Linked Open Data

Linked Data involves web to create typed links between different sources of data. Source data may vary in location, size, subject-matter and how congruously it is structured. Links produced from this data create equality and define properties to make data easier to read for machines. Linked Data is relatively unexplored in the domain of education. Linked Up Challenge have surfaced to encourage innovative applications focused on open educational data Massive Open Online Courses or MOOCs are online courses accessible to anyone on the web. Many of institutions have joined in an archive to make education more accessible by synchronizing with MOOC providers such as Coursera and NPTEL Delivering course content through lecture videos as well as readings and problem sets, MOOCs encourage interactivity between professors and students around the world by way of discussion forums and graded assessments. For most information associated with their course catalog. This includes properties such as a courses title, instructor, and syllabus details. Although Coursera's course catalog data is easily accessible as JSON, there is no option to retrieve and use it in a Linked Data format such as the RDF .there is no Linked Data available for MOOCs or for ontology that represent properties unlike to MOOCs In order to incorporate MOOC data into the Linked Data cloud as well as demonstrate the potential of Linked Data when applied to education, we propose to (i) developed or extend an RDF ontology which denotes properties of MOOC .(ii)use ontology that generate Linked Data from different MOOC providers.

Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. La loi du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et intellectuelle interdit les copies ou reproductions destinées à une utilisation collective. Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite par quelque procédé que ce soit sans le consentement de l'éditeur ou de ses ayants droit, est illicite et constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code pénal.

The comprehension of linked data, consisting of classes, individuals, attributes, relationships, and other elements, is challenging yet important for effective use of linked data. An approach to improve software program comprehension is through the code city metaphor, in which object-oriented source code is visualized as a habitable city in 3D. We propose the linked-data city metaphor to support comprehension of linked data. Through improved linked data comprehension we in turn aim to support users in browsing linked data and in analyzing the structure of linked data. We discuss how different mappings and visualization of properties in the city metaphor may support users in browsing and structural analysis of linked data. A prototype implementation of linked data city in LD-R, a linked data-aware faceted browser, is presented.

De burger staat de komende jaren centraal in de volgende fase van de informatiesamenleving. ‘Maatschappelijke informatievoorziening’ identificeert de ontwikkeling van een digitale burger en schetst de contouren van een integrale visie die het ondersteunen van een goed geordende nationale digitale infrastructuur voor burgers mogelijk maakt.

This paper surveys the landscape of linked open data projects in cultural heritage, examining the work of groups from around the world. Traditionally, linked open data has been ranked using the five star method proposed by Tim Berners-Lee. We found this ranking to be lacking when evaluating how cultural heritage groups not merely develop linked open datasets, but find ways to used linked data to augment user experience. Building on the five-star method, we developed a six-stage life cycle describing both dataset development and dataset usage. We use this framework to describe and evaluate fifteen linked open data projects in the realm of cultural heritage.

Web contents related to educational institutions as well as their geographic data of a country is an emerging field of data sharing and consolidating with suitable data repositories to extract useful information to improve and maintain the area-based quality of education. The information of these institutions is available in the unstructured or semi-structured format from heterogeneous sources on the web that originate challenges to develop a smarter method in finding specific information using traditional search engines. The integration of these heterogeneous data along with geographic information is a formidable task to explore implicit knowledge of educational institutions that assist people to improve these systems and it is still getting researchers' attention. In this regard, our research demonstrates the feasibility of semantic web technologies for converting and integrating these unstructured or semi-structured information by introducing machine understandable description of resources and instances by consisting of their concepts and relations, called a repository name EduBD. This yields a magnificent knowledge graph with .75 million nodes, i.e. RDF triples to facilitate reasoning meaningful information by a graph based query language SPARQL. Furthermore, we utilized our knowledge-base EduBD with one more accessible spatial data source Geo-Bangladesh using Physical-Cyber-Social computing approach to examine spatial contents and social information of each institution and therefore achieved the semantic interoperability of our Linked Open Data (LOD) application by eliminating natural language polisemy problems.

We present a query formulation language (called MashQL) in order to easily query and fuse structured data on the web. The main novelty of MashQL is that it allows people with limited IT skills to explore and query one (or multiple) data sources without prior knowledge about the schema, structure, vocabulary, or any technical details of these sources. More importantly, to be robust and cover most cases in practice, we do not assume that a data source should have-an offline or inline-schema.

The need for smart e-learning environments is resulting in new challenges for researchers and practitioners to develop intelligent systems that can be used to automate the Higher Education (HE) activities in an intelligent way. Some common examples of such activities are “analyzing, finding, and ranking the right resource to teach a course,” “analyzing and finding the people with common research interests to start joint research projects,” and “using data analytics and machine reasoning techniques for conducting the exams with different levels of complexities.” Ontological reasoning and smart data analytics can play an important role in analyzing and automating these HE activities and processes. In this paper, we present a framework named as Higher Education Activities and Processes Automation Framework (HEAPAF). The HEAPAF framework can be used to identify, extract, process, and produce the semantically enriched data in machine understandable format from different educational resources. We also present the Higher Education Ontology (HEO) that we designed and developed to accommodate the HE data and then to perform analysis and reasoning on it. As a proof of concept, we present a case study on the topic, “analyzing, finding, and ranking the right resources to teach a course,” which can dramatically improve the learning patterns of students in the growing smart educational environment. Finally, we provide the evaluation of our framework as evidence of its competency and consistency in improving academic analytics for educational activities and processes by using machine reasoning.

The profusion of humanities and cultural heritage datasets made available over the last decades has created considerable demand for user interfaces to aid discovery. Web map interfaces provide a method of discovering data within and across datasets, as well as to visualise data to stimulate research insights. All geographical data can be temporally situated one way or another, and time-sliders have often been integrated within map implementations to help refine search. There has been some excellent work in this area however implementations remain disparate and unconnected. We believe that a standardised, inclusive approach to the visualisation of geospatial and temporal Linked Open Data is required and would offer great benefits. Taking on this challenge, Pelagios Commons1 kindly funded a working group and two-day workshop at the British Library – Web Maps-T hack – coordinated by Gethin Rees and Adi Keinan-Schoonbaert.

Recent research has pointed out the needs and advantages of the semantic enrichment of movement data, a process where trajectories are partitioned into homogeneous segments that are annotated with contextual information. However, the lack of a comprehensive and well-defined framework for the enrichment makes this process dicult and error-prone. In this paper, we therefore propose a conceptual framework for the semantic enrichment of movement data, which benefits from the emerging Web of Data (or Linked Open Data) both as a unifying formalism and as the source of contextual data, which can be greatly useful for trajectories enrichment. Moreover, the semantic structure of such sources makes it easier to share and process enriched trajectories. We illustrate the enrichment process by presenting a case study in the tourism domain.

This article offers a first exploratory critique of digital tools' socio-technical affordances in terms of support for narrative creation by media researchers. More specifically, we reflect on narrative creation processes of research, writing and story composition by Media Studies and Humanities scholars, as well as media professionals, working with crossmedia and audio-visual sources, and the pivotal ways in which digital tools inform these processes of search and storytelling. Our study proposes to add to the existing body of user-centred Digital Humanities research by presenting the insights of a cross-disciplinary user study. This involves, broadly speaking, researchers studying audio-visual materials in a co-creative design process, set to fine-tune and further develop a digital tool (technically based on linked open data) that supports audio-visual research through exploratory search. This article focuses on how 89 researchers – in both academic and professional research s...

Public participation in the use of Open Government Data (OGD) in the United Kingdom remains limited, specialised, and low. Four foundational issues contribute to this: definitional conflation between data and information, targeting of OGD at “everyone” without identification of specific actor groups, dependence on intermediaries, and government’s disproportionate focus on data supply. The digital ecosystem metaphor can reconceptualise these issues, clarifying the distinctions between entities and agents and how these interact. Application of this metaphorical framework provides a way of moving from the current client-server approach to a more cyclical and interrelated environment that enables broader participation. The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 data and the Open Data Communities linked data portal from the Department for Communities and Local Government exemplify much of this ecosystem thinking and provide useful empirical case studies.

Being a poster child of digital state, Estonia is a truly right place to find answers to the question on how it should be done first when it comes to achieving a real progress in modernizing governance through the use of information and communication technologies. It seems interesting to research how this nation promotes one of the latest trends in the development of the e-government concept—open data. In this regard, the chapter aims to understand what kind of political and socioeconomic drivers and challenges Estonia faces today in the diffusion of the open data concept among various stakeholders, namely government officials, developers, businesses, journalists, academia, and non-governmental organizations and how overcomes them, especially in areas that are related to the publication and, more importantly, to the reuse of datasets by third parties in various collaborative projects and civic engagement platforms.

Session on linked data and OpenRefine in "Stay Savvy with Scholarly Communication Brown Bag Lunch" at the University of Central Florida Libraries. It covers the following topics: Why does linked data matter? How can libraries and librarians embrace linked data? Linked Data in the Library and the Web (Cases, Standards and Vocabularies); Linked Data Design Principles, Building Blocks & Creation; Current Digital Repositories and Linked Data; Data Editing Tool: OpenRefine (Features, Examples); Possible Ways to Get Involved.

Interlinking text documents with Linked Open Data enables the Web of Data to be used as background knowledge within document-oriented applications such as search and faceted browsing. As a step towards interconnecting the Web of Documents with the Web of Data, we developed DBpedia Spotlight, a system for automatically annotating text documents with DBpedia URIs. DBpedia Spotlight allows users to configure the annotations to their specific needs through the DBpedia Ontology and quality measures such as prominence, topical pertinence, contextual ambiguity and disambiguation confidence. We compare our approach with the state of the art in disambiguation, and evaluate our results in light of three baselines and six publicly available annotation systems, demonstrating the competitiveness of our system. DBpedia Spotlight is shared as open source and deployed as a Web Service freely available for public use.

Events have become central elements in the representation of data from domains such as history, cultural heritage, multimedia and geography. The Simple Event Model (SEM) is created to model events in these various domains, without making assumptions about the domain-specific vocabularies used. SEM is designed with a minimum of semantic commitment to guarantee maximal interoperability. In this paper, we discuss the general requirements of an event model for Web data and give examples from two use cases: historic events and events in the maritime safety and security domain. The advantages and disadvantages of several existing event models are discussed in the context of the historic example. We discuss the design decisions underlying SEM. SEM is coupled with a Prolog API that enables users to create instances of events without going into the details of the implementation of the model. By a tight coupling to existing Prolog packages, the API facilitates easy integration of event instances to Linked Open Data. We illustrate use of the API with examples from the maritime domain.

RÉSUMÉ. Récemment et avec le nombre croissant de jeux de données du linked open data, des recherches nombreuses sont menées dans ce domaine, en particulier celles liées au problème de l'hétérogénéité des ontologies et au liage des données. La plupart des approches et des systèmes déjà développés reposent sur un processus d'alignement basé sur le calcul des mesures de similarité. Ces méthodes ne prennent pas en considération toutes les propriétés (attributs) des données, seulement un ensemble comme par exemple les attributs considérés comme des clés. Malheureusement, ceci peut conduire à des inconsistances pour le web des données et peut violer la sémantique du owl:sameAs qui permet d'indiquer que deux objets sont identiques et en terme d'inférences, que leurs propriétés sont substituables. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux données décrites par des vocabulaires hétérogènes qui proviennent d'une conceptualisation différente des ontologies et donc nous sommes confrontées à l'aspect incomplet de l'information. La comparaison des données se fait à travers toutes leurs propriétés même si elles n'ont pas forcément la même structure. De là, nous proposons d'explorer la théorie des ensembles approximatifs pour l'utiliser dans l'alignement des instances dans le web des données. Mots clé : web des données, liage des données, données manquantes, alignement des instances, owl:sameAs, théorie des ensembles approximatifs.

This article presents a case study of the open data project in the Chicago area. The main purpose of the research is to explore empowering potential of an open data phenomenon at local levels as a platform useful for the promotion of various civic engagement projects and provide a framework for future research and hypothesis testing. Today the main challenge in  implementing any e-government projects is a traditional highly top-down administrative mechanism of the implementation itself practically without any input from members of civil society. In this respect, the author of the article argues that the open data concept promoted at local levels may provide a really effective platform to advance proactive civic engagement. By harnessing collective wisdom of local communities, their knowledge and visions of local challenges, governments could react and meet citizens' needs in a more productive and cost-efficient manner. Open data-driven projects that focused on visualizing environmental issues, mapping utility management, evaluating political lobbying, distributing social benefits, closing digital divide, etc. are only some examples of such perspectives. These projects are perhaps harbingers of a new political reality where interactions among citizens at local levels will play a more important role than communication between civil society and government due to the empowering potential of the open data concept.

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Digital library is a collection of electronic objects. Information retrieval is a part of digital library system. Digital library can be developed through open source software and tools. Institutional digital repository is also an important field in present and next generation automated and digital library system. Now, this paper is present how to import metadata formats from different database by EPrints for the development of institutional digital repository. There are different types of metadata formats available in open source environment but this paper is shows some high and matured level software for development and designing this integrated framework. However, in this section has a show how to data import from Koha, Emerald, D-Space, and Vu-Find for the better management of digital information services among the users as well as library professionals.

The essay analyses conceptual models, open practices and applied frameworks of linked data in connection to digital cultural heritage. Following a data-centered approach, it reviews linked data working models and metadata schemas focusing on Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), a topic with limited contributions in academic literature so far. The essay includes innovative examples and discussions on open data standards, challenges and new concepts for future research on the topic.

SUMMARY: The scientific recording of coin finds with the possibilities of the World Wide Web is presented in the first part of the lecture. The procedure for the evaluation of coin finds will then be shown by means of an example. In the third section, the commercial value of coins and numismatic objects will be discussed in more detail. Finally, some internet portals will be presented that provide important material for literature and image research (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die wissenschaftliche Aufnahme von Fundmünzen mit den Möglichkeiten des World Wide Web wird im ersten Teil des Vortrages dargelegt. Anhand eines Beispiels soll hiernach die Vorgehensweise bei der Auswertung von Münzfunden aufzeigt werden. Näher eingegangen wird im dritten Abschnitt auf den Handelswert von Münzen und numismatischen Objekten. Abschließend werden einige Internetportale vorgestellt, die wichtiges Material für die Literatur- und Bildrecherche zur Verfügung stellen.

RÉSUMÉ: L'enregistrement scientifique de pièces de monnaie trouvées grâce aux possibilités du World Wide Web sera présenté dans la première partie de l'exposé. Un exemple illustrera ensuite la procédure d'évaluation des trouvailles monétaires. La valeur commerciale des pièces de monnaie et des objets numismatiques sera abordée plus en détail dans la troisième partie. Enfin, nous présenterons quelques portails Internet qui mettent à disposition du matériel important pour la recherche de littérature et d'images (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: La registrazione scientifica delle monete trovate con le possibilità del World Wide Web viene presentata nella prima parte della lezione. La procedura di valutazione dei reperti monetali sarà poi illustrata con un esempio. Nella terza sezione, il valore commerciale delle monete e degli oggetti numismatici sarà discusso in modo più dettagliato. Infine, verranno presentati alcuni portali Internet che forniscono materiale importante per la letteratura e la ricerca sulle immagini (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

The term Linked Data refers to a set of best practices for publishing and connecting structured data on the Web. These best practices have been adopted by an increasing number of data providers over the last three years, leading to the creation of a global data space containing billions of assertions - the Web of Data. In this article we present the concept and technical principles of Linked Data, and situate these within the broader context of related technological developments. We describe progress to date in publishing Linked Data on the Web, review applications that have been developed to exploit the Web of Data, and map out a research agenda for the Linked Data community as it moves forward.

Linked Data (LD) is a well-established standard for publishing and managing structured information on the Web, gathering and bridging together knowledge from different scientific and commercial domains. The development of Linked Data Visualization techniques and tools has been adopted as the established practice for the analysis of this vast amount of information by data scientists, domain experts, business users, and citizens.

This book covers a wide spectrum of visualization topics, providing an overview of the recent advances in this area, focusing on techniques, tools, and use cases of visualization and visual analysis of LD. It presents the core concepts related to data visualization and LD technologies, techniques employed for data visualization based on the characteristics of data, techniques for Big Data visualization, tools and use cases in the LD context, and, finally, a thorough assessment of the usability of these tools under different scenarios.

The purpose of this book is to offer a complete guide to the evolution of LD visualization for interested readers from any background and empower them to get started with the visual analysis of such data. This book can serve as a course textbook or as a primer for all those interested in LD and data visualization.

This paper describes the process of constructing a vocabulary of personal names of jazz artists in the form of Linked Open Data (LOD). Created as a name directory to support the development of the Linked Jazz project,  it provides a case study that demonstrates the value and the challenges of developing a domain-specific vocabulary tool that draws upon the semantics of DBpedia, a major LOD dataset. The paper also addresses possible strategies for enhancing the directory to make it a more robust personal name vocabulary.

The evolution of communication channels and social networks proliferation through the web are inspiring and enabling the construction of collaborative environments. This article proposes an architecture of processes that aims to identify information responsibilities within a general emergency scenario, considering a new way of data provenance: citizens and government agencies. Citizens, who experience as victims a chaotic scenario, can also act as collaborators, providing relevant and useful information for the decision-making process. Today, they already do this informally, sharing public interest information through social networks, such as the Tweeter. The architecture also provides procedures for treating reliability and credibility of the information, provided by the so-called "anonymous officials", subjecting it to a filtering and verification process. The heterogeneity of information formats is a wellknown problem that affects organizations and communities that wants to access public data. The architecture includes a Linked Open Data (LOD) approach for acquisition and integration of data maintained by government agencies that adopt different publishing standards. A solution to this problem is of particular importance to emergency response organizations that need access to all information available to better respond to disasters and crisis.

Recent research has pointed out the needs and advantages of the semantic enrichment of movement data, a process where trajectories are partitioned into homogeneous segments that are annotated with contextual information. However, the lack of a comprehensive and well-defined framework for the enrichment makes this process di cult and error-prone. In this paper, we therefore propose a conceptual framework for the semantic enrichment of movement data, which benefits from the emerging Web of Data (or Linked Open Data) both as a unifying formalism and as the source of contextual data, which can be greatly useful for trajectories enrichment. Moreover, the semantic structure of such sources makes it easier to share and process enriched trajectories. We illustrate the enrichment process by presenting a case study in the tourism domain.

Since the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) specification and its SKOS eXtension for Labels (SKOS-XL) became formal W3C recommendations in 2009, a significant number of conventional Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) (including thesauri, classification schemes, name authorities, and lists of codes and terms, produced before the arrival of the ontology-wave) have made their journeys to join the Semantic Web mainstream. This paper uses “LOD KOS” as an umbrella term to refer to all of the value vocabularies and lightweight ontologies within the Semantic Web framework. The
paper provides an overview of what the LOD KOS movement has brought to various communities and users. These are not limited to the colonies of the value vocabulary constructors and providers, nor the catalogers and indexers who have a long history of applying the vocabularies to their products. The LOD dataset producers and LOD service providers, the information architects and interface designers, and researchers in sciences and humanities, are also direct beneficiaries of LOD KOS. The
paper examines a set of the collected cases (experimental or in real applications) and aims to find the usages of LOD KOS in order to share the practices and ideas among communities and users. Through the viewpoints of a number of different user groups, the functions of LOD KOS are examined from multiple dimensions. This paper focuses on the LOD dataset producers, vocabulary producers, and researchers (as end-users of KOS).

Today's world economy demands that both market access and customer service be available anytime and anywhere. The Web is the only way to supply global economic needs and, due to expand the development of comprehensive web service, it does so relatively inexpensively. The ability of web service is to provide a relatively inexpensive way to deploy customer services. As days goes on the business logic of a system emerges out at a great extent where it has to react to several different competitors under different situations. Through means of a business logic system we can able to achieve faster communication of information, rampant change and increasing business complexity. As competitors gets increased, so it causes the business parties to improve by promoting the business process management to the standard level by incorporating the higher-end technology solution such as service oriented business communication and business rule management automation. Now-a-days they are very much considering about the changes to be done at shorter time since the reaction time needs are decreasing every moment. Business Logic Evaluation Model (BLEM) are the proposed solution targeting business logic automation and facilitating business experts to write sophisticated business rules and complex calculations without costly custom programming. BLEM is powerful enough to handle service manageability issues by analyzing and evaluating the computability and traceability and other criteria of modified business logic at run time. The web service and QOS grows expensively based on the reliability of the service. Hence the service provider of today things that reliability is the major factor and any problem in the reliability of the service should overcome then and there in order to achieve the expected level of reliability. In our paper we propose business logic evaluation model for web service reliability analysis using Finite State Machine (FSM) where FSM will be extended to analyze the reliability of composed set of service i.e., services under composition, by analyzing reliability of each participating service of composition with its functional work flow process. FSM is exploited to measure the quality parameters. If any change occurs in the business logic the FSM will automatically measure the reliability.

Uno de los principales desafíos de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible consiste en configurar un nuevo marco de gobernanza pública y una renovada arquitectura estatal que permitan promover sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas para el desarrollo sostenible, facilitar el acceso a la justicia para todos y construir a todos los niveles instituciones eficaces, responsables e inclusivas que rindan cuentas (Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 16). En este contexto, el paradigma del gobierno abierto constituye un medio de referencia y un eje fundamental para cumplir los Objetivos de la Agenda 2030.

El propósito de esta obra pionera es contribuir al debate emergente sobre el tránsito hacia un Estado abierto por medio de múltiples miradas provenientes de la propia CEPAL y de representantes de organismos multilaterales, autoridades y responsables de gobierno, expertos de reconocida trayectoria, académicos y representantes de organizaciones de la sociedad civil de la región, así como de plataformas de innovación y activismo cívico.

La gestion de l’intelligibilité de l’archive est une problématique à la fois sémiotique et documentaire qui fait émerger une question fondamentale : assister le parcours interprétatif en enrichissant les métadonnées de l’archive permet-il une pratique efficiente de la mémoire ?

This webinar is organized by the Department of Library of Dayanand Girls’ P. G, College, Kanpur and the research papers of the scholars have been accepted on different topics like, Challenges for librarians, Digital libraries initiatives, E- learning in changing technological innovative world, Digital preservation, Application of different apps in libraries and e-resources etc. Through the paper presentation in the technical session, the researchers will give a path to the libraries to opt the different technologies and apps for their improvements.

This paper is a survey of the research topics in the field of Semantic Web, Linked Data and Web of Data. This study looks at the contributions of this research community over its first twenty years of existence. Compiling several bibliographical sources and bibliometric indicators , we identify the main research trends and we reference some of their major publications to provide an overview of that initial period. We conclude with some perspectives for the future research challenges. RÉSUMÉ. Cet article est une étude des sujets de recherche dans le domaine du Web sémantique, des données liées et du Web des données. Cette étude se penche sur les contributions de cette communauté de recherche au cours de ses vingt premières années d'existence. En compilant plusieurs sources bibliographiques et indicateurs bibliométriques, nous identifions les princi-pales tendances de la recherche et nous référencons certaines de leurs publications majeures pour donner un aperçu de cette période initiale. Nous concluons avec une discussion sur les tendances et perspectives de recherche.

Partendo da una revisione della letteratura sul tema delle digital humanities, si analizzano i rapporti tra storia e scienze informatiche sia da un punto di vista storiografico che epistemologico. Il capitolo termina con una comparazione di siti web dedicati alla valorizzazione di fonti storiche, incentrati sull'uso dei Linked Open Data

The aim of this thesis is to account for the importance of the Web from a philosophical point of view. In a twofold fashion: as an object for research that, in the wake of the Semantic Web and Webarch, in different ways, is obviously consonant with many classical issues in metaphysics and the philosophy of language. From this perspective, we study some of its main building blocks (URI, resources, tags, etc.). Along with this aspect, we underline its importance as regards what's becoming of philosophy itself. This is all the more important since the task at hand demanded that we did not project philosophical categories a priori and lend ourselves to commit the "inscription error" acutely described by Brian Cantwell Smith, by resorting to a form of philosophia perennis. Conversely, we tried to focus our attention on Web architects themselves in order to bring their empirical metaphysics to the forefront, observing the controversies to which it lent itself. By acknowledging the « ontogonic » scope of such a practice as « philosophical engineering », an expression coined by no other than Tim Bemers-Lee himself, understood as the production of new distinctions and entities like resources in a world that unfolds, we were made to ponder broader topics like the nature of objectivation. In the end, this gave rise to politic al concerns in line with the establishment of a shared world, in which the Web is heavily involved.

The Linked Open Data Cloud (LOD Cloud) is the constellation of available interlinked open datasets which has become one of the biggest repositories on the web. An increasing number of spatial semantically annotated datasets provide a huge potential source of knowledge for data enrichment in a spatial context. Yet, there is lack of information about the structure of the spatial datasets in the LOD Cloud which can discourage the integration efforts. In addition, most of the existing studies of link discovery have yet to exploit spatial information richness (topology and geometry). Thus, a structured way to assess spatial datasets and to integrate linked spatial data is required.
This study aims to evaluate the LOD Cloud by assessing the data structure and the representation of linked spatial data, in order to support exploration and integration purposes. To achieve this objective, this study proposes: (i) a workflow for analyzing linked spatial data resources in the LOD Cloud, which consists of the identification of the linked spatial data sources, strategies for dataset retrieval, pipeline design for data processing, and linked data quality principles and metrics analysis; (ii) a review of linked data visualization systems, which includes an assessment of the current LOD Cloud Diagram based on expert opinion with respect to key requirements for visual representation and analytics for linked data consumption; and (iii) a workflow for linked spatial data integration. The main contribution of this thesis is the provision of case studies of integrating various spatial data sources. We presented two case studies, geometry-based integration using the spatial extension of Silk Link Discovery, and toponym-based integration using Similarity Measure. The datasets of Basisregistratie Topografie (BRT) Kadaster, Natura2000, and Geonames were used for the data integration.
The results of the study include: (i) a structured way to consume and extract spatial information from linked data resources. In this thesis, we proposed one metric to assess linked spatial data, namely the existence of geospatial ontology – vocabulary in the linked data resources; (ii) identification of suitable visualization element for exploration and discovery, especially for spatial data. The top-level relationship (overview) visualization is potentially facilitating an effective datasets discovery and also able to expose the spatial content and relationship in a sensible way. This study discovered that the linkset concept in the level of the dataset, subset, and distribution could be used as basis information for overview visualization; and finally, (iii) findings of spatial components (geometry and toponym) that can be used as important “hook” for integrating different datasets. The commonly used geospatial ontology and vocabulary also enable semantic interoperability to support data integration.

Data exploration and visualization systems are of great importance in the Big Data era. Exploring and visualizing very large datasets has become a major research challenge, of which scalability is a vital requirement. In this survey, we describe the major prerequisites and challenges that should be addressed by the modern exploration and visualization systems. Considering these challenges, we present how state-of-the-art approaches from the Database and Information Visualization communities attempt to handle them. Finally , we survey the systems developed by Semantic Web community in the context of the Web of Linked Data, and discuss to which extent these satisfy the contemporary requirements.