Herbaria

Citation: Barkworth ME, Murrell ZE (2012) The US Virtual Herbarium: working with individual herbaria to build a national resource. In: Blagoderov V, Smith VS (Ed) No specimen left behind: mass digitization of natural history collections. ZooKeys 209: 55-73.

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

The conservation of traditional medicinal knowledge opens the door towards modern aspects of herbal drug
discovery. It was started from knowledge exchange through ethnic groups by oral tradition and then in the
documented form. Herbaria conserving identified and authenticated plants for future correspondence play an
important role in this regard. In presenting review, authors have declared different auxiliary aspects of herbaria
for phytomedicinal research.

The Herbarium of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland (KRA) has extensive
collections. The Pinaceae family in KRA embraces 1,057 herbarium sheets and contains
representatives of eight out of 11 genera usually distinguished in the family. The collection
of the family in KRA contains ca. 54–61% of the 220–250 species occurring
in the world. The most numerous species (116 sheets) is Pinus sylvestris. There is
one isoneotypus of Larix decidua Mill var. carpatica Domin (KRA 224704) and one
syntypus of Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. (KRA 224989) in the collection. There are
706 sheets from Europe, 504 of them come from areas covered by the contemporary
borders of Poland, 206 from North America, 98 from Asia, two from Africa, and one
from Australia. The herbal material of the family deposited in KRA was collected in
the past 200 years. The oldest specimen was collected in 1821. There are 65 sheets
which date from the nineteenth century, 56 from the years 1900 to 1918, 173 from
1919 to 1939, 532 from 1944 to 2000, and 139 sheets from the twenty-first century.
The most interesting collections include: the exsiccata from the nineteenth century,
sheets from China (1925–1926), sheets collected by various Russian expeditions to
Siberia, the collection of Professors Jan Kornaś and Anna Medwecka-Kornaś from
North America, and collections documenting the scientific activity of the “Kraków
geobotanical school” in the twentieth century.

White-sand forests are thought to host many ectomycorrhizal fungi, as demonstrated by the numerous fruiting body collections made by Rolf Singer in the lower Rio Negro in the late 1970s. Despite recognition of the importance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in white-sand forests, there has not yet been a systematic examination of diversity and taxonomic composition across white-sand forests, or more widely across lowland Amazonian forests. In an effort to broaden our view of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity and distribution on white-sand forests, we collected ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies in 10 plots of white-sand forests in Brazil and French Guiana between 2012 and 2014. We collected 221 specimens and 62 morphospecies, from the 10 plots, confirming that all studied white-sand forests host ectomycorrhizal fungi. Additionally, we searched for taxa associated with white sands among specimens deposited in Brazilian herbaria. We report 1006 unique ectomycorrhizal specimen records in 18 Brazilian herbaria, of which 137 specimens and 64 species are reported from white-sand forests, mainly in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Russulaceae and Amanitaceae were frequent in all habitats, and Cortinarius were more frequent on white sands. Our results highlight the high diversity and heterogeneity of ectomycorrhizal communities on white-sand forests, and the wide distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi throughout Brazil, irrespective of soil type.

The New York Botanical Garden occupies 100 hectares (250 acres) in the north central portion of Bronx County, New York. The property is a public garden with the majority of the grounds under cultivation. The Thain Family Forest, margins of the Bronx River, rock outcrops and areas of undeveloped landscape are important refugia for spontaneous plants, both native and non-native. We compiled data from historic lists of spontaneously occurring species, conducted original field work and searched the William and Lynda Steere Herbarium to determine the historic and extant spontaneous vascular plant flora of the Garden from 1899 to 2015. This is the first published inventory of the wild flora since 1899. The historic and extant flora comprises 695 species and infraspecies in 363 genera and 121 families. The extant flora comprises 429 species and infraspecies in 263 genera and 108 families. A total of 264 (62%) of the extant species and infraspecies are native and 165 (38%) are not native. All species are vouchered by herbarium specimens collected between 1881 and 2015. All herbarium vouchers are databased, imaged and available online. Forty-six species and infraspecies are new Bronx County records. Among the rare extant species and infraspecies on the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Active Inventory List are three critically imperiled (S1) and two imperiled (S2) taxa, and Carex aggregata that was thought to be historical (SH, no existing sites known) in New York State, but was found in 2009 on the grounds. The number of extant rare species and infraspecies, the total number of extant taxa and the percentage of native verus non-native species strongly supports the conclusion that The New York Botanical Garden is an important and significant refugium or hotspot for local biodiversity.

Ninety eight type specimens collected by Sebastián Vidal in the Philippines, and kept at the Real Jardín Botánico Herbarium, Madrid (MA), are compiled. Most of these specimens are types of Vidal's names. Only a few are names of other authors (Hoogland, Merrill, and Rolfe). A list of specimens, as well as the indicatio locotypica and number in MA, is presented.

Natural history collections offer unique physical and virtual opportunities for formal and informal progressive learning. Collections are unique data in that they each represent a biological record at a single place and time that cannot be obtained by any other method. Collections-based experiences lead to an increased understanding of and substantive interaction with the living world. Global biological diversity and changes in that diversity are directly tracked through specimens in collections, regardless of whether changes are ancient or recent. We discuss how collections, specimens, and the data associated with them, can be critical components linking nature and scientific inquiry. Specimens are the basic tools for educating students and interested citizens through direct or virtual contact with the diversity of collections. Such interactions include instruction in a formal classroom setting, volunteering to gather and curate collections, and informal presentations at coffee shops. We emphasize how the recent surge in specimen-based digitization initiatives has resulted in unprecedented access to a wealth of biodiversity information and how this availability vastly expands the reach of natural history collections. The emergence of online databases enables scientists and the public to utilize the specimens and associated data contained in natural history collections to address global, regional, and local issues related to biodiversity in a way that was unachievable a decade ago.

Wound can be said to be an injury to living tissue caused by a cut, blow, or other impact, typically one in which the skin is cut or broken, and which is usually followed by bleeding. A wound may be slight or severe depending on the cut, blow or other impact on the skin. If not treated on time and in the correct manner, such wounds can give rise to serious infections, even if the wound has been minor to begin with. Although minor wounds can be easily treated, deeper wounds need more careful medical attention and medicines, which are generally not available to the rural population of Bangladesh. Because of the absence of allopathic doctors and modern clinical facilities in rural areas coupled with the sometimes high cost of treatment of especially severe wounds, rural people of Bangladesh depend on folk medicinal practitioners who in general treat wound with medicinal plants. The present paper reports therapeutic uses of medicinal plants for wound healing by the folk medicinal practitioners of several rural areas in Bangladesh. A total of 29 plant species belonging to 18 families are identified which are being used by the folk medicinal practitioners of the various study areas. The study areas comprised of twelve randomly selected villages in six different districts of Bangladesh, the districts being Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur and Sylhet. A total of 27 folk medicinal practitioners were interviewed in these twelve villages to obtain the ethnomedicinal data using semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. The present study can form a basis through which local pharmaceutical (especially herbal) industries can screen these plant species and come out with useful medicines for treatment of wounds.

Tekst jest próbą krytyczno-afirmatywnego spojrzenia na zielniki i ich twórców. Historyczne powiązania zielników z praktykami związanymi z przemocą i ekonomicznie ukierunkowanym traktowaniem roślin, w tym z kolonializmem, zostaje zestawione z koncepcjami wytwarzania tożsamości powiązanymi z umiłowaniem miejsca. Autorka przedstawia sylwetki księdza Władysława Michała Zaleskiego oraz Elizy Orzeszkowej w perspektywie tworzonych przez nich przez lata albumów botanicznych. Zaprezentowana w tekście refleksja dotycząca zielników i ich twórców osadza praktykę tworzenia kolekcji botanicznych w kontekście współczesnych problemów związanych z degradacją środowiska przyrodniczego, wskazując, że utracona przez hobbystycznie tworzone zielniki wartość w obrębie wytwarzania wiedzy naukowej staje się jednocześnie okazją do stworzenia więzi ze środowiskiem przyrodniczym.

Background and Aims Paper mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae) is a dioecious species native to continental South-east Asia and East Asia, including Taiwan, that was introduced to the Pacific by pre-historic voyagers and transported intentionally and propagated asexually across the full range of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to East Polynesia. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the dispersal of paper mulberry into Oceania through the genetic analysis of herbaria samples which represent a more complete coverage of the historical geographical range of the species in the Pacific before later introductions and local extinctions occurred. Methods DNA from 47 herbarium specimens of B. papyrifera collected from 1882 to 2006 from different islands of the Pacific was obtained under ancient DNA protocols. Genetic characterization was based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS-1 sequence, a sex marker, the chloroplast ndhF–rpl32 inter...

Herbarium specimens are underexploited sources of plant use information for conservation purposes. We assessed a total of 4717 specimens representing 293 species deposited at the National Herbarium of Ethiopia, belonging to families Rubiaceae (2505 specimens representing 109 species), Solanaceae (894/69), Cucurbitaceae (743/66) and Burseraceae (575/49) for information documenting their use. In addition, relevant volumes of Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea were examined for recorded traditional uses. Data were analysed to identify specimen and flora representations of locally useful species so as to detect anthropogenic influences against them. It was found that 34.5% (101 species) had documented ethnobotanical uses. About 10% (29 species) were found represented each with only single specimen, hence hardly possible to detect their conservation status. The presence of limited plant use information calls for an effort for future plant collections, label preparations and flora revisions. Moreover, prior attention has to be given for documentation and conservation of red listed endemic species that have traditional use reports.

Epiphytes play an important role in the flora and ecology of the tropical regions. Most floristic studies within the state of Minas Gerais focus on terrestrial, woody plant diversity, but this is a different approach, looking at epiphytic angiosperms in three highland areas in Southeastern Minas Gerais, namely Mata do Baú (MB), Reserva Biológica da Represa do Grama (RBRG) and Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca (PEI). Regular collections were performed in these sites between 1999 and 2007, complemented by herbarium records for PEI, and 181 species of epiphytic angiosperms were recorded in 66 genera, within 12 families. Orchidaceae, with 89 species, was by far the largest, and the most species rich genera were Peperomia (Piperaceae) and Pleurothallis s.l. (Orchidaceae), with 12 species each. Similarity analysis has shown a closer relationship between MB and RBRG, both composed by seasonal semideciduous forest, however, Jaccard (0.163) index are low. A similarity analysis including other 21 areas of southeastern and southern Brazil revealed strong influence of sazonality, vegetation type and altitude in the composition of the epiphytic flora, and a relative independence regarding the geographic proximity of the areas sampled. From the conservation standpoint, 30 species recorded for this work appear in the red list for the state of Minas Gerais, under different conservation categories. The low similarity indices obtained between the studied areas underline the importance of the conservation of each one of the remaining forest fragments in Minas

We here describe and illustrate the new species Solanum humboldtianum Granados-Tochoy & S. Knapp and evaluate its conservation status. The species can be categorized as endangered (EN) and is threatened by urban and agricultural expansion and deforestation and is the first Colombian species of Solanum to receive this status. Solanum humboldtianum was first collected by the great naturalists Alexander von Humboldt and Aimée Bonpland in the early part of the 19 th century, but the specimens have lain unrecognised in herbaria for over 200 years. We document phenology, distribution and other ecological data for the species, and discuss the importance of the unification of herbarium work and in-depth field study of rare taxa such as this. We also discuss the relevance of older collections to the study of biodiversity and conservation today.

Abstract
(Representativeness of the herbarium data basis of the pteridoflora of the State
of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and new distribution records). To evaluate the
representativeness of the fern and lycophyte collections in the major herbaria in
the State of Rio Grande do Sul, a group of genera with a wide range of
adaptations and consequent broad tolerance to the diverse conditions found in
the different physiographic regions was select. Plotting the species localities of
the genera Anemia Sw. (Anemiaceae), Asplenium L. (Aspleniacae), Adiantopsis
Fée, L. Adiantum L., Cheilanthes Sw., Doryopteris J.Sm. (Pteridaceae),
Blechnum L. (Blechnaceae) and Selaginella P. Beauv. (Selaginellaceae) on a
half degree grid map, several areas without samples or with only a few records
became evident. A sampling effort over four years added more than 2,000
collections of ferns and lycophytes from areas with deficient sampling, so that
95% of the squares have records of the selected genera, in addition to a better
representation of other families and genera. This increased the reliability of the
available data for species distribution analysis, habitat correlations and
modeling studies. The collections include first records of 22 species in different
physiographic regions of the state.
Key words: Polypodiopsida, Lycopodiopsida, diversity, distribution,
pteridophytes.

This article sets out to throw light on the intellectual and scientific activities of a group of Spanish humanists associated with the diplomat, aristocrat, and writer Diego Hurtado de Mendoza in the course of his fifteen years in Venice, Trent, and Rome, focusing on two aspects that have been neglected to date. These are (a) the integration of practices connected with the study of nature (herborizing expeditions and the production of herbaria) with the work of collating, translating, and commenting on classical texts dealing with natural history and materia medica; and (b) the insertion of these scientific activities in Italy by the Spanish subjects of the Emperor Charles V within the broader context of a specific cultural policy. This policy would later be fleshed out in the scientific project of the Spanish Crown under Philip II, inseparable as it was from the monarch’s political and religious policy.

Переводчики и переводы в России конца XVI-начала XVIII столетия [Текст] : материалы междунар. науч. конф. / Инс титут российской истории Российской академии наук .-Вып. 2.-М., Ин-т российской истории РАН , 2021 .-328 с. ISBN 978-5-8055-400-7 В издании публикуются материалы, подготовленные к научной конференции, которая проходила 29-30 сентября 2021 г. в Москве. В работах подняты проблемы перевода иностранных текстов в России конца XVI-начала XVIII столетия, вопросы отражения личности переводчиков в различных типах источников, исследованы методы их работы, реконструированы биографии. Книга предназначена историкам, студентам исторических специальностей и всем интересующимся историей России.

Paper mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae) is a dioecious species native to continental South-east Asia and East Asia, including Taiwan, that was introduced to the Pacific by pre-historic voyagers and transported intentionally and propagated asexually across the full range of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to East Polynesia. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the dispersal of paper mulberry into Oceania through the genetic analysis of herbaria samples which represent a more complete coverage of the historical geographical range of the species in the Pacific before later introductions and local extinctions occurred. DNA from 47 herbarium specimens of B. papyrifera collected from 1882 to 2006 from different islands of the Pacific was obtained under ancient DNA protocols. Genetic characterization was based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS-1 sequence, a sex marker, the chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 intergenic spacer and a set o...

Representativeness of the herbarium data basis of the pteridoflora of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and new distribution records). To evaluate the representativeness of the fern and lycophyte collections in the major herbaria in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, a group of genera with a wide range of adaptations and consequent broad tolerance to the diverse conditions found in the different physiographic regions was select. Plotting the species localities of the genera Anemia Sw. (Anemiaceae), Asplenium L. (Aspleniacae), Adiantopsis Fée, L. Adiantum L., Cheilanthes Sw., Doryopteris J.Sm. (Pteridaceae), Blechnum L. (Blechnaceae) and Selaginella P. Beauv.

Paper mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae) is a dioecious species native to continental South-east Asia and East Asia, including Taiwan, that was introduced to the Pacific by pre-historic voyagers and transported intentionally and propagated asexually across the full range of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to East Polynesia. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the dispersal of paper mulberry into Oceania through the genetic analysis of herbaria samples which represent a more complete coverage of the historical geographical range of the species in the Pacific before later introductions and local extinctions occurred. DNA from 47 herbarium specimens of B. papyrifera collected from 1882 to 2006 from different islands of the Pacific was obtained under ancient DNA protocols. Genetic characterization was based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS-1 sequence, a sex marker, the chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 intergenic spacer and a set o...

Even when no baseline data are available, the impacts of 150 years of livestock grazing on natural grasslands can be assessed using a combined approach of grazing manipulation and regional-scale assessment of the flora. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of this method across 18 sites in the semidesert Mitchell grasslands of northeastern Australia. Fifteen-year-old exclosures (ungrazed and macropod grazed) revealed that the dominant perennial grasses in the genus Astrebla do not respond negatively to grazing disturbance typical of commercial pastoralism. Neutral, positive, intermediate, and negative responses to grazing disturbance were recorded amongst plant species with no single life-form group associated with any response type. Only one exotic species, Cenchrus ciliaris, was recorded at low frequency. The strongest negative response was from a native annual grass, Chionachne hubbardiana, an example of a species that is highly sensitive to grazing disturbance. Herbarium records revealed only scant evidence that species with a negative response to grazing have declined through the period of commercial pastoralism. A regional analysis identified 14 from a total of 433 plant species in the regional flora that may be rare and potentially threatened by grazing disturbance. However, a targeted survey precluded grazing as a cause of decline for seven of these based on low palatability and positive responses to grazing and other disturbance. Our findings suggest that livestock grazing of semidesert grasslands with a short evolutionary history of ungulate grazing has altered plant composition, but has not caused declines in the dominant perennial grasses or in species richness as predicted by the preceding literature. The biggest impact of commercial pastoralism is the spread of woody leguminous trees that can transform grassland to thorny shrubland. The conservation of plant biodiversity is largely compatible with commercial pastoralism provided these woody weeds are controlled, but reserves strategically positioned within water remote areas are necessary to protect grazing-sensitive species. This study demonstrates that a combination of experimental studies and regional surveys can be used to understand anthropogenic impacts on natural ecosystems where reference habitat is not available.

The study of cultivated plants from markets places can reveal interesting information on the interactions and relationships between people and plants. Despite this, cultivated plants are often overlooked and not vouchered in ethnobotanical studies. This article was written for Ethnobotany Research and Applications to reaffirm and to reach a wider audience of colleagues, via an electronic journal, the importance and proper conventions for the collection, maintenance, and use of voucher specimens, particularly for cultivated plants. A case study with Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook. f. is presented to help illustrate these points. journal électronique, l'importance et les conventions correctes pour la collecte, l'entretien, et l'usage de spécimens de certificat, particulièrement pour les plantes cultivé. Une étude de cas avec Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook. f. est présentée pour aider illustre ces points.

A practical reflection about the importance of the review of data in the digital repositories of plant biodiversity. This note exemplifies the importance of the critical review of data stored in digital repositories of plant biodiversity with a constructive spirit, claiming the role of botanists as a specific and complementary guarantee to the use of computational filters. This reflection is illustrated based on the material review of the Mediterranean species Malope trifida Cav. (Malvaceae) herborized in 1910 in Almuñécar (Granada, SE Spain), which had been erroneously georeferenced in a neighborhood of the city of Quito (Ecuador, South America). Keywords: chorology; Mediterranean flora; herbaria; bioinformatics; data quality; Malope trifida; GBIF

There has been mounting interest in the use of museum and herbaria collections to assess biodiversity; information is often difficult to locate and access, however, and few recommendations are available for effectively using natural history collections. As part of an effort to inventory vertebrates and vascular plants in U.S. national parks, we searched manually and by computer for specimens originating within or adjacent to 14 parks throughout the northeastern United States. We compared the number of specimens located to collection size to determine whether there was any effect on detection rate of specimens. We evaluated the importance of park characteristics (e.g., age since establishment, size, theme [natural vs. cultural]) for influencing the number of specimens found in a collection. We located >31,000 specimens and compiled associated records (hereafter referred to as specimens) from 78 collections; >9000 specimens were park-significant, originating either within park boundaries or in the local township where the park was located. We found >2000 specimens by means of manual searches, which cost $0.001-0.15 per specimen searched and $0.81-151.95 per specimen found. Collection effort appeared relatively uniform between 1890 and 1980, with low periods corresponding to significant sociopolitical events. Detection rates for specimens were inversely related to collection size. Although specimens were most often located in collections within the region of interest, specimens can be found anywhere, particularly in large collections international in scope, suggesting that global searches will be necessary to evaluate historical biodiversity. Park characteristics indicated that more collecting effort occurred within or adjacent to larger parks established for natural resources than in smaller historical sites. Because many institutions have not yet established electronic databases for collections, manual searches can be useful for retrieving specimens. Our results show that thorough, systematic searching of natural history collections for park-significant specimens can provide a historical perspective on biodiversity for park managers.

There has been mounting interest in the use of museum and herbaria collections to assess biodiversity; information is often difficult to locate and access, however, and few recommendations are available for effectively using natural history collections. As part of an effort to inventory vertebrates and vascular plants in U.S. national parks, we searched manually and by computer for specimens originating within or adjacent to 14 parks throughout the northeastern United States. We compared the number of specimens located to collection size to determine whether there was any effect on detection rate of specimens. We evaluated the importance of park characteristics (e.g., age since establishment, size, theme [natural vs. cultural]) for influencing the number of specimens found in a collection. We located >31,000 specimens and compiled associated records (hereafter referred to as specimens) from 78 collections; >9000 specimens were park-significant, originating either within park boundaries or in the local township where the park was located. We found >2000 specimens by means of manual searches, which cost $0.001-0.15 per specimen searched and $0.81-151.95 per specimen found. Collection effort appeared relatively uniform between 1890 and 1980, with low periods corresponding to significant sociopolitical events. Detection rates for specimens were inversely related to collection size. Although specimens were most often located in collections within the region of interest, specimens can be found anywhere, particularly in large collections international in scope, suggesting that global searches will be necessary to evaluate historical biodiversity. Park characteristics indicated that more collecting effort occurred within or adjacent to larger parks established for natural resources than in smaller historical sites. Because many institutions have not yet established electronic databases for collections, manual searches can be useful for retrieving specimens. Our results show that thorough, systematic searching of natural history collections for park-significant specimens can provide a historical perspective on biodiversity for park managers.

Paper mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae) is a dioecious species native to continental South-east Asia and East Asia, including Taiwan, that was introduced to the Pacific by pre-historic voyagers and transported intentionally and propagated asexually across the full range of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to East Polynesia. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the dispersal of paper mulberry into Oceania through the genetic analysis of herbaria samples which represent a more complete coverage of the historical geographical range of the species in the Pacific before later introductions and local extinctions occurred. DNA from 47 herbarium specimens of B. papyrifera collected from 1882 to 2006 from different islands of the Pacific was obtained under ancient DNA protocols. Genetic characterization was based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS-1 sequence, a sex marker, the chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 intergenic spacer and a set o...

The New York Botanical Garden occupies 100 hectares (250 acres) in the north central portion of Bronx County, New York. The property is a public garden with the majority of the grounds under cultivation. The Thain Family Forest, margins of the Bronx River, rock outcrops and areas of undeveloped landscape are important refugia for spontaneous plants, both native and non-native. We compiled data from historic lists of spontaneously occurring species, conducted original field work and searched the William and Lynda Steere Herbarium to determine the historic and extant spontaneous vascular plant flora of the Garden from 1899 to 2015. This is the first published inventory of the wild flora since 1899. The historic and extant flora comprises 695 species and infraspecies in 363 genera and 121 families. The extant flora comprises 429 species and infraspecies in 263 genera and 108 families. A total of 264 (62%) of the extant species and infraspecies are native and 165 (38%) are not native. All species are vouchered by herbarium specimens collected between 1881 and 2015. All herbarium vouchers are databased, imaged and available online. Forty-six species and infraspecies are new Bronx County records. Among the rare extant species and infraspecies on the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Active Inventory List are three critically imperiled (S1) and two imperiled (S2) taxa, and Carex aggregata that was thought to be historical (SH, no existing sites known) in New York State, but was found in 2009 on the grounds. The number of extant rare species and infraspecies, the total number of extant taxa and the percentage of native verus non-native species strongly supports the conclusion that The New York Botanical Garden is an important and significant refugium or hotspot for local biodiversity.

Ninety eight type specimens collected by Sebastián Vidal in the Philippines, and kept at the Real Jardín Botánico Herbarium, Madrid (MA), are compiled. Most of these specimens are types of Vidal's names. Only a few are names of other authors (Hoogland, Merrill, and Rolfe). A list of specimens, as well as the indicatio locotypica and number in MA, is presented.

1 A data base on the flowering phenology of the Wet Tropics bioregion of far northern Queensland, Australia, has been constructed, based upon over 36 774 records from two Queensland-based herbaria. 2 Flowering patterns have been analysed against the predictions of three overlapping hypotheses based on climatic, biotic and phylogenetic explanations. No one hypothesis is supported to the exclusion of the others. 3 Patterns of flowering in the Wet Tropics show marked seasonal increases and decreases, except in the northern lowlands. In general this seasonality correlates with rainfall and temperature and is exacerbated by increasing latitude and altitude. 4 There is little or no statistical evidence for the over-dispersion of flowering times that would indicate a competition-avoidance mechanism: flowering within taxa or morphological groups tends to be clumped (and if not, is random). 5 That clumping of flowering within taxa does not coincide with a single season provides support for a mass action hypothesis based on the minimization of generalist predation and/or the avoidance of flower predation. 6 Timing of flowering did show some consistency among species within genera and within families, but there was little consistency at higher taxonomic levels. Clear separation of the biotic and phylogenetic hypotheses requires greater knowledge of pollination ecology and phylogeny of this large and diverse flora. 7 Understanding of flowering patterns and their underlying determining mechanisms is a key to assessing the ecosystem health of the forest. Our results highlight the importance of competitive interactions and of physical and evolutionary factors as determinants of flowering time, intensity and co-occurrence in tropical forests.

Leaf-level responses to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations could have large implications for water and carbon cycles. We investigated whether stomatal density, guard cell length, and intrinsic water use effi ciency (iWUE) of 27 individual trees growing at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts have responded to changing environmental conditions over the last 100 years. We examined leaves from 74 herbarium specimens collected from three genera -Acer (maples), Quercus (oaks), and Carpinus (hornbeams) -from 1893 to 2006. During this period, global average atmospheric CO 2 concentrations increased by approximately 29% (86 ppm), and temperatures in Boston increased by 1.8 ° C. Stomatal density and guard cell length were negatively correlated in oaks and hornbeams. Although stomatal density declined and guard cell length increased over time, the changes were not dependent on the magnitude of changes in CO 2 concentrations. Intrinsic WUE did not change signifi cantly over time. Our fi ndings suggest that iWUE may not respond to changes in CO 2 concentrations over the lifetimes of individual trees, possibly because of compensating changes in stomatal density and guard cell size. We provide an example of a method that can enable researchers to differentiate between genetic and plastic responses to global change in long-lived trees.

Leaf-level responses to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations could have large implications for water and carbon cycles. We investigated whether stomatal density, guard cell length, and intrinsic water use effi ciency (iWUE) of 27 individual trees growing at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts have responded to changing environmental conditions over the last 100 years. We examined leaves from 74 herbarium specimens collected from three genera -Acer (maples), Quercus (oaks), and Carpinus (hornbeams) -from 1893 to 2006. During this period, global average atmospheric CO 2 concentrations increased by approximately 29% (86 ppm), and temperatures in Boston increased by 1.8 ° C. Stomatal density and guard cell length were negatively correlated in oaks and hornbeams. Although stomatal density declined and guard cell length increased over time, the changes were not dependent on the magnitude of changes in CO 2 concentrations. Intrinsic WUE did not change signifi cantly over time. Our fi ndings suggest that iWUE may not respond to changes in CO 2 concentrations over the lifetimes of individual trees, possibly because of compensating changes in stomatal density and guard cell size. We provide an example of a method that can enable researchers to differentiate between genetic and plastic responses to global change in long-lived trees.

... Charles T. Bryson, L. Jason Krutz, Gary N. Ervin, Krishna N. Reddy, and John D. Byrd Jr*. ... Like textural data, soil pH from cogongrass collection sites was highly variable and ranged from 4.4 (extremely acidic) for soils from George and Green counties in the Longleaf Pine Belt ...