık ve hırsızlık faaliyetleri ile İslam dünyasına büyük zararlar vermiştir. Hatta daha da ileri giderek Medine'ye düzenlediği bir sefer ile Hz Muhammed'in naaşını Ürdün'e kaçırmak ve Hacca gelecek Müslümanlardan kazanç elde etmek istemiştir. Bu korsanlık faaliyetleri ve saldırılar İslam dünyasının siyasi ve ekonomik açıdan kayba uğramasına yol açmıştır. Ancak Selahaddin Eyyubî, Hüsameddin Lu'lu'yu Kızıldeniz'de görevlendirerek Renaud de Châtillon'un donanmasının yakılmasını sağlamış ve bu bölgedeki Haçlı korsanlık faaliyetlerini engellemiştir. Bu yazıda Renaud de Châtillon'un Kızıldeniz'de düzenlediği korsanlık faaliyetleri ve Haçlı saldırıları ele alınmıştır.

Paper presented for the Entanglements in the Early Modern Mediterranean panel at the Ninth Annual Symposium for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, 18 June 2019.

See the accompanying PDFs for the conference programme description and slides of the presentation. A visit to modern-day Tunis often entails a side-trip to town of Tabarka, where the primary cultural attraction is the so-called “fort génois.” This large walled fortress on the tip of the peninsula, facing squarely northwards towards the Mediterranean, was the central commercial base for European enterprise in North Africa. This paper will consider the role of Genoese merchants in the Tunisian city between 1400 and 1600, examining the exchange of African and European goods, both luxury and everyday items. This examination will illustrate the importance of Tabarka as a central node of contact between African and European merchants, a nexus connecting commercial flows between the Ottoman Levant, sub-Saharan Africa and Mediterranean Europe. In particular, the paper will focus on the networks of the Lomellini family of Genoa, who would eventually receive a monopoly in the coral trade off the coast of Tunisia along with political administration of Tabarka in 1574

The perception of the science of history, its evaluation, acknowledgment as well as various possible formulations have subjected to changes throughout centuries and millennia.
The classical composition of history where the lion’s share belonged to the pure political history (countries, wars, kings, etc.) underwent content and worldview transformations especially in the 20th  century. New schools of historical science emerged (Annales School, etc.) the representatives of which accepted the everyday activities, lifestyle, social and economic life of ordinary people as their subject of study. 
The Mediterranean sea has always been one of the cradles of the structural development of world economy which gave birth to the ancient maritime civilizations of the Phoenicians, Ancient Greek, Roman etc.

This paper examines the evidence gleaned from Venetian and Genoese notarial deeds prepared on Cyprus during the period 1362-1458 to examine and discuss the relations between domestic slaves or servants, usually but not invariably female, and their masters, predominantly male. Some of these deeds were wills, containing bequests to servile women who had probably been in long term sexual relationships with their owners and to the illegitimate children who had been born from such relationships. Some of the apprenticeship contracts drawn up in Famagusta, the chief port of the island, also concern illegitimate children born to female slaves or maidservants, who were apprenticed at the owner's expense for a number of years to a master craftsman so as to learn a trade and make a living on their completion of the apprenticeship. Some owners

Η Επιστημονική Επετηρίς της Κυπριακής Εταιρείας Ιστορικών Σπουδών, καλεί τους ενδιαφερόμενους να υποβάλουν τα κείμενά τους για τον Τόμο ΙΣΤ' της Επετηρίδας στην ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: [email protected]. Καταληκτική ημερομηνία υποβολής των κειμένων ορίζεται η 31η Ιανουαρίου 2024. Αποδεκτά για τη διαδικασία της αξιολόγησης θα γίνουν κείμενα στην ελληνική γλώσσα. Eπισυνάπτονται οι οδηγίες προς τους συγγραφείς.

Η Επιστημονική Επετηρίς της Κυπριακής Εταιρείας Ιστορικών Σπουδών, καλεί τους ενδιαφερόμενους να υποβάλουν τα κείμενά τους για τον Τόμο ΙΕ' της Επετηρίδας στην ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: [email protected]. Καταληκτική ημερομηνία υποβολής των κειμένων ορίζεται η 31η Ιανουαρίου 2022. Αποδεκτά για τη διαδικασία της αξιολόγησης θα γίνουν κείμενα στην ελληνική γλώσσα. Eπισυνάπτονται οι οδηγίες προς τους συγγραφείς.

This article analyzes the business organisation and activities of Genoese naval entrepreneurs who managed galleys for the Spanish Empire in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. While conventional narratives of business history begin with the Industrial Revolution and focus on the rise of the modern corporation, this article brings to the fore early modern entrepreneurs from Italy and shows how they led family-controlled firms running permanent navies in the Mediterranean. By using private ledgers and merchant correspondence, the paper aims to understand how these naval entrepreneurs governed their affairs and managed resources internationally. We find that delegation (through family ties, hierarchy, and networks) was the main solution chosen to deal with distant commodity, labour, and capital markets. We retrace the different forms this delegation took and explain its determinants considering alternative options and providing comparative insights.

This article reports on the results of a research project entitled 'KARAVOI. The Ship Graffiti on the Medieval Monuments of Cyprus: Mapping, Documentation and Digitisation', during which 233 ship graffiti were recorded in 44 different monuments on the island, dating from the 15th to the 20th centuries. Innovative recording techniques have been used to mitigate the effects of the subjective or partial recording of graffiti lines on tracing paper. Apart from the study of ship graffiti as iconographic sources, particular emphasis has been given to their geographical and social context through a comprehensive analysis of the graffiti types and their spatial distribution in the monuments as well as the monuments location on the island.