Tourist Behaviour

Aims: This study aims to analyse the consumption behaviour of millennial tourists in gastronomic tours starting from the stages before, during, and after gastronomic tours, especially in the use of information technology. Place and Duration of Study: This research is done in Yogyakarta and Solo between February 2021 and March 2021. Methodology: This research was conducted with a quantitative approach by collecting data using a questionnaire distributed through an online survey. One hundred twenty-two respondents participated and answered thoroughly. The data analysis technique used is Descriptive Statistics and Regression Analysis. Results: This study shows that most millennial tourists use digital media intensely before, during, and after a gastronomic tour. Digital media is used to find local culinary information and share experiences. Other findings show that social media positively contributes to determining local culinary purchasing decisions in gastronomic destinations by 38.5%.

The number of tourist visits to Bunaken National Park has recently increased, and has subsequently become uncontrollable. This phenomenon has potential benefits and drawbacks according to environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects. This study aimed to explore the opinion and behavior of local communities regarding tourism growth in their area. To examine this phenomenon, the research study applied a mixed-method approach or combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Qualitative data was collected by observing the locals' behavior in Bunaken National Park, and the quantitative data was collected via questionnaires that looked at the perceptions towards tourism development. Doxey's Irritation Index was used as the primary measurement instrument when looking at the interactions among local communities and tourists. The study finds that the local community is likely to give a positive response to the tourism growth in their area and that according to Doxey's theory, they are in the "Euphoria" stage.

Tourist guidebooks provide an important source of information on places. Different guidebooks are written for different types of visitors to better meet their individual travel needs. This is demonstrated through a content analysis of four guidebooks written for Singapore in the early 1980s. Two of the guidebooks represent variations on mainstream, mass travel interests. The third source presents the long-term expatriates perception,
while the fourth source presents the alternative or youth tourist view of Singapore. Urban tourism is shown to be multifaceted, allowing for a diversity of travel motivations, experiences, and behavior.

Keywords: travel literature, urban tourism, content analysis, environmental perception, Singapore.

L'article discute la pertinence conceptuelle du terme tourisme religieux dans le contexte de la post-modernité. Il existe une capacité, en expansion, de générer des affaires, et par conséquent de produire un développement social et économique, par des activités présentant un attrait de caractère religieux, en particulier dans des pays de tradition ibérique et des pays en voie de développement. Si, pour une part, ce concept révèle une certaine ambiguïté, d'autre part, les occasions de faire des affaires révèlent l'existence d'un champ ethnographique qui s'ouvre à l'investigation anthropologique. Mots clés : Tourisme religieux, affaires, concept, critique et champ ethnographique.

Tourism has grown so rapidly from the conventional form of tourism, to shifting to a more modern form. Even now has developed various types of alternative tourism products. In the era of internet of things, "SMART Destination" is a growing issue lately. This phenomenon is a response of how tourism stakeholders begin to anticipate the emergence of new market segments (tourists), or commonly known as the Z generation. Unfortunately their profile and behaviour has not been studied, especially in making decisions and travel. This study uses data collected through survey questionnaire using limited sample of 128 young generation in Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi). The data collected consists of various variables, including the profile of SMART Tourist (Z Generation born between 1995 and 2012), tourist behaviour based on Cohen's theory, and the Z-generation process in making decisions and traveling. The result of this research is that SMART tourist is a very comfortable generation and accustomed to virtual world, because they have been confronted with technology since they were born, such as internet, smartphone, streaming video and social media. They also take great advantage of technology in making decisions and travelling, beginning with the Initiation process, information search, assessment, final decision, during the trip, and after the trip. Based on Cohen's theory, the Z generation can be categorized as a type of Drifter and Explorer tourist. This research can be a reference for tourism stakeholders in preparing strategies to capture this potential segment in the future.

This paper reviews previous attempts to define nudist and naturist tourism, and elaborates detailed definitions through analyzing and discussing views of numerous natourist/nudist associations worldwide. Out of this process the term 'natourism' emerged which includes the notion of 'social nudity' as main reason for travelling as well as a wide variety of stereotypical ancillary to this reason activities. As a term 'natourism' was tested after exploring the motivations of 1508 natourists from all over the world. While initially this study through a literature review identified three general motivation groups of natourism, namely human motivations, motivations to travel and nudism/naturism motivations, factor analysis made it possible to identify additional factors of natourists' motivations which included naturalism and relaxation, sexuality, stereotypical travel motivations and personal and family motivations. Despite the limitations of the study, findings confirm the appropriateness of the term 'natourism' to establish parameters for further research.

Aims: This study aims to identify and analyze the characteristics of instagrammable attractions and selfie tourist behavior. Methodology: The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The survey was conducted by adopting a non-probability sampling technique involving 104 respondents. The distribution of questionnaires and observations were carried out for two weeks at the Lembang Floating Market. Results: The study found that most tourist attractions can be categorized as instagrammable attractions. While selfie tourists strongly consider the availability of unique and current attractions, for the purpose of documenting and sharing their experiences through photos or videos on their Instagram accounts. Therefore, this study concludes that instagrammable attraction has a positive

Faktor kehadiran pengunjung merupakan fokus utama kajian. Kajian ini bertumpu kepada para pelancong yang berkunjung ke Pameran Urang Sarawak di Muzium Seni, Sarawak. Sebanyak 350 set borang soal selidik telah diedarkan kepada responden di lokasi kajian. Penggunaan kaedah penyelidikan iaitu kaedah kuantitatif digunakan bagi mendapatkan hasil yang diiginkan melalui sumber yang sahih. Selain itu, faktor dalaman serta luaran merupakan faktor utama pengunjung hadir ke Pameran Urang Sarawak di Muzium Seni, Sarawak. Oleh itu, pengkaji mengharapkan kajian ini dapat membantu pengkaji akan datang untuk membuat kajian yang lebih terperinci berkaitan Muzium Seni Sarawak dengan lebih terperinci. Seterusnya, menurut (UNWTO, 2010) mendefinisi pelancongan adalah merupakan sebarang aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang dikenalpasti sebagai seorang pelancong ataupun pelawat. Selain itu, World Tourism Organization (WTO) menyatakan bahawa definisi pelancongan adalah merupakan salah satu aktiviti pengembaraan yang dilaksanakan oleh seseorang individu di sesebuah tempat iaitu individu tersebut keluar daripada tempat asalnya bagi tujuan bersantai dalam jangka masa tidak lebih daripada setahun. Menurut (Mathieson dan wall, 1982), pelancongan didefinisikan sebagai sebuah pergerakan yang sementara di luar kawasan yang berdekatan rumah kediaman dan tempat kerja, aktiviti yang dilakukan sepanjang serta kemudahan tempat tinggal dibuat bagi memenuhi keperluan pelancong.

The metropolitan area of Cluj-Napoca is the focal point of tourism in North Transylvania. This exploratory study examines the profile, motivation, visiting behaviours, and perceptions of tourists visiting the most important metropolitan area in the region, with its historical, core city, which holds the title of European Youth Capital in 2015 and aspires for European Capital of Culture in 2021. Based on surveys carried out in the spring and summer of 2014, the findings indicate that three types of tourism dominate the metropolitan Cluj-Napoca: cultural tourism, business tourism and VFR tourism. While the periphery is more attractive for mountain tourism and week-end recreation, the core emerges with a great diversity of events. Tourists were overall satisfied with their time spent on the destination. Furthermore, out of a number of tourist attractions only the ones located in Cluj-Napoca were familiar or even visited by most of the tourists, the rest were as if inexistent. Thus, findings indicate great distribution inequalities. The implications of the results on metropolitan development processes and strategies are also discussed.

In the web 2.0 era, social media play a critical role both in influencing tourists’ destination choices and in communicating their holiday experiences, and they have considerably changed the way in which tourists search for and collaboratively produce information regarding tourism suppliers and tourism destinations. The spontaneous information generated by tourists, usually called user generated content, creates opportunities for social scientists to trace people’s social activities and encounters on the Internet and through other technologically-mediated communications. In the social and digital environment, novel research methods to study how we think, feel and behave have been developed. One of these new methods is netnography, an adaptation of traditional ethnography. The aim of this paper is to explain, comment on and illustrate this technique with an example in the tourism field.In this study, it is argued that netonography, a naturalistic and unobtrusive methodology developed by Robert Kozinets, could play a critical role in enhancing our understanding of a) the rapidly changing tourist markets, b) growth of new markets, and c) culturally distinctive groups. This article introduces key methodological issues regarding netnography and reviews core advantages and disadvantages of this approach. It then outlines the practical steps to employ the method - entrée, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, and member checks. As a methodologically oriented article, this study begins with a review of netnography, including its background, its notable features, and its current application to a range of topics. To enhance our understanding of the approach, a new tourist market was studied. The specific market was that of the emerging “Gap Year” undertaken by China’s new generation. Specifically, this paper briefly reviews the context of the case - the emerging Chinese “Gap Year” phenomenon. It then employs netnographic analysis and examines two core questions about the Chinese gappers: (1) Who are they? and (2) What are their motivations to be involved in this new activity? The last section of this article discusses the insights about adopting netnography both derived from and beyond the case study. Issues arising from the case study for the application of netnography in tourism research were highlighted. They included the value of the detail inherent in the postings, the attendant ability to consider the material using conceptual schemes, the practicality of getting additional information, the need to fully address ethical concerns and the value of supplementary perspectives.In summary, this methodological article offers an example of the procedures of using netnography in a non-western culture within the tourism context. Insights from netnography for researchers and destination organizations are provided. Furthermore, a range of techniques to enhance the power of netnograhy at each stage are identified. The netnographic approach and its variations can be adopted in many areas of tourism studies and in multiple international contexts.

Unlike traditional forms of economic capital, human capital, or cultural capital (all of which relate to attributes of individuals), social capital is situated in the quality of relationships and is not easily quantifiable or measured (Mohan and Mohan 2002). Friendship and goodwill are examples of this. They are best created through face-to-face interactions and they become resources when “mobilized to facilitate action” (Adler and Kwon 2002). Tourism can be used to enhance social capital by bringing people together in face-to-face interactions that can, in properly structured circumstances, lead to mutually beneficial relationships. Belief in this aspect of tourism underlies support for sustainable tourism approaches and ecotourism product developments, as well as broader assertions of tourism as a force for intercultural understanding and global peace-making . Unfortunately, few tourist experiences actually achieve the goal of creating social capital, even if the capital is as amorphous as understanding and peace.

Purpose Adopting Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour theoretical framework, this paper aims to explore repurchase intentions among short-term rental users and changes in determinants of repurchase intention in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach Data for the research was collected via a cross-country quantitative survey (N = 1,433) in five European countries: Croatia, Italy, Spain, Turkey and the UK during 2020. Trust, perceived value, authenticity and perceived risk were incorporated into the structural equation model as part of an integrated analysis of antecedents of repurchase intention. Findings Perceived value and authenticity are the key drivers of a positive attitude to repurchase of short-term rentals even after the pandemic. The pandemic modified the role of perceived risk in determining attitude towards short-term rentals as perceived risks could negatively affect attitude and repurchase intention after COVID-19. Trust in the platform and the...

Understanding the movement of visitors contributes to appropriate management plans for visitor destinations. Determination of this movement is composed of not only the identification of the starting and end points together with the sequence of stops but the characterisation of the route pattern as well. The type of this pattern depends on the human apart from outer physical parameters and the available time thus it has a relationship with the behaviour and type of the tourist. Understanding and making use of these are important measures for organisations managing natural areas. Observation of visitors in natural areas is not possible in every environment while reducing the tread of certain popular sites can be made only with the help of such knowledge. This explains that literature describing different patterns analyse inter-destination relationships. In this paper the identification of the movement pattern of hikers in a mountainous study area is presented. Visitor flow analysis of a study area in Hungary (180 km 2 area of Central Börzsöny in Duna-Ipoly National Park) was performed on the basis of a questionnaire survey carried out with the help of volunteers. Based on the analysis of the obtained data the accurate description of the movement of both individual hikers and groups became possible. Mathematics based definition of hiking routes completed in mountainous areas is new to the available data in the literature. Patterns of one day routes were classified into 6 types and two types of hiking routes requiring several days were also identified. Different route types were observed at the different entrances of the destination. Such information helps the identification of visitor types at the starting points and the design of appropriate visitor management measures. Resumo Compreender o movimento dos visitantes contribui para desenvolver planos de gestão apropriados para os destinos. A determinação desse movimento é composta não apenas pela identificação dos pontos iniciais e finais, juntamente com a sequência de paragens, mas também pela caracterização do padrão de rota. O tipo desse padrão depende, do fator humano, além dos parâmetros físicos externos e do tempo disponível, tendo consequentemente uma relação com o comportamento e o tipo do turista. Compreender e fazer uso desses padrões são medidas importantes para as organizações que gerenciam áreas naturais. A observação de visitantes em áreas naturais não é possível em todos os ambientes, ao passo que a gestão de certos percursos pode ser feita apenas com a ajuda de tal conhecimento. Isso explica que a literatura que descreve diferentes padrões, analisa relacionamentos entre destinos. Neste trabalho é apresentada a identificação do padrão de movimento dos caminhantes numa área de estudo montanhosa. A análise do fluxo de visitantes de uma área de estudo na Hungria (área de 180 km2 do Börzsöny Central no Parque Nacional Duna-Ipoly) foi realizada com base num questionário realizado com a ajuda de voluntários. Baseada na análise dos dados obtidos, a descrição precisa do movimento de grupos de caminhantes e caminhantes individuais tornou-se possível. A definição baseada na matemática de rotas de caminhadas completadas em áreas montanhosas é nova para os dados disponíveis na literatura. Padrões de rotas de um dia foram classificados em 6 tipos e dois tipos de rotas de caminhada exigindo vários dias também foram identificados. Diferentes tipos de rotas foram observados nas diferentes entradas do destino. Tais informações ajudam na identificação de tipos de visitantes nos pontos de partida e no planeamento de medidas apropriadas de gestão de visitantes. Palavras-chave: Fluxo de visitantes, padrão de movimento turístico, comportamento, movimento espacial, modelo de itinerário.

Bu yazıda, Selçuk’taki Efes Müzesi’nde sergilen Efes Artemisi heykellerinin ziyaretçiler tarafından algılanma ve yorumlanma süreci, Umberto Eco’nun göstergebilime kazandırdığı “açık yapıt” kavramından hareketle çözümlenmektedir. Yazının ilk bölümünde “açık yapıt” kavramının belirttiği yorumlama süreci açıklanmakta ve müzeciliğin tarihindeki karşılığı araştırılmaktadır. Müzecilik uzmanlarının aralarında kurdukları gizemli ilişkiler yoluyla mekânsal ve zamansal bakımdan düzensiz gözüken nesnelerdeki düzeni açığa çıkardığını savladığı nadire kabinelerinden, nesnelere sergileme düzeni yoluyla fiziksel özelliklerindeki görülebilir ve tanımlanabilir benzerlik ve farklılıklara göre oluşturulmuş sınıflandırmalara dayalı ussal bir düzen dayatan Aydınlanma müzelerine geçiş, yazının ikinci bölümünde altı çizilen ana kırılmadır. Yazının üçüncü bölümünde Efes Artemisi heykellerinin Efes Müzesi’nde sergilendiği salonun en son üç düzenlemesi bu kırılmadan hareketle çözümlenerek, ziyaretçilere sundukları algılama ve yorumlama olanaklarının açıklığı Carol Duncan ve Allan Wallach’ın “müze ritüeli” ve “müze etkisi” kavramları ışığında dördüncü bölümde karşılaştırılmaktadır. Yazının sonuç bölümünde, bu karşılaştırma üzerinden, seçilmiş eserlerin bir mekân sırası içinde düzenlenmesi yoluyla ziyaretçi deneyimini yapılandıran karmaşık bir mimari olgu anlamında, mimari senaryosuna işlenen örtülü, daha geniş politik ve ideolojik amaçlara hizmet ettiği savlanan modern bir müze olarak Efes Müzesi Artemis Ephesia Salonu’nun ziyaretçilerinin algı ve yorum olanaklarını ne derece kısıtladığı, Eco’nun “açık yapıt” ve “aşırı-yorum” kavramları çerçevesinde tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Efes Artemisi, Efes Müzesi, açık yapıt, müze ritüeli, göstergebilim

Pantai Labombo sebagai objek wisata pantai menyimpan daya tarik yang cukup beragam. Kegiatan wisata pantai kategori rekreasi merupakan jenis kegiatan yang paling dominan di Pantai Labombo. Kegiatan rekreasi memanfaatkan sumberdaya pantai seperti pasir putih, hamparan pantai, pemandangan (view) dan perairan pantainya. Potensi wisata di Pantai Labombo sepenuhnya dikelola oleh Pemerintah Daerah, baik penyiapan pengelolaan kawasan yang alternatif dengan objek dan atraksi yang menarik, sehingga mempengaruhi minat/motivasi wisatawan yang berkunjung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan persepsi wisatawan mengenai Kawasan Pantai Labombo di Kota Palopo. Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan kepada wisatawan yang berkunjung di Kawasan Pantai Labombo sebanyak 30 orang menggunakan metode accidental sampling. Data yang dikumpulkan menggunakan kuisioner dan dianalisis melalui analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persepsi wisatawan tentang Pantai Labombo sangat baik dari segi fasilitas, kenyamanan, keamanan dan pemandangan alamnya. Menurut persepsi pengunjung mengenai Sarana transportasi menuju lokasi wisata Pantai Labombo masih kurang, terlihat dari 87% pengunjung mengatakan bahwa sarana trasportasinya kurang, dan sebanyak 13% pengunjung mengatakan cukup. Hal ini disebabkan minimnya transportasi umum ke lokasi wisata, walaupun terdapat transportasi umum seperti taxi pada umumnya biaya yang dikenakan mahal bagi pengunjung.

Understanding the tourist as a knowledge seeker is the basis for Knowledge Tourism. Humans are essentially curious beings, and tourism grew from such inquisitiveness. Though a human being lives within specified surroundings, his curiosity prompts him to transcend his habitat and know the places and people beyond his confinements. Such a quest leads one to take up an outward journey to quench the inner thirst for knowledge.

Rapid development on Information Communication Technology and high popularity of social media use are affecting tourism. Tourist behaviour on before, during and after traveling are now change following this phenomena. Hence, this situation lead to the rise of a new breed of traveler called social traveler, which is traveler that actively using social media for all aspects of their tourist behaviour.
This research objective is to identify destination choice based on what traveler posted on their social media, and determine it’s pattern using Plog’s tourist psychographic.
Using descriptive qualitative method, this research collect data through monitoring posting on 1738 Facebook account during the peak season of 2013 year end holiday. From each posting being watched, variable to monitor are status which mentioned destination name, and photo or picture being upload by Facebook owner.

This article tries to find out the impacts of COVID-19 on Tourism Industry in Bangladesh and created some recovery plans for reducing those destructive impacts. This study is taken out based on the secondary data sources, various literature, newspapers, organizational and government publications, website materials and other sources are used to find out and complete the analysis. COVID-19 has created a concern around the globe. Bangladesh has already started to face its terrible look. The economy of Bangladesh is really sunk and like other industries tourism industry is facing most terrible situation ever before. As the number of COVID-19 positive cases rising day by day, government bound to take this hard decision give lockdown all over the country. All international flights have been cancelled and stopped up for long days; accommodation business (hotels, motels, resort owners) already started to face a numerous loss. Small hotels, motels, restaurants travel agencies already closed their businesses; thousands of people working in tourism industry are now jobless. Already government of Bangladesh proposed different special packages for recovery and confirming sustainability of different sector. Tourism industry also needs to offer various stimulus and discount packages for attracting domestic tourist which will help to recover the losses. This study also presents the real scenario of tourism industry during COVID-19 pandemic which will help to know the update knowledge about the impacts of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality industry and to take proper recovery.

Consumers’ ecological awareness is a new trend in tourism demand and as such it has a certain influence on the decision-making process related to tourism. Due to the very competitive nature of the tourism market, tourists’ ecological awareness may be used for the development of an appropriate marketing strategy in tourism, so a better understanding of tourists’ ecological awareness is a prerequisite. The purpose of this paper is to examine the environmental attitudes of tourists measured by the new environmental paradigm. The aims of this paper are twofold: to examine the dimensionality of the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale and to determine the differences among responders based on their environmental attitudes regarding their sociodemographic and travel characteristics. The multidimensionality of the NEP scale was tested using principal components analysis while internal reliability was determined by computing Cronbach's alpha. Differences among groups were tested using chi square test and one way ANOVA. Data was collected from July to September 2010 as part of a research on tourists’ attitudes related to the importance of environmental preservation on a sample of tourists staying in seven seaside tourist resorts in the Istria County. Multidimensionality of the NEP scale was determined, but internal reliability of the sub-scales was rather low, suggesting that usage of the NEP scale as a composite measure is more appropriate. Differences between three groups of responders based on their environmental attitudes were determined concerning country of origin, income, value for money feeling, overall satisfaction with the travel and possibility of recommending tourist destination to family/friends.

It is possible to state that touristic activities with the aspects of leading people to self-communication (Wang, 1999), self-identity (Desforges, 2000) and so forth, harbour a noticeable potential for individuals to acquire self-related information in an ambiguous socio-cultural space. Examining and widening both this specific point and the psychology related side of the touristic experiences by research and laying emphasis on it within their operations by tourism practitioners are thought to be holistically beneficial.

Since mid 20th century, the world tourism has been through rapid change and innovation. Leisure-time assessment method and the expectations of today’s tourist vary, as his education and awareness level increases particularly in the Information Society. In this study, the developments in the world tourism industry and tourist profiles, incoming tourism of Turkey, travelling objectives and preference reasons of foreigners towards our country, some information about incoming visitors to Turkey coming to the years 2000s, while the world tourism experienced significant improvements, are given based on statistical data published by the institutions. Also in this study, the importance of maintenance of these types of statistics is highlighted, and necessity of effective usage of these data in evaluation in Turkish tourism development strategies is expressed.
Keywords: The 2000s, Information Society, Turkish Tourism, Tourist Profile, Tourism Policy.

Asia’s market share in global tourism has increased dramatically over the last few decades. In countries like China, India, and South Korea, the emergence of a rising Asian middle class that can afford to travel is quickly turning the region into one of the most attractive tourist markets. As a result, Asian tourism hot spots, like destinations elsewhere in the world, are competing to obtain their piece of the lucrative Asian tourist pie. Singapore, Hong Kong, and Thailand are already strongly positioned; China is the fastest rising star; and competition is high in Malaysia, Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos), South Korea, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Here, by way of an ethnographic case study, I examine how tourism in Yogyakarta (commonly referred to as Jogja), Indonesia, has been opening up to Asian tourists and how local tour guides have adapted their practices, originally oriented toward Western tourists, to fit what they perceive to be the interests and expectations of Asian clients. The research described here was part of a larger multisited study of guiding discourses and practices.

Sökmen, S. & Yolal, M. (2022). Tourist-to-Tourist Interaction (TTI): A Social Distance Perspective. Routledge Handbook of Social Psychology of Tourism (Eds: D. Gursoy & S. Çelik). Routledge , ss. 216-227.

The basis of tourism is the interactions of tourist-local community, tourist-service personnel, and tourist-tourist. A critical issue for the tourism literature is to understand the effects of these encounters. Social psychology, which draws attention to the social context of the encounters in question and the social factors affecting them, is a discipline that has been applied in the field of tourism since the 1980s. The concept of social distance, which was put forward by Robert Park in sociology and developed by Emory Bogardus, is of great importance in understanding the attitude changes of tourists within the scope of social psychology.

The concept of social distance is the perceived affinity and mutual sympathy between different groups and describes the extent to which these groups are willing to interact with each other. Most of the pioneering studies were used social distancing to understand the interaction between the local community and tourists. Fundamentally, tourist-tourist interaction has always been the subject of less study than local community-tourist interaction. However, it is seen that tourist-tourist interaction (TTI) is the subject of studies in areas such as cruising, backpacking, group tours, and festivals. This chapter aims to explain tourists’ encounters with tourists from a social psychological perspective and explain the possible positive-negative effects of the mentioned encounters on the social distance between tourists.

This study presents the interacting phenomena of perceptions of tourist destination online content (TDOC) and tourists' behavioral intentions with a mediating role of tourists' satisfaction, which is as yet under-explored in hospitality and tourism research. A model based on three main constructs, namely TDOC (with sub-constructs of online information quality and user-friendly accessibility), satisfaction, and tourists' behavioral intentions [with sub-constructs of intentions to visit a tourist destination and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM)], is presented to determine the growth of tourism business with the internet. Data were collected via a questionnaire-based survey from 413 tourists staying at hotels in Lahore city in Pakistan. Partial least square structural equation modeling was used to statistically analyze the gathered data. The findings indicate that tourists' perceptions of TDOC directly influence their behavioral intentions, while tourists' satisfaction exerts a mediating influence between tourists' perceptions of TDOC and their behavioral intentions. Taking advantage of an economical and widespread online environment, destination marketing organizations could attract more tourists by fostering confidence in TDOC and positive eWOM to remain competitive in the long run. Important theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The increasing power of customers brings more pressure for the tour companies to win and keep customers. The best solution is to understand customer needs and behaviour. A Customer-centric approach through its two basic parts; customer preferences management and customer-business alignments is predicted on successful understanding and management of customer preferences. However, there is no credible information on the effectiveness of this approach, especially in the East African tourist market. This study examined effectiveness of the approach in understanding tourist behaviour. It specifically assessed influence of customer preferences management and customer-business alignment on tourist behaviour. Out of 446 tour companies licensed in 2018 in Arusha, Tanzania, 210 were randomly selected and studied. Key respondents were sales/marketing managers purposively selected from the samples. The study adopted a positivist approach with both descriptive and explanatory research designs that involved quantitative methods where a semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis and multiple regression for hypothesis testing. A customer-centric approach was found to be positively correlated with tourist behaviour (r = 0.98, p < 0.01) through customer preferences management on tourist insight items (r = 0.33, p < 0.01) and Customer-business alignment with tourist satisfaction internally (r = 0.46, p < 0.00) and externally (r = 0.32, p < 0.01). Therefore, A customer-centric approach is significantly effective in understanding tourist behaviour. This study recommends automation of tour operators' business practices focusing on understanding and addressing new tourist expectations.

This study aims to determine the characteristics and preferences of tourists who visit the priority destination Labuan Bajo. A quantitative approach research by Cross tabulation analysis is used to analyze the Primary data obtained from the survey of 240 tourists: 175 foreign tourists and 65 domestics. It is written based on the results of the research done by the student of Tourist Destination Study Program, of STP Nusa Dua Bali. The result shows that tourists' characteristics in geographic aspect is dominated by European, thereafter from the demographic aspect they are dominated by tourist in the age of 26-35 years old and mostly they are undergraduate tourist (bachelor level). From the Psychographic aspect shows that their length of stay are 4-5 days and their expenditure are about >Rp.8.000.000. Although the icon of the destination is Komodo Dragon animal, but surprisingly the result shows that their favorite attraction and activity are not dominated by Komodo Island and to see the komodo, but dominated by the attraction of Padar Island, with diving/snorkeling and hiking/trekking around diving spot in Komodo national park as their major favorite activity during their stay in Labuan Bajo.

This study aims to reveal the level of international tourists&#39; intention to use mobile tourist guidebook and investigates the perception on intention to use mobile tourist guidebook. The proposed model is developed based on technology acceptance model and extended model with perceived compatibility, perceived trialability, and perceived mobility. The study employs convenience sampling technique to collect data from international tourists using questionnaire at Suvarnabhumi Airport in Thailand. The SmartPLS software is employed to analyze the proposed model in terms of validity, reliability, and path coefficients. The results reveal the high level of international intention to use mobile tourist guidebook. In addition, the results reports perceived ease-of-use, perceived compatibility and perceived mobility are the factors of international tourists&#39; intention to use mobile tourist guidebook in both self-managed tour group and package tour group. The perception of trialability...

The purpose of this article is to analyse the perception of value and price fairness of the tourists relative to the purchase of a hotel room in the city of Rio de Janeiro based on the comments of the site TripAdvisor. Other intent is to discuss how the framing effect can impact in these perceptions. The results have potential implications for Hotels planning and management, and long-range research for consumer behaviour in tourism and hospitality as well, as for theory. To reach the objectives of the work a review of the literature was made on the subject of perceived value and perception of price fairness, in addition to framing effect, all applied to hotels. From the SCOPUS and Web of Science search databases this work used the most cited articles. Then a qualitative descriptive survey with 374 TripAdvisor reviews of a luxury hotel in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro from October 2016 to July 2017. The tools used for this research was SPSS and Nvivo software. The result indicates a good perception of value and price by the tourists.

This study aims to generate future research directions by discovering how self-congruity theory has been applied in tourism research so far. The systematic literature review method was employed and 53 articles applying selfcongruity theory published in 20 top-tier tourism journals between 1992-2019 were content analysed. Findings revealed that the most prominent journal in publishing self-congruity research was the Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, most of the relevant articles followed a quantitative research design and utilized the new method of measuring self-congruity which obviates the discrepancy scores problem of the traditional method by measuring self-congruity directly, actual self-congruity was the most considered self-congruity dimension and the theory was investigated mostly with regards to destinations. Future directions for self-congruity researchers were generated according to these parameters.

Tourists show a growing sensitiveness towards sustainability. However, several studies reveal a significant inconsistency between tourists' attitude and their actual behaviour at destination. This seems to be linked to the fact that tourism demand is studied mainly on the basis of intentions rather than on the real experience the tourists live during their holiday. This can bring to over evaluate the demand for sustainable experiences and so to mistakes in estimating demand for a sustainable tourist product, or planning the destination development. Discussing the main findings of a research about tourism in two Italian Natural Parks, the paper aims at showing the effectiveness of an approach that doesn't consider the " experience " as a way to add value to a product, but as the tourist product itself. This approach, focussing on actual behaviour and activities, allows to better identify tourism segments and assess which role sustainability plays in tourists' experience.

Agent-based models (ABMs) are becoming more relevant in social simulation due to the potential to model complex phenomena that emerge from individual interactions. In tourism research, complexity is a subject of growing interest and researchers start to analyse the tourism system as a complex phenomenon. However, there is little application of ABMs as a tool to explore and predict tourism patterns. The purpose of the paper is to develop an ABM that increases knowledge in tourism research by (i) considering the complexity of tourism phenomenon, (ii) providing tools to explore the complex relations between system components and (iii) giving insights on the functioning of the system and the tourist decision-making process. A theoretical ABM is developed to improve knowledge on tourist decision-making in the selection of a destination to vacation. Tourists' behaviour, such as individual motivation, and social network influence in the vacation decision-making process are hereby discussed.

Dr David Bowen is field chair of tourism man-agement at Oxford Brookes University. His inter-est in tourism is wide-ranging, but his research focuses on tourist satisfaction and tourism re-search methods. ... Dr Jackie Clarke is a senior lecturer in marketing and tourism at ...