Semantic Web Services

Web contents related to educational institutions as well as their geographic data of a country is an emerging field of data sharing and consolidating with suitable data repositories to extract useful information to improve and maintain the area-based quality of education. The information of these institutions is available in the unstructured or semi-structured format from heterogeneous sources on the web that originate challenges to develop a smarter method in finding specific information using traditional search engines. The integration of these heterogeneous data along with geographic information is a formidable task to explore implicit knowledge of educational institutions that assist people to improve these systems and it is still getting researchers' attention. In this regard, our research demonstrates the feasibility of semantic web technologies for converting and integrating these unstructured or semi-structured information by introducing machine understandable description of resources and instances by consisting of their concepts and relations, called a repository name EduBD. This yields a magnificent knowledge graph with .75 million nodes, i.e. RDF triples to facilitate reasoning meaningful information by a graph based query language SPARQL. Furthermore, we utilized our knowledge-base EduBD with one more accessible spatial data source Geo-Bangladesh using Physical-Cyber-Social computing approach to examine spatial contents and social information of each institution and therefore achieved the semantic interoperability of our Linked Open Data (LOD) application by eliminating natural language polisemy problems.

This paper outlines an ongoing research focused on the quality analysis of semantic annotation towards better Web Services management. Considering the properties of the annotation process and result, we provide an overview of the main issues related to the semantic annotation of Web Services and our first clues to tackle this relevant issue.

As the cloud computing is a new style of computing over internet. It has many advantages along with some crucial issues to be resolved in order to improve reliability of cloud environment. These issues are related with the load management, fault tolerance and different security issues in cloud environment. In this paper the main concern is load balancing in cloud computing. The load can be CPU load, memory capacity, delay or network load. Load balancing is the process of distributing the load among various nodes of a distributed system to improve both resource utilization and job response time while also avoiding a situation where some of the nodes are heavily loaded while other nodes are idle or doing very little work. Load balancing ensures that all the processor in the system or every node in the network does approximately the equal amount of work at any instant of time. Many methods to resolve this problem has been came into existence like Particle Swarm Optimization, hash method, genetic algorithms and several scheduling based algorithms are there. In this paper we are proposing a method based on Ant Colony optimization to resolve the problem of load balancing in cloud environment.

La difusión y visibilidad de la información que el Museo del Prado da a sus colecciones es uno de los hechos que más ha contribuido en los últimos años a acercar al público a la institución. Para alcanzar con garantía de éxito el equilibrio entre la difusión y la calidad de los contenidos, profesionales del museo de perfiles muy distintos trabajan de forma conjunta. Esta ha sido la clave del proyecto de digitalización de las colecciones del Museo del Prado.

Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.

International journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) is a quarterly open access peer- reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of web & semantic technology. The growth of the World- Wide Web today is simply phenomenal. It continues to grow rapidly and new technologies, applications are being developed to support end users modern life. Semantic Technologies are designed to extend the capabilities of information on the Web and enterprise databases to be networked in meaningful ways. Semantic web is emerging as a core discipline in the field of Computer Science & Engineering from distributed computing, web engineering, databases, social networks, Multimedia, information systems, artificial intelligence, natural language processing, soft computing, and human-computer interaction. The adoption of standards like XML, Resource Description Framework and Web Ontology Language serve as foundation technologies to advancing the adoption of semantic technologies.

Web Services are the newest mechanism of communication among applications. Web Services are independent of both hardware and software infrastructure, they are very flexible and scalable. Lack of security features provided by the web services creates a window of opportunity for attackers. Web Services are offered on Http with Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) as an underlying infrastructure. Both SOAP and Web Services relies heavily on XML, hence, Web Services are most vulnerable to attacks using XML as an attack parameter. Several attacks use XML and most of them lies in the category of XML injection.XML based attacks discussed in this study covered a variety of attacks for example Denial of Services and Data Theft, escalation of privileges etc. Among these attacks the injections attacks on the web services are more severe and being given special attention. This study is aimed at providing an insight of the various forms of XML injections such as XPath injection, Coercive Parsing, and oversize payload.

Abstract: This paper provides overview and comparison of the web i.e. Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, Web 4.0 and web 5.0 were described as a five generations of the web. Generations characteristics and information are introduced and compared. There is not any specific research about web generation from the web advent but it is an analytical distinction that outlined qualities of web

Semantic Web is an approach to facilitate communication by making the web suitable for computers. To enhance current Web, a semantic layer should be added to the web pages to enable computers understand them. Recently, some annotation tools have been developed to make machine understandable data on the web. However, little number of tools are concerned with the Arabic Language, although, this language is the mother tongue of more than 293 million of people in 23 countries. This paper first presents an overview of the existing Semantic Web concerning the Arabic Language in the domain of Ontology building. Then, some examples of the tools that can be used in the semantic annotation process are discussed. Finally, a framework is proposed to develop a semantic annotation tool for supporting Arabic contents.

In this study, a novel metacrawling method is proposed for discovering and monitoring linked data sources on the Web. We implemented the method in a prototype system, named SPARQL Endpoints Discovery (SpEnD). SpEnD starts with a "search keyword" discovery process for finding relevant keywords for the linked data domain and specifically SPARQL endpoints. Then, these search keywords are utilized to find linked data sources via popular search engines (Google, Bing, Yahoo, Yandex). By using this method, most of the currently listed SPARQL endpoints in existing endpoint repositories, as well as a significant number of new SPARQL endpoints, have been discovered. Finally, we have developed a new SPARQL endpoint crawler (SpEC) for crawling and link analysis.

International journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) is a quarterly open access peer- reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of web & semantic technology. The growth of the World- Wide Web today is simply phenomenal. It continues to grow rapidly and new technologies, applications are being developed to support end users modern life. Semantic Technologies are designed to extend the capabilities of information on the Web and enterprise databases to be networked in meaningful ways. Semantic web is emerging as a core discipline in the field of Computer Science & Engineering from distributed computing, web engineering, databases, social networks, Multimedia, information systems, artificial intelligence, natural language processing, soft computing, and human-computer interaction. The adoption of standards like XML, Resource Description Framework and Web Ontology Language serve as foundation technologies to advancing the adoption of semantic technologies.

Web environments provide learners with a great amount of information and various environments and opportunities that they can use to navigate, yet problems may occur as a result of the abundant choices and flexibility provided by these Web-based environments. Among these problems disorientation and cognitive overload in hypermedia are important bottlenecks. But recently emerging semantic web is considered as an important solution point for these problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potentials to decrease or overcome the problems related to disorientation and cognitive overload of Semantic Web substructure and its components in the Web environment. For this purpose, this study first discus Semantic Web, disorientation in Hypermedia, and cognitive overload. Following this, Semantic Web components and the features of these components are examined to evaluate the potentials to decrease or overcome disorientation and cognitive overload in hypermedia learning environments.

The traditional Web stores huge amount of data in the form of Relational Databases (RDB) as it is good at storing objects and relationships between them. Relational Databases are dynamic in nature which allows bringing tables together helping user to search for related material across multiple tables. RDB are scalable to expand as the data grows. The RDB uses a Structured Query Language called SQL to access the databases for several data retrieval purposes. As the world is moving today from the Syntactic form to Semantic form and the Web is also taking its new form of Semantic Web. The Structured Query of the RDB on web can be a Semantic Query on Semantic Web. The SPARQL is the Query Language recommended by W3C for the RDF(Resource Description Framework). RDF is a directed, labeled graph data format for representing information in the Web and is a very important layer of the Semantic Web Architecture. In this paper we consider the Library Management System (LMS) database, taking some tuples of the LMS Relational Schema. We discuss how the RDF code is scripted and validated using RDF Validator and how RDF Triples are generated. Later we give the graphical representation of the RDF triples and see the process of extracting ontology from the RDF Schema and application of the Semantic Query.

Electronic government (e-government) has been one of the most active areas of ontology development during the past six years. In e-government, ontologies are being used to describe and specify e-government services (e-services) because they enable easy composition, matching, mapping and merging of various egovernment services. More importantly, they also facilitate the semantic integration and interoperability of e-government services. However, it is still unclear in the current literature how an existing ontology building methodology can be applied to develop semantic ontology models in a government service domain. In this paper the Uschold and King ontology building methodology is applied to develop semantic ontology models in a government service domain. Firstly, the Uschold and King methodology is presented, discussed and applied to build a government domain ontology. Secondly, the domain ontology is evaluated for semantic consistency using its semi-formal representation in Description Logic. Thirdly, an alignment of the domain ontology with the Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) upper level ontology is drawn to allow its wider visibility and facilitate its integration with existing metadata standard. Finally, the domain ontology is formally written in Web Ontology Language (OWL) to enable its automatic processing by computers. The study aims to provide direction for the application of existing ontology building methodologies in the Semantic Web development processes of e-government domain specific ontology models; which would enable their repeatability in other e-government projects and strengthen the adoption of semantic technologies in e-government. The research would be of interest to e-government system developers as well as the Semantic Web community, as the framework and techniques employed to develop the semantic ontology models might be repeated in other domains of knowledge to build ontologies.

Considerable research in the field of ontology matching has been performed where information sharing and reuse becomes necessary in ontology development. Measurement of lexical similarity in ontology matching is performed using synset, defined in WordNet. In this paper, we defined a Super Word Set, which is an aggregate set that includes hypernym, hyponym, holonym, and meronym sets in WordNet. The Super Word Set Similarity is calculated by the rate of words of concept name and synset's words inclusion in the Super Word Set. In order to measure of Super Word Set Similarity, we first extracted Matched Concepts(MC), Matched Properties(MP) and Property Unmatched Concepts(PUC) from the result of ontology matching. We compared these against two ontology matching tools-COMA++ and LOM. The Super Word Set Similarity shows an average improvement of 12% over COMA++ and 19% over LOM.

The task of verifying the compatibility between interacting web services has traditionally been limited to checking the compatibility of the interaction protocol in terms of message sequences and the type of data being exchanged. Since web services are developed largely in an uncoordinated way, different services often use independently developed ontologies for the same domain instead of adhering to a single ontology as standard. In this work we investigate the approaches that can be taken by the server to verify the possibility to reach a state with semantically inconsistent results during the execution of a protocol with a client, if the client ontology is published. Often database is used to store the actual data along with the ontologies instead of storing the actual data as a part of the ontology description. It is important to observe that at the current state of the database the semantic conflict state may not be reached even if the verification done by the server indicates the possibility of reaching a conflict state. A relational algebra based decision procedure is also developed to incorporate the current state of the client and the server databases in the overall verification procedure.

General search engines often provide low precise results even for detailed queries. So there is a vital need to elicit useful information like keywords for search engines to provide acceptable results for user's search queries. Although many methods have been proposed to show how to extract keywords automatically, all attempt to get a better recall, precision and other criteria which describe how the method has done its job as an author. This paper presents a new automatic keyword extraction method which improves accessibility of web content by search engines. The proposed method defines some coefficients determining features efficiency and tries to optimize them by using a genetic algorithm. Furthermore, it evaluates candidate keywords by a function that utilizes the result of search engines. When comparing to the other methods, experiments demonstrate that by using the proposed method, a higher score is achieved from search engines without losing noticeable recall or precision.

Clustering is categorizing data into groups with similar objects. Data mining adds to complexities of clustering a large dataset with various features. Among these datasets, there are electronic business stores which offer their products through web. These stores require recommendation systems which can offer products to the user which the user might require them with higher probability. In this study, previous purchases of users are used to present a sorted list of products to the user. Identifying associations related to users and finding centers increases precision of the recommended list. Configuration of associations and creating a profile for users is important in current studies. In the proposed method, association rules are presented to model user interactions in the web which use time that a page is visited and frequency of visiting a page to weight pages and describes users" interest to page groups. Therefore, weight of each transaction item describes user"s interest in that item. Analyzing results show that the proposed method presents a more complete model of users" behavior because it combines weight and membership degree of pages simultaneously for ranking candidate pages. This method has obtained higher accuracy compared to other methods even in higher number of pages.

This research encompasses the construction of a multilingual lexical database for cross-lingual
information  retrieval  in  the  Indonesian  legal  domain.  Multilingual  lexical  database  featuring  lexically
and  legally  grounded  conceptual  representation  can  fit  the  cross-lingual  information  retrieval.  Lexical
database  use  Ontology  Web  Language  (OWL)  representation  language.  This  representation  is  useful  to provide application developers a high-quality resource and to promote interoperability.

International journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of web & semantic technology. The growth of the World-Wide Web today is simply phenomenal.  It continues to grow rapidly and new technologies, applications are being developed to support end users modern life. Semantic  Technologies are designed to extend the capabilities of information on the Web and enterprise databases to be networked in meaningful ways. Semantic web is emerging as a core discipline in the field of Computer Science & Engineering from distributed computing, web  engineering, databases, social networks, Multimedia, information systems, artificial intelligence, natural language processing, soft  computing, and human-computer interaction. The adoption of standards like XML, Resource Description Framework and Web Ontology Language  serve as foundation technologies to advancing the adoption of semantic technologies.

Data exploration and visualization systems are of great importance in the Big Data era. Exploring and visualizing very large datasets has become a major research challenge, of which scalability is a vital requirement. In this survey, we describe the major prerequisites and challenges that should be addressed by the modern exploration and visualization systems. Considering these challenges, we present how state-of-the-art approaches from the Database and Information Visualization communities attempt to handle them. Finally , we survey the systems developed by Semantic Web community in the context of the Web of Linked Data, and discuss to which extent these satisfy the contemporary requirements.

The increasing interest in developing efficient and effective optimization techniques has conducted
researchers to turn their attention towards biology. It has been noticed that biology offers many  clues  for
designing  novel  optimization  techniques,  these  approaches  exhibit  self-organizing  capabilities  and  permit
the  reachability  of  promising  solutions  without  the  existence  of  a  central  coordinator.  In  this  paper  we
handle the problem of dynamic web service composition, by using the clonal selection algorithm. In  order
to assess the optimality rate of a given composition, we use the QOS attributes of the services involved  in
the  workflow  as  well  as,  the  semantic  similarity  between  these  components.  The  experimental  evaluation
shows that the proposed approach has a better performance in comparison with other approaches such as
the genetic algorithm.

2nd International Conference on NLP & Text Mining (NLTM 2022) will provide an excellent
international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications
of Natural Language Processing and Text Mining. Authors are solicited to contribute to the
conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and
industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not
limited to these topics only.

A new approach to numerically measure the semantic distances between lexical units (words and collocations) based on the geometric analogies and analytical calculations, is put forward. Having considered the cases of equal and different weights of semes, we obtained exact algebraic formulas describing different levels of the meanings proximity, ranging from absolute synonymy to full antonymy. It was emphasized that absolute synonymy arises when the compared units contain equal numbers of semes that fully coincide and have equal weights in the corresponding pairs. Calculation of the semes weights helps to locate the unit more precisely on the semantic sphere. It was shown that the level of synonymy and antonymy decreases if different semes are accentuated, while the semantic distance between the units without identical semes cannot be influenced by seme boosting. It was observed that depending on the context, a word may wander over this sphere, thus modifying its lexical semantic relations with other units. As the proposed approach contributes to formalization of the units comparison procedure, it is advisable for relevant automatic tools, particularly for WordNets and FrameNet. The obtained results may be useful for various linguistic and associated studies including automatic text analysis and processing, computer lexicography, information search and retrieval, machine translation and other NLP applications that are related to the artificial intelligence problem.

Web services is a special case of a service-oriented architecture (SOA), which is, basically, a representation of web application‘s functionality. Web service is more of a generalized concept that implies whole functionality as a whole but Microservice handles only the single specific task. MSA is emerging as an excellent architecture style enabling the division of large and complex applications into micro-scale yet many services, each runs in its own process, has its own APIs, and communicates with one another using lightweight mechanisms such as HTTP. Microservices are built around business capabilities, loosely coupled and highly cohesive, horizontally scalable, independently deployable, technology-agnostic, etc. On the other side for the business dynamic requirement these microservices need to be composed for the realization of enterprise-scale, and business-critical applications. Service composition is combining various services together to provide the solution for the user dynamic queries. There are two methods for the microservice composition i.e. orchestration and choreography. In this paper,a health case study is performed for the selection mechanism of orchestration method and choreography method in various situation.

Web environments provide learners with a great amount of information and various environments and opportunities that they can use to navigate, yet problems may occur as a result of the abundant choices and flexibility provided by these Web-based environments. Among these problems disorientation and cognitive overload in hypermedia are important bottlenecks. But recently emerging semantic web is considered as an important solution point for these problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potentials to decrease or overcome the problems related to disorientation and cognitive overload of Semantic Web sub-structure and its components in the Web environment. For this purpose, this study first discus Semantic
Web, disorientation in Hypermedia, and cognitive overload. Following this, Semantic Web components and the features of these components are examined to evaluate the potentials to decrease or overcome disorientation and cognitive overload in hypermedia learning environments.

The World Wide Web as the largest information construct has had much progress since its advent. This paper provides a background of the evolution of the web from web 1.0 to web 4.0. Web 1.0 as a web of information connections, Web 2.0 as a web of people connections, Web 3.0 as a web of knowledge connections and web 4.0 as a web of intelligence connections are described as four generations of the web in the paper. KEYWORDS Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, Web 4.0.

The aim of this paper is to conduct a study on the Saudi culture to extract Saudi users’ preferences on Arabic website usability. Its purpose is to determine the most important issues that should be considered when designing for the Saudi culture. The data collection instrument consist of an online questionnaire for Saudi Internet users’. The main outcome of this study is that Saudi users agree on the importance of website usability issues such as adherence to local language, culture, and religious beliefs, in addition to consistency in navigation scheme, messages, and text format. The results of this study highlight the need to consider the cultural preferences of the target audience for successful local websites or applications.

The Web of Data is an open environment consisting of a great number of large inter-linked RDF datasets from various do-mains. In this environment, organizations and companies adopt the Linked Data practices utilizing Semantic Web (SW) tech-nologies, in order to publish their data and offer SPARQL endpoints (i.e., SPARQL-based search services). On the other hand, the dominant standard for information exchange in the Web today is XML. Additionally, many international standards (e.g., Dublin Core, MPEG-7, METS, TEI, IEEE LOM) in several domains (e.g., Digital Libraries, GIS, Multimedia, e-Learning) have been expressed in XML Schema. The aforementioned have led to an increasing emphasis on XML data, accessed using the XQuery query language. The SW and XML worlds and their developed infrastructures are based on different data models, semantics and query languages. Thus, it is crucial to develop interoperability mechanisms that allow the Web of Data users to access XML datasets, using SPARQL, from their own working environments. It is unrealistic to expect that all the existing legacy data (e.g., Relational, XML, etc.) will be transformed into SW data. Therefore, publishing legacy data as Linked Data and providing SPARQL endpoints over them has become a major research challenge. In this direction, we introduce the SPARQL2XQuery Framework which creates an interoperable environment, where SPARQL queries are automatically translated to XQuery queries, in order to access XML data across the Web. The SPARQL2XQuery Framework provides a mapping model for the expression of OWL–RDF/S to XML Schema mappings as well as a method for SPARQL to XQuery translation. To this end, our Framework supports both manual and automatic mapping specification between ontologies and XML Schemas. In the automatic mapping specification scenario, the SPARQL2XQuery exploits the XS2OWL component which transforms XML Sche-mas into OWL ontologies. Finally, extensive experiments have been conducted in order to evaluate the schema transfor-mation, mapping generation, query translation and query evaluation efficiency, using both real and synthetic datasets.

Healthcare (HC) Knowledge management (KM) is a new research area, where tacit knowledge study is
even more limited as evidenced by the modest published research allied with social capital for oral
narrative expression. Current research lacks tracking and measurement of tacit knowledge to sustain a
formal repository of a know-who to assist medical decision-making. This paper integrates tacit
knowledge literature review for its contextual values, knowledge representation, conceptual mapping
and Semantic web to configure a community of practice model to facilitates tacit knowledge for
transforming HC from information-intensive stand-alone organizations to knowledge-based e-health
network.
Keywords –Knowledge Sharing; Knowledge Transfer; e-Health; Knowledge Management; Community
of Practice; medical decision-making

—Service-based architecture (SOA) are extensively adopted in web applications. In this scenario, REST-based web services has become a large adopted standard. The addition of semantics enhances the web services description, which enables automatic agents to discover them and to make calls. However, the existence of many different languages to semantically describe services makes it difficult to discover and to select the service that best attends a requirement. Furthermore, most of these languages does not attend to describe RESTful services, making the discover process even more difficult. This work proposes a RESTful semantic web service discovery architecture based on semantic interfaces (SERIN). SERIN intends to semantically described RESTful web services through an annotated ontology. We present a study showing that is possible to adopt the proposed architecture to implement a semantic service-based application, with minimum development effort, that enables software agents to automatically discover and to make service calls in order to execute a determined task.

This paper mainly focuses on estimating the relatedness and similarities between any two Wikipedia [1] articles. This paper describes various ways of determining the similarities. We hypothesize that by using some kind of properties of the Wikipedia articles, which can be internal or external, we can estimate the relatedness between Wikipedia articles. Each article is believed to have some kinds of internal properties and some external properties. Internal properties are those which are embedded inside the articles. It can be, for instance, have something to do with the content and text of the articles. External properties are those which are deduced or inferred from the articles. It can be, for example, the topic of the articles or even the closest distance between the two articles when plotted in a graph or in a category hierarchy. External properties include the properties associated with individual articles like topics (as mentioned), categories of the articles. Other techniques which are relevant when comparing the Wikipedia articles are cosine similarity, Jaccard similarity measure etc.

Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely, architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.

The government of every nation has a lot of data and information related to its own country. This information is mutually owned by different states, departments, and agencies within the country. These owners have their own corresponding websites and they decide which data they want to expose to the common public. However, as the data corresponding to the websites exists in silos, it cannot be connected across websites. This article looks at the challenges of the current website implementations of the Indian government and highlights the benefits that can be obtained by implementing Semantic Web Technologies.

This paper describes a framework for ontology-based flexible discovery of Semantic Web services. The proposed approach relies on user-supplied, context-specific mappings from an user ontology to relevant domain ontologies used to specify Web services. We show how a user's query for a Web service that meets certain selection criteria can be transformed into queries that can be processed by a matchmaking engine that is aware of the relevant domain ontologies and Web services. We also describe how user-specified preferences for Web services in terms of non-functional requirements (e.g., QoS) can be incorporated into the Web service discovery mechanism to generate a partially ordered list of services that meet userspecified functional requirements.

With the explosive growth of the number of services published over the Internet, it is difficult to select satisfactory web services among the candidate web services which provide similar functionalities. Quality of Service (QoS) is considered as the most important non-functional criterion for service selection. But this criterion is no longer considered as the only criterion to rank web services, satisfying user's preferences. The similarity measure (outputs-inputs similarity) between concepts based on ontology in an interconnected network of semantic Web services involved in a composition can be used as a distinguishing criterion to estimate the semantic quality of selected services for the composite service. Coupling the semantic similarity as the functional aspect and quality of services allows us to further constrain and select services for the valid composite services. In this paper, we present an overall service selection and ranking framework which firstly classify candidate web services to different QoS levels respect to user's QoS requirements and preferences with an Associative Classification algorithm and then rank the most qualified candidate services based on their functional quality through semantic matching. The experimental results show that proposed framework can satisfy service requesters' non-functional requirements.

This paper describes a flexible matchmaking approach that relies on an extensible set of schema/ontology matching techniques and primitives that may be combined in various ways, accordingly with the specification of a service request. The approach has been implemented and tested against a collection of RESTFul web services described in hRESTS microformat.

İnternet teknolojilerinin hızla gelişmesi ve hayatımıza girmesiyle birlikte pek çok alanda önemli değişimler meydana gelmeye başlamıştır. Bu değişimler kullanıcıların ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilmek için eğitim, bilgi yönetimi, e-ticaret gibi alanlarda yenilik ihtiyacını artırmıştır. İnternetin bir eklentisi olarak tanıtılan anlamsal ağ, bu ihtiyaçlardan birini oluşturan ve hızla büyüyen veri havuzundaki bilgiler arasında ilişkisel yapılar oluşturabilme kabiliyetiyle, bilgi temelli talebi karşılama potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, internetin tarihsel süreçteki gelişiminde anlamsal ağın yeri hakkında bilgilendirme yapılarak, gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte eğitim, bilgi yönetimi, e-ticaret alanlarında oluşan yeni ihtiyaçları karşılamak üzere anlamsal ağın potansiyeline ışık tutmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada anlamsal ağın, bilgi işlemede kullandığı ontolojiler, rdf yapıları ve sparql gibi teknolojilerle sağladığı farklı yaklaşımlar ve bu sayede farklı disiplinlerde uygulanabilecek yeni tasarımlar belirlenmiştir.

Many recent works aim at developing methods and tools for the processing of semantic Web services. In order to be properly tested, these tools must be applied to an appropriate benchmark, taking the form of a collection of semantic WS descriptions. However, all of the existing publicly available collections are limited by their size or their realism (use of randomly generated or resampled descriptions). Larger and realistic syntactic (WSDL) collections exist, but their semantic annotation requires a certain level of automation, due to the number of operations to be processed. In this article, we propose a fully automatic method to semantically annotate such large WS collections. Our approach is multimodal, in the sense it takes advantage of the latent semantics present not only in the parameter names, but also in the type names and structures. Concept-to-word association is performed by using Sigma, a mapping of WordNet to the SUMO ontology. After having described in details our annotation method, we apply it to the larger collection of real-world syntactic WS descriptions we could find, and assess its efficiency.

This paper presents a brief summary of the state of the
art in semantic web services. The motivation and salient
challenges in this eld are rstly discussed. Then, current
predominant approaches including WSMO, OWL-S, SWSF
and WSDL-S are evaluated emphasizing on their separate
strengths and deciencies in terms of addressing the challenges.
Through the comparison and contrast of current
techniques' similarities and dierences from a technical perspective,
the paper will nally summary current unsolved
problems and related contributions on them, thereby look
into the overall status of the state of the art in the evolvement
of Semantic Web Service and potential future direction.

Although the Semantic Web and Web Service technologies have already formed a synergy towards Semantic Web Services, their use remains limited. Potential adopters are usually discouraged by the plurality of methodologies and the lack of tools which in turn force them to acquire expert knowledge and commit to exhausting manual labor. This work proposes a novel, functional and user-friendly tool, named Iridescent, intended for both expert and nonexpert users to rapidly create and edit Semantic Web Service descriptions, following the SAWSDL recommendation. The tool"s aim is twofold: to enable users manually create descriptions in a visual manner, providing a complete alternative to coding, and to semi-automate the process by matching elements and concepts and suggesting annotations. A state-of-the-art survey has been carried out to reveal critical requirements and compare Iridescent to existing tools. Usage scenarios demonstrate how Iridescent enhances the authoring process and in turn enables Intelligence e.g. in an Ambient Intelligence environment. Finally, the tool was methodically tested for usability and evaluated by a range of expert and non-expert users.

Web services are becoming a major technology for deploying automated interactions between distributed and heterogeneous applications, and for connecting business processes. Service mashups indicate a way to create new Web applications by combining existing Web resources utilizing data and Web APIs. They facilitate the design and development of novel and modern Web applications based on easy-to-accomplish end- user service compositions.

Programming Languages (PL) effectively performs an intersemiotic translation from a natural language to machine language. PL comprises a set of instructions to implement algorithms, i.e., to perform (computational) tasks. Similarly to Normative Languages (NoL), PLs are formal languages that can perform both regulative and constitutive functions. The paper presents the first results of interdisciplinary research aimed at highlighting the similarities between NoL (social sciences) and PL (computer science) through everyday life examples, exploiting Object-Oriented Programming Language tools and an Internet of Things (IoT) system as a case study. Given the pandemic emergency, the urge to move part of our social life to the digital world arose, together with the need to effectively transpose regulative rules and constitutive rules through different strategies for translating a normative utterance expressed in natural language.

The IoT has primarily focused on establishing connectivity in a diversify of constrained networking environments, and the next logical aim is to build on top of network connectivity by focusing on the application layer. In the Web of Things (WoT), we are thinking about smart things as first class citizens of the Web. We position the Web of Things as a purification of the Internet of Things by integrating smart things not only into the Internet, for instance the network, but into the Web (the application layer). The Web of Things is a computing concept that describes a future where day-today objects are fully integrated with the Web. The WoT is very homogeneous to the IoT in some ways and in others it is drastically different. The stipulation for WoT is for the "things" to have embedded computer systems that enable communication with the Web. This type of smart devices would then be able to communicate with each other using current Web standards. For instance, renowned Web languages PHP, HTML, Python, and JavaScript can be used to easily build applications involving smart things and users can leverage well-known Web mechanisms such as caching, browsing, searching, and bookmarking to communicate and share these devices. In this paper, aim to demonstrate a close-up view about Web of Things, including Web of things architecture, Open platform in Web of Thing, Web-enabling devices, Web of Thing security, use cases of Web of Things. The WoT concept, smart things and their services are fully integrated in the Web by reusing and conforming technologies and patterns commonly used for conventional Web content.

Real-time asset tracking in indoor mass production manufacturing environments can reduce losses associated with pausing a production line to locate an asset. Complemented by monitored contextual information, e.g. machine power usage, it can provide smart information, such as which components have been machined by a worn or damaged tool. Although sensor based Internet of Things (IoT) positioning has been developed, there are still key challenges when benchmarked approaches concentrate on precision, using computationally expensive filtering and iterative statistical or heuristic algorithms, as a trade-off for timeliness and scalability. Precise but high-cost hardware systems and invasive infrastructures of wired devices also pose implementation issues in the Industrial IoT (IIoT). Wireless, self-powered sensors are integrated in this paper, using a novel, communication-economical RSSI/ToF ranging method in a proposed semantic IIoT architecture. Annotated data collection ensures accessibility, scalable knowledge discovery and flexibility to changes in consumer and business requirements. Deployed at a working indoor industrial facility the system demonstrated comparable RMS ranging accuracy (ToF 6m and RSSI 5.1m with 40m range) to existing systems tested in non-industrial environments and a 12.6-13.8m mean positioning accuracy.