Environmental Preservation through Tourism

This paper examines alternatives to top-down approaches to heritage management and development. One of the key issues facing communities around the globe today is the Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD)--the determination of heritage values by “experts” and government officials on behalf of the people. It is all too common to find local people alienated by such practices and searching for ways in which they can take ownership of their own heritage. Community-based research that shares power and is participatory is one avenue that is quickly developing in many regions around the globe. In Africa, a number of villages and other small communities have taken the initiative to preserve and develop their heritage, free of outside control. Important lessons may be drawn from these experiences, particularly the use of discourse-based research that captures how the people define and live out their heritages through everyday practice.

"Buhalis, Dimitrios and Michopoulou, Eleni (2011) 'Information-enabled tourism destination marketing: addressing the accessibility market', Current Issues in Tourism,, 14(2) pp145-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683501003653361

Information-enabled tourism destination marketing:
addressing the accessibility market

Dimitrios Buhalis (a∗) and Eleni Michopoulou (b)
a)International Centre for Tourism and Hospitality Research (ICTHR), Bournemouth University,
Bournemouth, UK; b) School of Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

(Received 3 July 2009; final version received 25 January 2010)

This paper demonstrates that the accessibility market is not homogenous, but it entails different sub-segments with distinct needs and requirements. Ultimately each person is unique in his/her abilities and preferences and this is more evident in this market. Secondary research revealed the size of the accessibility market in Europe to be 127 million people. Extensive qualitative research through 16 focus groups has demonstrated that the main requirements of these segments focus on three interlinked elements, namely accessible built environment, information regarding accessibility and accessible information online. Traditional segmentation contradicts the central concept of participation, as directed by the social model of disability, and it entails assumptions regarding the requirements of the market segments. Information communication technologies (ICTs) can assist destinations to effectively address the particular requirements of these market segments through the use of profiling and personalisation
features, which will allow users themselves to specify their requirements. Through the use of ICTs, users are enabled to declare their needs and requirements. Destinations can then offer suitable products and services according to the particular needs of each traveller, encourage participation, congruent with the social model of disability.


Keywords: destination marketing; market requirements; market segmentation;
accessible tourism; disability; information communication technology"

Ekološki turizam u zaštićenim prirodnim područjima zahteva odgovorniji način ponašanja turista nego na drugim turističkim destinacijama, zatim visok stepen svesti o važnosti zaštite I održivog korišćenja životne sredine i znanje o osnovnim ekološkim procesima i prirodnim vrednostima posećenog mesta. Iskustvo je pokazalo da je blagovremena implementacija adekvatnih preventivnih mera najefikasnije sredstvo za sprečavanje ugrožavanja i uništavanja prirodnih staništa. Međutim, pojedini oblici nemarnog ponašanja zahtevaju primenu represivnih mera - sankcija propisanih odredbama krivičnog i prekršajnog prava, kao i uvođenje inovativnih zakonskih i praktičnih rešenja. U nastojanju da doprinesu smanjenju negativnog antropološkog pritiska na zaštićena prirodna područja, autori razmatraju mogućnost uvođenja novog, proširenog i redefinisanog pojma ekoturiste - "ekoturista zaštićenih prirodnih područja", koji bi, kao subject specifičnih prava i obaveza, posedovao posebnu dozvolu nadležnih organa za obavljanje pojedinih aktivnosti na ovim područjima.
Ključne reči: ekoturizam, ekoturista zaštićenih prirodnih područja, zaštićena prirodna dobra, propisi, dozvola

Resumen: El turismo, alcanza su nivel de masividad a partir de la II posguerra jugando un rol clave en el comercio internacional por los movimientos de capitales que representaba. Este fenómeno, fue analizado por las más altas instituciones internacionales de asistencia técnico-financiera (ONU, OCDE, FMI entre otras). Dichas instituciones, intervinieron directamente en la concepción y determinación de los movimientos turísticos, trazando estrategias de promoción y planificación como así también una “doctrina” o matriz de ...

This paper revisits Nicholas Grimshaw’s Eden Project in Cornwall, UK to interrogate architecture’s relation to neoliberalism. It looks to this project as a means to open a speculative approach for architectural scholarship to engage neoliberal society beyond familiar critiques thereof. Eden, I argue, coordinates its spaces, technologies and objects to project a temporality that seems to lack both past and future in favour of presenting time as continuous, homogeneous, bound to the perpetual management of the present – what I call ‘ecological time’. This project shows that, in the theatre of neoliberal governmentality, the present is the object of design, and ‘design’ becomes indistinguishable from the technological management of the world.

Estimating the economic impact of special events to tourism destinations constitutes one of the major fields in tourism research. Extensive literature provides both practitioners and scientists with appropriate tools to measure tourism expenditure, multipliers and externalities generated by an event. However, a majority of the research is conducted during big, special events which usually have a great impact on the whole country, while the impact of small events seems to be neglected. It is worth noting that organization of small niche tourism events also requires public subsidies, the efficiency of which needs to be evaluated. This article is an attempt to address this gap.

From an environmental standpoint, ecotourism has been drawn to attention by diverse communities all around the world. This empirical study aims to evaluate the behavioral intention of students by adopting an extended theory of planned behavior model by incorporating environmental concern and environmental knowledge from a developing country perspective. To get realistic output, structural equation modeling has been incorporated for systematic statistical analysis through using SMARTPLS 3.0, where data have been collected from 393 university students through a survey method. From an ecotourism point of view, a number of findings have been revealed in this study, such as students’ attitude and perceived behavioral control have significant positive impacts on the behavioral intention towards ecotourism; results further proponed that environmental concerns have a significant effect on attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention towards ecotourism, environmental knowledge had no significant effect on the behavioral intention towards ecotourism. Finally, it had a positive impact on attitude towards ecotourism, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. On the basis of constructive analysis, theoretical and practical implications are depicted in the form of a contribution of knowledge, which will add value to the decision-making process of various stakeholders.

Le tourisme industrialisé montrait déjà ses limites avant d’être mis sous cloche par la pandémie de Covid-19. Cet arrêt brutal est une occasion sans pareil de réformer en profondeur un secteur économique alimenté par le triptyque « densité, vitesse et bas coûts », et de lui préférer la formule « dispersion, sobriété et prix justes ». Mais réussirons-nous à nous extirper de cette surconsommation touristique lorsque les frontières rouvriront ? Serons-nous prêts à délaisser ces destinations, ordinairement très convoitées, où l’artificiel s’est substitué au naturel et l’opulence à la quiétude ? Entre renoncements et ralentissements, la décroissance touristique : mode d’emploi.

"Earlier provisional title was "Archaeology, Tourism, Museum...."

"This chapter is divided into two distinct sections that are positioned in a point-counterpoint structure of dialogue. These two position statements invoke the etymological meanings of the word essay, to attempt, put to the test, trial, to act out, to explore, travel, and travail. The first is an historical analysis written in the third person by an anthropologist whose expertise includes the ethnography of archaeology and the anthropology of tourism. The second is a counterpoint commentary written in the first person by an anthropologist whose specializations include Pre-Columbian and historical archaeology. Both of us have significant research experience in same area of the Maya world in Yucatán, México. From these two differing vantage points, we chart our perspectives on the relationship between archaeology and tourism in terms of the problems of exploration, protection, and exploitation.
In the first section, Castañeda takes an historical approach to the emergence of archaeology in the institutional context of the modern museum. He essays an analytical and theoretical manifesto about the deep, intimate interconnections between tourism and archaeology as revealed through an understanding of the museum. In his historical analysis of the role of archaeological representation in the museum, he identifies the sociological creation of universal heritage. He theorizes a notion of the universal citizen-heir as the implied benefactor of this universal heritage. In the second section, Mathews elaborates a commentary on this historical analysis of archaeology, tourism, heritage and the museum. Specifically, she counter-argues and assesses Castañeda theoretical and analytical claims through the use of archaeology and tourism at sites that are not postcard worthy. Together these two “attempts” grapple with the historical and contemporary interconnections between archaeology and tourism. Together we put to the test our typical assumptions about the ethics of archaeologists, tourists, and tourism promoters in the contemporary contexts in which we are now beginning to ask how and why archaeology and tourism are interwoven phenomena in today’s world.""

What I’m interested in stressing here, is that the unique amount, beauty and fame of Italian landscapes and vedute painted between the 17th and 18th Century – images that we all know since they are widely exhibited all over the globe (who has never crossed eye with a Canaletto, original or reproduced?) – are partly responsible for the #StateofException in which a constantly growing part of the Italian territory is being held captive, through Law, by City Councils, Superintendencies, and so on.

Tourism in Ireland is facing challenging times and thus new ways of attracting tourists into Ireland are required. Recent reports on the current state of Irish tourism highlighted the need to identify and invest in key market segments, such as leisure tourism, where Ireland can gain a competitive advantage. Cycle tourism is an established industry internationally, especially in Mainland Europe – and should thus be a priority market for Irish tourism. This paper demonstrates the potential for the development of a cycle tourism industry in Ireland that can have additional benefits for commuter and leisure cyclists. The value of cycle tourism in Europe in 2009 was approximately €54bn, with cycle tourists spending an average of €353 each per trip. Current cycle tourism in Ireland is underperforming in comparison with the rest of Europe. In 2009, only 2% of visitors cycled while on holiday in Ireland, spending €97m. Not all of these would be classified as cycle tourists in many European ...

Ce travail est le résultat d'une étude de terrain axée sur le développement du tourisme dans les
zones oasiennes du Draa Tafilalt notamment dans les oasis de Skoura et Fint dans la province
d’Ouarzazate, y compris l'impact de l'activité touristique sur l'environnement oasien ainsi que
sur le revenu économique de la population locale. C’est ainsi, une contribution pour
appréhender la situation des oasis et propose une alternative autour du transport touristique qui
peut être utilisée dans les oasis et qui peut contribuer à minimiser l'impact environnemental sur
ces territoires.
L'activité du tourisme de masse impacte négativement ces espaces naturels à cause de
l'inconscience des visiteurs et l'absence d'une sensibilisation suffisante qui peut les inciter à
adopter des pratiques responsables, à titre d'exemple le transport touristique dans le monde
produit 5% des gaz à effet de serre, aussi dans les zones fragiles le transport touristique a
détérioré l'environnement dans toute ses composantes.
Mots clés : -Oasis Skoura et Fint, tourisme oasien, durabilité, mise en tourisme, transport
écotouristique

The purpose of this study is to examine the emerging flashpacker sub-culture in relation to the backpacker culture. Cultural Consensus Analysis is employed to examine the potential cultural divergence between flashpackers and non-flashpackers. A mixed-mode dual-frame sampling procedure was employed for data collection, as surveys were administered through Facebook backpacker-groups and in hostels in Cairns, Australia. The results indicate that flashpacker and non-flashpacker groups have a shared cultural understanding of backpacking. In addition to the conceptual clarity of the emerging flashpacker, this study also provides some interesting insights into contemporary backpacker culture and the continuing convergence of physical travel with information and communication technologies.

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, DC, is an institute of Harvard University dedicated to supporting scholarship internationally in Byzantine, Pre-Columbian, and Garden and Landscape Studies through fellowships, meetings, exhibitions, and publications. Located in Georgetown and bequeathed by Robert Woods Bliss and Mildred Barnes Bliss, Dumbarton Oaks welcomes scholars to consult its books, images, and objects, and the public to visit its garden, museum, and historic house for lectures and concerts.

This article tries to analyse the pitfalls when it comes to supporting locally driven or community based tourism development. It relates this (idealistic) development objective promoted by NGO's and donor communities to the larger context of recent global trends in the trade of services and the principles of community based development. Though recent industry development in tourism is paying more attention to local actors and impacts at the destination level, it is argued that structural causes of uneven and unequal development will dampen any potential positive impacts related to poverty alleviation in developing countries. After reviewing the external and internal conditions that are required for assuring a real locally driven development, we have come to the conclusion that these will not be present in developing countries. Thus, the promise of poverty reduction through community based tourism will rarely be met. Moreover, taking into account the negative environmental and social impacts related to tourism development, one should ask oneself if it should be promoted at all. However, we have addressed some conditions that contribute to achieving successful CBTD in developing countries.

This paper explores the relationship between tourism and the challenges of governance in the Arctic region. Recently, both political and academic interest in the Arctic has been on the rise as a result of the increasing geopolitical importance of the region. Changes of the climatic conditions and melting of the Arctic ice caps have resulted in increased access to the “world´s last wilderness”. The increased access and interest are contributing to a growing number of tourists visiting the North. As yearly arrivals continue to rise, a number of problematic issues need to be addressed. This paper reviews the main instruments relevant to the discussion of tourism currently employed in the governance of the Arctic, and critically evaluates the insufficiencies of the current legal framework for Arctic governance and regulation of tourism in the Arctic. It concludes that although tourism in the Arctic has a number of advantages, particularly for the indigenous populations, the current legal and regulatory framework in the region lacks the scope and authority to minimize the potential (and increasing) environmental, economic, and social risks associated with increased tourism and other human activity in the region.

The global competition of destinations on the one hand and the similarity of many low mountain ranges regions on the other hand form a very competitive environment for any kind of destination marketing and management. At the same time the demand for active, authentic and cultural orientated forms of tourism is constantly raising. New offers such as wellness tourism and gastronomic tourism resulted in enormous market segmentation and a steadily number of potential target groups. At the same time the market segments for those offers get smaller and smaller. Already today many of these new forms of tourism are not suffi cient on its own but need additional side products. Furthermore a growing overlapping of target groups and tourism products can be considered. It is vital that this overlapping is understood as a chance of combining several tourism products in order to create a region specifi c tourism product, which is able to address to a bigger target group and therefore can become a real alternative to established tourism products in other regions such as "sun&beach" for coastal regions for instance.

This paper investigated into the philosophical and historical representations of the celebrated Adinkra cloth production using the case study approach at Ntonso in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Data were solicited through personal and telephone interview as well as participant observation from respondents who were purposively sampled. The study revealed that the Badie dye was locally obtained and prepared using the barks from the Badie tree. There are no additives mixed with the prepared dye as purported by several writers. It was also realized that the entire Adinkra cloth process from the acquisition of the tools and materials, production processes and the symbols usually printed in the cloth was firmly rooted in an interesting and thought provoking philosophical and historical foundation which portrays the African as a wise, creative artist. The study more importantly voiced out that though Asantes and Africans in general usually do not have written documentaries of their histories and philosophy that in anyway does not imply that these literally are absent. The rich artistic productions of residents in Africa are in fact a visual representation of their unadulterated histories and philosophies. The Adinkra cloth is but one example of such inspiring assets of the Asantes that are repositories of their rich philosophy and history.

"The sport of golf has grown tremendously in the past three decades. It is now the leading sport in the world in terms of total economic expenditure, yet surprising little on golf has
appeared in the academic sports studies literature. In particular, the impact of golf on the environment has been virtually absent from discussion. Golf takes place in the outdoors, yet golf course development and maintenance has involved many aspects that are deleterious to the environment. This article charts the impact of golf on the environment from an international perspective, particularly noting emerging differences in first and developing world countries."

Delft'' is chosen as a tourism destination for our TPD group project. Within this project the tourism product development and development typologies will be analyzed based on primary and secondary research, interviews, methodology and models from TPD course lectures.

For some time, researchers have discussed the relationship of the National Park Service (NPS) and other parks, parks and recreation, and outdoor recreation entities’ cultural engagement through a lens of needed and improved management that emphasizes culturally diverse outreach programming, but that also is aimed at a greater awareness of social marginality and the preponderance of racial preferences. While Santucci, Floyd, Bocarro, and Henderson (2014) particularly explored the potential influence of the organizational culture of the NPS for maintaining a traditional culture resistant to diversity-related changes as an effort on truly diversifying its staffing, programming, and outreach, there has never been a call to examine the historical influences of the culture of the NPS, the United States Forest Service (USFS), the overall environmental movement, and even our very conception of outdoor recreation within the leisure studies and recreation service provision literature. What is presented here is a discourse-historical approach of authored texts as primary sources of conservationist, preservationist, and interpretation legends, Gifford Pinchot, Madison Grant, and Charles M. Goethe (among others). The article calls into question as to how their natural history, biological anthropology, and preservationist ideological lens influenced their philosophical articulation of conservation, preservation, and interpretation. In particular, Grant worked on matters of preservation synergistically in tandem with his eugenics beliefs, as chiefly articulated in the eugenicist tome, The Passing of the Great Race (1916a). This seminal eugenics text informed Western interests in racial nativism, and highlighted the intersection of conserving “the best” in nature and among humanity. While Grant and Goethe’s relationship with eugenics has had more exposure, there has not been a reckoning of their views, as well as the views of Pinchot within leisure research and recreation practice. It is evident in taking a discourse-historical approach in examining these primary sources that the purity of race, enforced reproductive encouragement of the fit and the reproductive restriction of the unfit along racialized gender lines, were the most important factors in determining the fate of populations and the environment (The National Conservation Commission, 1909). The aim here is to highlight Pinchot, Grant, and Goethe and to focus on the social injustices that they advocated as a basis to highlight the calls of social justice through this special issue and by way of the work of others who have championed the need for social justice perspectives within leisure studies and parks and recreation service delivery against their various ideals.

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΩΝ, ΠΕ06 1 ο Γενικό Λύκειο Κω «Ιπποκράτειο» [email protected]

ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ Η Κως, εκτός από τουριστικό θέρετρο κατά τη διάρκεια της θερινής περιόδου είναι και ένα νησί που παρουσιάζει εξαιρετικό οικολογικό ενδιαφέρον λόγω της ύπαρξης ιδιαίτερων υδροβιοτόπων και της πλούσιας πανίδας και χλωρίδας που διαθέτουν. Η παρούσα εργασία έχει σκοπό να καταγράψει τους σημαντικότερους υδροβιότοπους στην Κω, καθώς και μερικά χαρακτηριστικά είδη πανίδας και χλωρίδας που παρατηρούνται σε αυτούς. Το πρόγραμμα αυτό εκπονήθηκε το σχολικό έτος 2014-15 με σκοπό να ευαισθητοποιήσει αρχικά τους μαθητές σε οικολογικά-περιβαλλοντικά θέματα και με απώτερο στόχο να ευαισθητοποιήσει την ευρύτερη κοινωνία του νησιού μας ώστε να επενδύσει σε εναλλακτικές μορφές τουρισμού και να σταματήσει πιθανές καταστροφικές συνέπειες της ανθρώπινης παρέμβασης στο φυσικό περιβάλλον. ΛΕΞΕΙΣ ΚΛΕΙΔΙΑ: Κως, υδροβιότοποι, αλυκή, χλωρίδα, πανίδα ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ Στην παρούσα εργασία συμμετείχαν πάνω από 50 μαθητές συνολικά. Η αρχική σύνθεση των συμμετεχόντων μαθητών διαφοροποιήθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια της χρονιάς όταν αποφασίστηκε να συνδέσουμε το περιβαλλοντικό μας πρόγραμμα με την ένταξή μας στο πρόγραμμα του Κέντρου Περιβαλλοντικής Εκπαίδευσης (Κ.Π.Ε) Ποροΐων-«Λίμνη Κερκίνη: Σε αναζήτηση της Αειφορίας» και την εκπαιδευτική-περιβαλλοντική μας εκδρομή στα Κάτω Πορόια και τη Λίμνη Κερκίνη. Οι μαθητές που συμμετείχαν στο πρόγραμμα και την περιβαλλοντική εκδρομή συμμετείχαν και σε μια σειρά δράσεων και επισκέψεων. ΤΡΟΠΟΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ  Συγκρότηση ομάδων με υποθέματα για την κάθε ομάδα  Βιβλιογραφική αναζήτηση και αναζήτηση μέσω διαδικτύου για τον εντοπισμό και την καταγραφή των σημαντικότερων υδροβιότοπων στην Κω.  Έρευνα πεδίου-Επιτόπια αυτοψία στους εν λόγω υδροβιότοπους με σκοπό τον εντοπισμό χλωρίδας ή πανίδας, μελέτη του υδρόβιου οικοσυστήματος και διαπίστωση ανθρώπινων παρεμβάσεων.  Διοργάνωση εκπαιδευτικής-περιβαλλοντικής επίσκεψης στο Κ.Π.Ε Ποροΐων και συμμετοχή στο πρόγραμμα «Λίμνη Κερκίνη: Σε αναζήτηση της Αειφορίας» με διαμονή εντός της μαθητικής εστίας για τρεις μέρες.  Σύγκριση του σημαντικότερου υδροβιότοπου της Κω, της Αλυκής με τη Λίμνη Κερκίνη

Social media are gaining prominence as an element of destination marketing organisation (DMO) marketing strategy at a time when public sector cuts in their funding are requiring them to seek greater value in the way marketing budgets are spent. Social media offers DMOs with a tool to reach a global audience with limited resources. The aim of this study is to explore the usage of social media among the DMOs of the top 10 most visited countries by international tourists. The study uses content analysis and semi-structured interviews to examine the usage and impact of social media marketing strategies and identifies a framework of best practice for other national tourism organizations (NTOs) to learn from. The study argues that social media usage among top DMOs is still largely experimental and that strategies vary significantly.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.662215

This paper presents a three-stage model that applies the principles of risk assessment to the evaluation of environmental sustainability in the tourism and recreation sectors. The model uses both qualitative and quantitative data. While assessing environmental risk at and from tourism and recreation areas is fundamental to sustainable management, existing methodologies rely on sets of environmental data that are often poorly linked and difficult to interpret in a holistic manner. Risk assessment is a concept that can overcome current limitations in environmental assessment methodologies. This model demonstrates its utility by assessing the environmental sustainability of two tourism and recreation sites in Ireland, with 25 environmental hazards identified at the rural Lough Derg (Shannon River) site and 29 at the relatively urban Dublin Bay site. The results show that the practical production of holistic and representative data on environmental risk from tourism and recreation areas is possible, with water quality, amenity value, traffic and transport, boating activity and noise found particularly relevant. The strengths and limitations of the proposed model are considered and compared with three existing tourism impact models: the use of sustainability indicators and two tourism-planning frameworks, limits of acceptable change (LAC) and visitor impact management (VIM).

Dimitrios Buhalis and Ramona Wagner, (2013), E-destinations: Global best practice in tourism technologies and applications , In Cantoni, L. and Xiang, Z. (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2013, Vienna, Austria: Springer Verlag, pp. 119-130

E-destinations: Global best practice in tourism technologies and applications.

Professor Dimitrios Buhalis and Ramona Wagner
eTourism Lab, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom

[email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract

The emergence of ICT enables consumers to search for destinations worldwide more easily, making it necessary to constantly improve the web presence and social media used by destinations. This study firstly aims to benchmark global destinations with regards to their level of implementation of technologies and applications. Secondly, global best practices for e-destinations will be identified with the help of a detailed content analysis of destinations’ website presence and social media applications. At the same time, the industry perspective about e-destinations will be taken into consideration in order to get an insight into the future and vision for destination management systems and website presence. By this means, a variety of factors will be analysed that can facilitate the consumers´ search on the destination’s websites before, during and after a holiday. The study contains best practice recommendations for destinations’ web presence that should be implemented in order to sustain their future online success and competitiveness.

Keywords: Tourism technologies and applications, DMO, destination marketing, best practice, benchmark and e-destinations

This paper represents an initial step towards a model to describe the possible activities of the destination management organization as belonging to an "external destination marketing" function or an "internal destination development" function. The external function may be seen as the typical view of these organizations. Combining the activities of this typical function with the activities of the internal destination development function results in a more complete view of the possible activities of destination management organizations. Implications for managers and researchers are discussed.

The dynamics of trust and distrust are central to understanding modern society, social relations, and development processes. However, numerous studies suggest that societal trust and citizen’s trust in government and its institutions are on the decline, challenging the legitimacy of government and leading to an undemocratic and unsustainable form of development. Recognizing its importance, the authors for the first time situate trust within the context of tourism development and planning.  This volume discusses trust in tourism from different yet intrinsically connected perspectives. Chapters review how diminishing societal trust may have adversely affected tourism planning systems, the role of trust in good tourism governance and sustainable tourism, how trust can be used as a facilitator of participatory tourism planning, political trust in tourism institutions, power and how tourism development can be a basis for trust creation among society members by using social capital theory. In addition, a final section on ‘Researching Trust in Tourism Development’ means that readers are not only provided a thorough theoretical framework on trust and an understanding of its importance for sustainable tourism and good governance of the sector, but also methodological aspects of research on trust in the context of tourism development and planning.  This significant volume is valuable reading for students, academics and researchers interested in tourism development and planning.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

La fotografia di paesaggio è da sempre uno strumento accessorio utilizzato nella ricerca e didattica geografica. In questo articolo si propone di conferirle un ruolo centrale, sfruttando la reazione più immediata che suscita nel lettore rispetto a strumenti come la cartografia o i dati statistici. Confrontando fotografie di diverse epoche, seguendo la tecnica della ri-fotografia, si possono infatti osservare le trasformazioni socio-economiche e paesaggistiche, avvenute in un territorio. Sulla base di queste premesse, è stato effettuato un lavoro di ricerca durante il tirocinio svolto dall’autore presso l’ente Parco di Portofino nel 2019. Dopo aver digitalizzato l’archivio fotografico degli anni Ottanta e Novanta del Dott. Alberto Girani (direttore del Parco dal 2003 al 2019), sono state replicate le fotografie negli stessi luoghi, consentendo di osservare le trasformazioni paesaggistiche, quindi socio-economiche, avvenute in questa regione. In particolare si riportano qui tre esempi significativi: l’abbandono delle aree rurali e la perdita di autenticità nei borghi delle Cinque Terre, la rinaturalizzazione nei versanti del Golfo Paradiso, e il degrado dei Forti di Genova.