Hiking

A comprehensive guide for botanical excursions in Central and Western Sicily, including 24 itineraries described in every detail and illustrated by maps and photographs of the excursion sites. The book illustrates, as well, the whole flora of Sicily (more than 3000 species of vascular plants) arranged in synoptic tables and provides an up-to date syntaxonomy and bibliography of the phytosociological classification of the Sicilian vegetation.
The guide was prepared for the 60th Annual Symposium of the International Association for Vegetation Science, held in Palermo, Italy, on June 20–24, 2017. The symposium saw 393 participants from 56 States across 5 continents.

This paper describes a phenomenological study in which participants hiked 5 miles through Sterling Forest State Park in New York. The experience was recorded with a microvideo camera worn by the hiker. Data analysis revealed many dimensions not yet examined in the literature. These include: 1) hiking as embodied movement; 2) the role of attention in perceptual encounters; and 3) the temporal structure of the hike. A new research model for the study of real-world nature experience is recommended to more effectively generate knowledge that contributes to preservation of both diverse experiences and the natural environments upon which they depend.

This hybrid art-theory article discusses "Indeterminate Hikes," a smartphone app and performance created by ecoarttech, my interdisciplinary eco-art and theory collaborative. The work was originally conceived for a Whitney Museum of American Art exhibition and subsequently performed on the High Line in NYC and the M.I.T. Media Lab, among other places. My essay theorizes the ways in which "Indeterminate Hikes" contributes to discussions of new media art, environmental thought, and performance art, including its relationship to Fluxus "happenings." Excerpts from this text have been presented at the M.I.T. Media Lab, University of North Texas, Indiana University, and--forthcoming in 2012--at the annual College Art Association conference in Los Angeles.

The main aim of this study is to better understand why people hike the Israel National Trail (INT) and the behavioural, experiential, and spatiotemporal phenomena that accompany this activity. In this explorative study, we assumed that hiking the INT encompasses both universalistic aspects of hiking, in its capacity as a mobility system shared by hikers of long-distance trails worldwide, and particularistic aspects of hiking, that can be identified through the scientific research of hiking using concepts such as 'place attachment', 'sense of place', 'state and nation building', and 'socialisation of civic consciousness', within the particularistic framework of Israeli nationhood, culture, and history. The first stage of our research was the formulation and distribution of a questionnaire aimed at assessing hiker motivation and the nature and features of their hiking mobility on the route, including spatiotemporal dimensions, experiences and behavior, and place identity and sense of place. Altogether, 210 questionnaires were completed by hikers on the INT over a one-year period, from March 2013 to March 2014. Overall, our analysis of the findings through the lens of Parson's particularism vs. universalism pattern variable revealed hiking the INT to be a mobility system characterized by many of the general, universalistic aspects of hiking, but also, and perhaps most notably, by a number of particularistic aspects that are key to understanding the unique role of hiking in Israeli society.

My Master of Arts thesis is a study of the little known inland lifeways of the late precontact on Graham island, xaadlaa gwaayee (Haida Gwaii). I first describe the current situation, and the rational for my research focus. I then detail the demography and associate the dramatic cultural losses of the more than decimation of the population, with the dearth of ethnography available regarding the inand lifeways. xaadaaagee (the Haida) are thought of as a coastal people, who only ventured inland in search of resources. My research shows that inland trails existed and that these trails connected people to each other across the islands, as well as the resources. I employ the archaeological record, GIS analyses, environmental data, historic maps, and the indigenous language of inland lifeways as additional layers of cultural information. Having been a resident of these remote islands for 22 years, I use my personal experience of this landscape to better understand how people moved through it, and why. Culturally modified trees that are outliers, located far from the coast in the unique rainforest of these islands are not only the evidence of material cultural practices, but also trail markers and nmemonic devices, that are the touchstones of this research.

Hiking is a system of spatial behaviour. This study explores hiking
as practiced along the Israel National Trail and posits that hiking
and the hikers’ community together constitute a ‘social world’. Our
study asked three primary research questions: As the mobility of
hiking is typically contextualized within the social world of the
pastime, how has the conceptualizations of social world and
mobility contributed to the research? What are the characteristics,
features, processes and constructs of the social world of hiking a
national trail? What is the role of culture, sociability, nation, place
and place identity in this specific social world?
The study was implemented using two complimentary methods:
the quantitative and qualitative analysis of questionnaires and a
phenomenological method of participant observation and 60 semistructured
in-person interviews conducted over 20 days of hiking
between 2015 and 2016, as one of the authors hiked the trail.
The combination of these methods allowed a deeper understanding
of the hikers’ social world. The major finding was that
Israeli hikers reflect distinct features of a social world, including
involvement, commitment and sense of place. A comparison of
our findings with other studies and theories of hiking highlights
the prominence of place identity in hiking.

"What Fits in the Backpack… Combining Leisure Time and Archaeological
Field Work": What should you do if you accidentally stumble across archaeological finds or features in your free time, e.g., while hiking? A stone slab covered with cup marks and petroglyphs in the Matter Valley near Zermatt in the Swiss canton of Valais serves as an example for an improvised but appropriate archaeological documentation only equipped with the contents of a hiker‘s backpack. The most important tool is a smartphone, which every hiker should carry for safety reasons alone. With the aid of the smartphone, finds can be measured and photographed. At the same time, it also serves as a yardstick, a bubble level and a north arrow. Image-based modeling, also known as Structure from Motion photogrammetry, helps to create a precise 3D model of the finds, which can be used for further analysis.

Training is any planned activity to transfer or modify knowledge, skills, and attitudes through learning experiences. Personnel may require training for a variety of reasons, including the need to maintain levels of competence and respond to the demands of changing circumstances and new approaches and technologies. Training by itself cannot solve structural, organizational, or policy problems within an organization, although supportive supervision and the use of motivational strategies can help sustain performance improvement derived from training (www.who.int/medicinedocs/documents). This is an endeavour to say something about organizing a training course

This little write-up focuses only on the British Hill Station remnants since the colonial era, the sole purpose of which is to 'relive' the old days via archived documents. Perhaps another minor purpose might be that this document can help others who want to conduct a more extensive study about Treacher's Hill or for those who wish to delve further into knowing Bukit Kutu, historically.

In einer von Stress und Hektik geprägten Zeit, in der Erholung und Kontraste zum Alltag immer bedeutender im Tourismus werden, sind die deutschen Mittelgebirge trotz ihres natürlichen Potenzials von rückläufigen bzw. stagnierenden Gästezahlen geprägt. Um vom Trend zu mehr Ruhe und Entspannung sowie der steigenden Nachfrage nach naturtouristischen Produkten zu profitieren, muss das Image von Mittelgebirgsregionen durch innovative, moderne Produkte verjüngt werden. Die dafür notwendigen Produktinnovationen müssen strukturiert entwickelt werden, um in Zukunft mit neuen Angeboten Touristen in die Mittelgebirge zu locken.

This is one of a series of draft writings which collectively form part of the 'Handrail' which guides readers through my forthcoming monograph: Performing Landscapes; Mountains. They  comprise a series of short, allusive pieces of writing describing a collective attempt to complete all 214 of the Wainwrights in the Lake District in a dozen years. The series describes an arc (from the first Wainwright climbed in 2006 to a speculative last climb in 2018). Viewed as whole these handrails help illustrate how the climbing of peaks may be consistently linked to the construction of dramatic narratives. It will explore the inherent dramaturgy of mountain hiking and climbing most evident in the numerous (and constructed) connection points between peaks – wainwrights, corbetts, munros, marilyns, the fourteen 8000ers and the seven summits. As a starting point it draws on Tim Ingold’s writing about walking as an intelligent activity (2011),  placing centre stage the value of alternative intelligences when describing mountain landscapes, recognising, as Ingold argues, that: “cognition should not be set off from locomotion, along the lines of the division between head and heels, since walking is itself a form of circumambulatory knowing” (2011: 46).  This first piece is: Beginnings.

Tourist experiences are not merely visual but multisensory. When considering the sounds of nature, tourists often have conflicting preferences regarding the appropriate and desired soundscape. The article explores these preferences and how they relate to different ways of engagement with nature, each having its own historical roots, agents and social meanings; each focused on different affordances of nature and demanding different prerequisites. Interviews with Israeli visitors of nature sites show that what they consider ‘noise’ depends on their social (class/ethnic) identification, but also on the mode of touristic engagement they employ. Thus, tourists who render themselves subject to nature’s therapeutic, aesthetic or spiritual influence have very different sensitivity to human-made sounds than those who consider nature a stage for social or physical activity.

Wadi az-Zarqa is the spine of a series of interconnected hiking trails that are located among the three villages of Beit Illu, Deir Amar, and Jamala. The area is a triangle situated northwest of Ramallah and can be approached either from the road that leads from Birzeit to Nabi Saleh (approximately 23 kilometers) or from the main road that leads directly from Ain Arik to Deir Ibze’a, through the village of Deir Ammar (17 kilometers).
The trails through Wadi az-Zarqa and the adjacent  routes of Wadi at-Tawahin, and the routes to the villages An-Nabi Gheith, Al-Assira, and An-Nabi Annir, west of Ramallah, are located in one of the most beautiful rural landscapes in Palestine, and they can be easily explored with family and friends. The unique landscape with its charming scenery shows the imprints that have been left over time by Palestinian peasants from the surrounding villages of Beit Illu, Deir Ammar, and Jamala, indicated by archeological sites, monasteries, maqams (shrines), mills, dry stone terraces, fenced orchards, water pools and channels, and walking baths.
In 2015–2016, a team composed of Saleh ar-Rabi, Saeda Shueibat, Mohamad Jardat, and volunteers from the surrounding villages conducted a survey of water springs in the Wadi az-Zarqa region. The work was carried out on behalf of the Environmental Quality Authority, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, The Hydraulic Group in Ramallah, and the municipality of Beit Illu. The survey compiled a wide range of information about the area, including the cultural heritage sites and natural features such as water springs, flora, fauna, and birds, in addition to peasant traditions in this rural area. A guide book titled Khutwat fi Sihr el-Makan, Dali les-Siyahha el-Bei’yya fi Qurra Beit Illo, Deir Ammar wa Jamala (A Guide to Environmental Tourism in Beit Illu, Deir Ammar and Jamala) was subsequently published by Dar en-Nasher in 2017. The guide is authored by Saeda Shueibat and edited by Hamdan Taha.

BAC KG ROUND
There have not been many studies on the role of
muscular strength and finger strength and their
relationship to climbing ability.
O BJ E C T I V E
To evaluate the role major muscle groups and finger
strength strength-to-weight ratios in sport climbers
and boulderers to climbing ability in a gym setting.
M E T H O D S
Strength measurements were taken using a force
measuring device. Climbers were then given
standardized exercises for different muscle groups
and then later weighed to calculate their
strength-to-weight ratio. Climbers were then
questioned on their highest redpoint in bouldering,
and sport climbing using a standardized
questionnaire.
R E S U LT S
The majority of high level climbing athletes showed a
significant difference in overall muscular strength,
and hand strength. High-level climbers reflected high
ratios for each hand excelling above 100% of their
body weight on a 19mm wooden crimp, with the
highest being 120%. Women and men were both
tested.
CO N C LU S I O N
Though other factors play a role in successful
climbing ascents, not limited to height, experience,
flexibility, or endurance of a climber, a climbers ability
to recruit and sustain higher muscular forces in
relative to their body weight, sustained higher
climbing grades.

The paper promotes urban parks as suitable locations for geology field trips. A sample field guide of Griffith Park in Los Angeles is presented. The area described includes fault splays in the Santa Monica Fault Zone, and shows an inferred linkage between the Hollywood Fault and the Eagle Rock Fault. A conjunction of three faults is described, along with prominent jointing.

W poniższej pracy podjęto problem regionalizacji fizycznogeograficznej Sudetów wraz z wyznaczeniem bezwzględnie najwyższych szczytów poszczególnych pasm, leżących po stronie polskiej. Kolejnym krokiem było zaprojektowanie szlaku pieszego łączącego te szczyty, który w dużej mierze ma prowadzić po istniejących już linearnych systemach turystyczno-rekreacyjnych. Autor szczegółowo opracował przebieg szlaku, dokumentując fotograficznie trasę oraz opisując ewentualne warianty dojścia do szlaku, najciekawsze atrakcje po drodze, możliwości noclegu, zaopatrzenia i transportu. Każdy etap szlaku został zobrazowany w postaci mapy oraz profilu wysokościowego.
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Mapy dostępne do pobrania ze strony prywatnej autora: https://dominikcybulski1.wixsite.com/home/single-post/2017/12/22/Koncepcja-Szlaku-Korony-Polskich-Sudet%C3%B3w-gotowa-i-obroniona

A investigação que suporta a presente reflexão tem como matriz geográfica os municípios da Serra da Lousã (a saber: Lousã, Miranda do Corvo, Góis, Penela, Castanheira de Pera, Figueiró dos Vinhos e Pedrógão Grande) e o propósito de analisar, de forma detalhada e integrada, os recursos turísticos que constituem, na atualidade, a oferta de turismo de natureza neste destino do Centro de Portugal (Rodrigues, 2018). A escolha desta temática está relacionada com o crescente reconhecimento da Serra da Lousã, do seu património natural classificado e do produto das Aldeias do Xisto, e ao recente mediatismo que as atividades desportivas e os eventos realizados têm adquirido neste território.

This article explores Greek social imagination and daily experiences during the debt crisis particularly in relation to Germany, which is increasingly the object of public suspicion with reference to its role in Greece's bailout program. The essay investigates the prevailing Greek fantasy of nativism and the role of the visual in its constitution and conception during a period characterized by anxiety over national sovereignty. Furthermore, the article explores Greek-German social relations in western highland Crete, which lies at the intersection of cultural investments, as an archetype of the native. The essay especially focuses on photography and other material practices in unraveling the complexities, circularities, and ambivalences in the relationship between Cretans and German tourists and between Greek national imagination and German cultural representations.

Dins de la Secció d'Arquitectura del CEC, a mida que passen els anys, es produeix un gir de sensibilitats i els seus socis passen de dibuixar els grans monuments catalans a un ver descobriment de l'arquitectura vernacla catalana, que es centrarà en la mitificació de la masia catalana com a reducte que conservaria intacte allò català. En tot cas, apropà els arquitectes a la geografia humana, una operació, doncs, de llarg recorregut que ha marcat l'arquitectura del país.

Hiking turístico no espaço rural: pesquisa-ação na comunidade quilombola de Caiana dos Matias-Serra Redonda/PB 1 Hiking tourism in the rural areas: action-research at quilombola community of Caiana dos Matias-Serra Redonda/PB Senderismo turistico en las areas rurales: una investigación-acción en la comunidad del quilombo de Caiana de los Matias-Serra Redonda/PB Este artigo foi recebido em 24 de SETEMBRO de 2018 e aprovado em 21 de FEVEREIRO de 2019 Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentam-se os resultados de uma pesquisa-ação que implementa uma trilha de hiking na comunidade negra de Caiana dos Matias, uma área de Quilombolas. Objetiva-se analisar a competitividade para a oferta de hiking como produto turístico rural nessa comunidade localizada no município de Serra Redonda/Paraíba, Brasil. Trata-se de um projeto que buscou alinhar a cultura e os recursos locais para o desenvolvimento regional. Na fundamentação teórica, discute-se o hiking como atividade turística organizada, conceitos, benefícios e desvantagens. O estudo é qualitativo, utilizando-se o método de pesquisa-ação participante tendo como amostragem os participantes da 1. a caminhada cultural/ecológica de Serra Redonda/PB. Os dados foram coletados por meio de três fontes de evidências: questionários, aplicados presencialmente, observação participativa e entrevistas com órgãos e pessoas relacionadas com o estudo. Os resultados mostram um potencial turístico relacionado com recursos naturais e culturais, e que o perfil de hikers está menos relacionado com o perfil de esportistas e mais com o turismo sustentável As trilhas de hiking como produto turístico, na região estudada, tem o apoio do Poder Público e da comunidade local; portanto a consolidação como destino hiking pode trazer benefícios tanto para a comunidade local, quanto para os hikers. 1 Trabalho de pesquisa realizado por meio do Grupo de Pesquisas Coopetition Network Lab-Redes 6CO. dgp.cnpq.br/dgp/espelhogrupo/4995703744708740.

Data produced in this journal is a result of the survey made by Schadow1 Expeditions during its Camiguin Mapping Expedition of 2013 from February 26 – March 3, 2013. Survey to the volcano was made in February 28, 2013. The Hibok-Hibok Volcano is located at the northern area of the province-island of Camiguin and is one of the 7 volcanoes on the island. It is part of the Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok Natural Monument.

Data produced in this journal is a result of the survey made by Schadow1 Expeditions during its Palay-Palay Mataas na Gulod Mountain Range Mapping Expedition of 2014. Survey to the mountain range was made on multiple expeditions set on August 19-20, 2012;  August 17-18. 2013 and December 20-21, 2014. The Mounts Palay-Palay Mataas na Gulod Protected Landscape is a mountain range located in the northernmost area of the province of Batangas and westernmost section of the province of Cavite in the Philippines

Understanding the movement of visitors contributes to appropriate management plans for visitor destinations. Determination of this movement is composed of not only the identification of the starting and end points together with the sequence of stops but the characterisation of the route pattern as well. The type of this pattern depends on the human apart from outer physical parameters and the available time thus it has a relationship with the behaviour and type of the tourist. Understanding and making use of these are important measures for organisations managing natural areas. Observation of visitors in natural areas is not possible in every environment while reducing the tread of certain popular sites can be made only with the help of such knowledge. This explains that literature describing different patterns analyse inter-destination relationships. In this paper the identification of the movement pattern of hikers in a mountainous study area is presented. Visitor flow analysis of a study area in Hungary (180 km 2 area of Central Börzsöny in Duna-Ipoly National Park) was performed on the basis of a questionnaire survey carried out with the help of volunteers. Based on the analysis of the obtained data the accurate description of the movement of both individual hikers and groups became possible. Mathematics based definition of hiking routes completed in mountainous areas is new to the available data in the literature. Patterns of one day routes were classified into 6 types and two types of hiking routes requiring several days were also identified. Different route types were observed at the different entrances of the destination. Such information helps the identification of visitor types at the starting points and the design of appropriate visitor management measures. Resumo Compreender o movimento dos visitantes contribui para desenvolver planos de gestão apropriados para os destinos. A determinação desse movimento é composta não apenas pela identificação dos pontos iniciais e finais, juntamente com a sequência de paragens, mas também pela caracterização do padrão de rota. O tipo desse padrão depende, do fator humano, além dos parâmetros físicos externos e do tempo disponível, tendo consequentemente uma relação com o comportamento e o tipo do turista. Compreender e fazer uso desses padrões são medidas importantes para as organizações que gerenciam áreas naturais. A observação de visitantes em áreas naturais não é possível em todos os ambientes, ao passo que a gestão de certos percursos pode ser feita apenas com a ajuda de tal conhecimento. Isso explica que a literatura que descreve diferentes padrões, analisa relacionamentos entre destinos. Neste trabalho é apresentada a identificação do padrão de movimento dos caminhantes numa área de estudo montanhosa. A análise do fluxo de visitantes de uma área de estudo na Hungria (área de 180 km2 do Börzsöny Central no Parque Nacional Duna-Ipoly) foi realizada com base num questionário realizado com a ajuda de voluntários. Baseada na análise dos dados obtidos, a descrição precisa do movimento de grupos de caminhantes e caminhantes individuais tornou-se possível. A definição baseada na matemática de rotas de caminhadas completadas em áreas montanhosas é nova para os dados disponíveis na literatura. Padrões de rotas de um dia foram classificados em 6 tipos e dois tipos de rotas de caminhada exigindo vários dias também foram identificados. Diferentes tipos de rotas foram observados nas diferentes entradas do destino. Tais informações ajudam na identificação de tipos de visitantes nos pontos de partida e no planeamento de medidas apropriadas de gestão de visitantes. Palavras-chave: Fluxo de visitantes, padrão de movimento turístico, comportamento, movimento espacial, modelo de itinerário.

This ‘paper’ lays out a strategy for interdisciplinary writing based on the formulation of ‘Handrails’ - an aid such as a path, wall or fence, which in poor visibility can help navigation.  These handrails comprise short, allusive pieces of writing describing a twelve-year project to complete all 214 of the mountains designated as Wainwrights in the Lake District National Park (2006-2018). They are used as a device to guide readers through the interdisciplinary layers of Mountain Studies and form the narrative thread of my forthcoming monograph: Performing Mountains (Palgrave: Series Eds. Heddon and Mackey).  They are designed to be experienced as a gentle jarring, diverting the reader briefly away from ‘big picture’ scholarly analysis towards the quotidian and introspective. Using short extracts from the handrails themselves, this paper will examine the challenges of writing for an interdisciplinary audience of Mountain Studies researchers at the same time as addressing theatre specialists.

The main objective of this expedition was to further explore the Chinami Canal, which flows all the way down to Sangu river of Bandarban district, Bangladesh. Initially the plan was to enter the Patiya district, Chittagong and then, start trekking to follow the path through the canal all the way down to Rowangchori of Bandarban district.

Mount Korab is the highest mountain in Macedonia and its natural features abound in extraordinary natural beauties. Due to its relatively remote location and characteristics, it is difficult to access, therefore making it less known although very attractive to the general public. The rapid increase in tourist and mountaineering interest in the last few years, however, highlighted a need for more in-depth studies of Mount Korab, whose data will contribute to development of both tourism as well as preserving the wildlife and mountain itself. Based on previous scientific evidence, folklore, history record, and on-site knowledge gained during several expeditions to Mount Korab, this brief article provides and in-depth overview on the location and features of the mountain's lesser known and explored peaks, lakes, waterfalls, canyons and landscapes. This article also includes typological suggestions for naming each of them. The data and the proposed typology for naming do not call for exclusive-ness but they are intended to serve as basis for further exploration of Mount Korab, both by the general public and the scientific community whose findings will additionally support the development of the tourist offer and economic opportunities of Mount Korab.

Este artigo visa o estudo dos sistemas turísticos e o papel activo da antropologia na construção de uma abordagem e leitura críticas. Centrar‑se‑á
num estudo de caso insular (a ilha da Madeira) alicerçado numa etnografia do sector turístico regional, em particular do lado da oferta, e com a tónica na observação nos promotores/produtores de serviços relacionados com o produto ‘passeios a pé nas levadas’.

This article aims to study the tourism systems and the active role of anthropology in building a critical approach. It will focus on a case study developed in Madeira Island (Portugal) grounded in a ethnography of regional tourism sector, in particular, on the supply side, focused on the observation in the promoters/producers of services related to the product “levadas.

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o movimento de escora de dois velejadores da classe Laser, relacionados entre os cinco melhores do Brasil. Os atletas foram filmados em situação de regata e foram consideradas para análise duas situações: bordo do tipo 1, quando a escora é realizada em condição de contravento; e bordo do tipo 2, quando a escora é realizada em condição de vento de través. A atividade muscular em ambas as situações é semelhante, com exceção dos músculos responsáveis pela rotação e flexão lateral de tronco, que no bordo do tipo 2 são solicitados com maior freqüência e intensidade. Também no bordo do tipo 2 observou-se uma assimetria na posição do velejador, podendo levar a uma maior solicitação de um dos lados do corpo. Acredita-se que a análise do movimento de escora auxilie no desenvolvimento de programas de treinamento seguros e específicos, potencializando o desempenho e prevenindo lesões.

Pendakian pada umumnya merujuk pada perjalanan panjang dan penuh semangat yang biasanya melewati jalan kecil di area pedalaman atau melintasi hutan. Oleh karena itu, sebelum melakukan pendakian di beberapa gunung di Indonesia, para pendaki diharuskan untuk mengurus SIMAKSI(Surat Izin Masuk Kawasan Konservasi) terlebih dahulu sebelum melakukan pendakian. Dengan tujuan melindungi keanekaragaman hayati beserta jasa ekosistem dan nilai-nilai budaya yang terkandung di dalamnya atau berasosiasi dengannya. Tidak dapat diduga bahwa aktivitas mendaki ini juga memberikan dampak pada ekosistem alam yang dilalui para pendaki. Beberapa banyaknya pendaki yang melalui lokasi tertentu menimbulkan kerusakan terhadap lingkungan alam yang dilewatinya. Ini bisa terjadi karena diakibatkan oleh para pendaki yang sering membuang sampah sembarangan di jalur pendakian, menginjak atau menjadikan tanaman tertentu hingga menyebabkan tanaman itu mati atau tercabut, dan lain sebagainya. Penumpukan sampah yang berlebihan juga sering terlihat di gunung akibat sampah yang dibuang oleh para pendaki. Melakukan pendakian juga dapat membahayakan nyawa para pendaki yang bisa disebabkan oleh medan pendakian yang memang berbahaya, cuaca buruk, tersesat, atau pengaruh dari kondisi medis yang sebelumnya telah dimiliki oleh pendaki. Penyakit yang biasanya diderita oleh pendaki adalah diare, dehidrasi, hipotermia, serangan panas matahari, luka, kaki keseleo atau patah. Pendaki juga harus terus waspada terhadap ancaman lainnya, seperti serangan dari hewan buas, atau kontak dengan tanaman beracun yang menyebabkan ruam, bahkan termasuk tersambar petir (terutama di tanah yang tinggi). Maka dari itu, penyebab hal itu sering terjadi dalam pendakian, karena kebanyakan pendaki yang melalaikan atau melupakan untuk mengurus SIMAKSI (Surat Izin Masuk Kawasan Konservasi) sebelum melakukan pendakiannya. Untuk memahami dinamika yang terjadi dalam permasalahan ini, Peneliti akan menggunakan pendekatan Penelitian Empiris, dengan mencari sumber yang memahami tentang permasalahan ini.

Wilderness stream crossings used by mules, horses, and hikers are localized disturbances that may
affect habitat immediately downstream, but the potential influence of fords on streams has received little investigation,
particularly in terms of possible effects on fauna. Our overall null hypothesis was absence of below-above differences for
either benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages or habitat characteristics at such fords. We further sought to determine
(1) whether any such differences were present prior to annual use, suggesting longer-term effects, and (2) whether differences
were present in late season, after annual use. We examined macroinvertebrates and habitat immediately below
and above 2 fords crossing subalpine streams in Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada (California, USA) in early
and late season and over 2 years. There were both longer-term below-above differences, as well as differences that
became apparent in late season, both of which were indicative of below-ford effects. Below fords there was evidence,
either as main effects or interactions, of higher silt, sand, and gravel cover; a thicker periphyton layer; a greater Hilsenhoff
biotic index; a higher proportion of tolerant taxa; higher chironomid midge and total densities; and greater species
richness, largely a function of chironomid richness. There was also a lower expected number of species, a smaller proportion
of sensitive taxa and predators, and lower densities of some sensitive Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Plecoptera
(stoneflies) below fords. Both hikers and stock may contribute to the apparent effects, but management interventions
targeting stock may be particularly achievable. Among other approaches, simply halting stock strings briefly before
reaching fords should reduce the volume of urine and feces directly entering streams, and handlers can expedite crossings
if watering is not necessary.

In honour of the host country of the 29th International Cartographic Conference in Tokyo in July 2019, the cover of the "Swiss National Report - Cartography in Switzerland 2015-2019" features my Swiss-Japanese co-production: the map "Asahi-dake - The heart of the Daisetsuzan National Park" 1:25,000.

Inside the report a short article about the creation process of the map with some illustrations.