GIS for land management

Nowadays, daily life intensively depends on public services. Increasing population and urbanization take humans away from environment which may lead to chaos in usage of city lands. Consequently, human is in trouble using public services and facilities including green spaces. Isfahan, one of the metropolitans, has 18 m2 green spaces per person while City Park of district 8 is of inappropriate distribution with regard to population density. To create a localization map of civil park, Isfahan district 8 has been selected. The selected district delimits to Baharestan in north and to Kaveh street in west and to Shahid Forouqi in south and to Emam Komeini street in west-south. Finally, GIS has been used to create given layers and calculate weights based on AHP. According to overlap between layers, the most appropriate places have been identified.

The Upper Basin of the south rim of the Grand Canyon presents an excellent cross-section of different federal agencies’ (Grand Canyon National Park and Kaibab National Forest) approaches to land management. Though the environment and cultural landscape are relatively similar between the two jurisdictions, different priorities lead to dissimilar land management practices. Evidence shows that divergent land management practices between agencies have profound effects on the level of disturbance across the archaeological landscape.
In order to inform the discussion of disturbances across the Upper Basin, this thesis presents a vulnerability study that identifies areas of disruption in the archaeological record and the stressors that ultimately caused this damage. The study uses vulnerability theory, satellite remote sensing data, and GPS data, to analyze trends in ground disturbance and forest use that directly influence cases of inadvertent vandalism to archaeological sites. As a result of this analysis, a disturbance framework for the Upper Basin is presented that draws heavily from current ideas in vulnerability theory. Using this framework, conclusions can be drawn about the influence of federal land managers on archaeological disturbance. The results of this study not only provide evidence for differential preservation in the Upper Basin, but also highlight the use of GIS as a low-cost tool for federal employees to solve complex management issues. In addition, they show the utility of borrowing from human ecology and other fields to structure approaches to archaeological issues.

Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a cloud centered platform for temporal and spatial geoprocessing and analysis on global challenges that require more computation power and involve large geospatial datasets. In GEE, the user analyses are automatically parallelized to make use of the computers housed in Google data centers. Moreover, GEE comes with a massive data catalog of 40 years of historical and current remotely sensed imageries (e.g., MODIS, Landsat) and other data. This data archive is constantly updated with the acquisition of new images. GEE also allows users to do spatial and temporal analyses based on their own data (e.g., vector, raster) that are exported into GEE data catalog. The exported data can be kept private or made available for other users of GEE.

To facilitate the users, such as academicians and scientists, and to script more complex analysis, the functionality of GEE is exposed through Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for JavaScript and Python.

This volume represents a collaborative effort at the European level between research and management agencies dedicated to the study and protection of archaeological heritage. This effort was realised in the multilateral character of the Mapping the Future of the Past workshop hosted by the Andalusian Institute of the Historical Heritage in June 2000, and which drew together thirty-four specialists from nineteen European countries. It is also reflected in the nature of that event and of this publication, involving a British (University of Southampton) and two Spanish (University of Seville and Andalusian Institute of the Historical Heritage) partner institutions. The increasingly international character of scientific research and the growing integration of heritage management procedures within the European Union now require archaeological professionals to daily strive with issues such as language barriers, national and regional disciplinary traditions and legislation and the varying ways Archaeological Resources are administered throughout Europe. These are formidable challenges, but the potential benefit of overcoming them through individual effort, and with colleagues from other countries, is even greater excellence in our discipline. The Mapping the Future of the Past workshop attempted to meet that challenge and we hope that this book adequately reflects our modest contribution towards its goals.

Groundwater quality is gradually deteriorating due to agricultural activities and its evaluation is there for eneeded before use. The aim of this study was to evaluate groundwater quality for use in the foundry industry using water quality data, including PH, EC, TDS, Cl and HCO3, from 26 wells located in Jolgeh and Bon-Rud districts, Iran. Zoning and classification of the area were done, based on groundwater quality, using a GIS software and the existing standards for water use. Results showed that groundwater in the East, North and Southwest of the area was of acceptable quality for use in the foundry industry, but water quality deteriorated from the East to the West of the area. It was found that for foundry industry about 4 percent of area ground water could be used without any limitation, 2 percent with low limitation, 7 percent with moderate limitations, and the rest with high limitation or even unusable. Agricultural activities in the region are having a negative impact on the quality of groundwater.

This article presents the steps taken to ensure the consistency and usability of the geographic information system of soil resources of Romania SIGSTAR-200 within INSPIRE, the Infrastructure for Spatial Information of the European Community. At present, SIGSTAR-200 contains tens of thousands of polygons characterized by three attributes collected from legacy paper maps, namely (i) soil mapping unit (SMU), including soil association, (ii) topsoil texture class and (iii) skeleton class, all defined as stated by the national methodologies. In addition, each soil is characterized concerning the risk of land degradation (by water erosion, wind erosion, salinization, alkalization, gleyzation and waterlogging) through attributes inferred by expert system rules built on pedogenesis. To achieve the compatibility and usability within INSPIRE, SIGSTAR-200 has been transformed in accordance with the common Implementing Rules in force. To this end, first, the SMUs have been correlated at the dominant soil type level with the international soil classification system World Reference Base of Soil Resources (WRB) to ensure the semantic interoperability. Second, the SMUs, modeled as INSPIRE feature type SoilBody, have been populated with new attributes. This step was performed for SIGSTAR-200 dataset in three coordinate reference systems (CRSs): EPSG:3844 (CRS of Romania), EPSG:3035 and EPSG: 4258 (the last two CRSs being required or recommended by INSPIRE). Finally, the data transformed in INSPIRE-compliant GML have been checked by the INSPIRE Validator (Executable Test Framework), passing all the tests currently available for soil datasets, i.e., regarding (i) data consistency, (ii) INSPIRE GML application schemas, (iii) information accessibility, and (iv) reference systems. The next steps of the work, synchronized with the availability of the Executable Test Suites for the themes defined in Annex III of the Directive, aim to fully validate SIGSTAR-200 GML and to conclude its first integration into INSPIRE (Accession Number: WOS: 000526176700012).

ABSTRACT
Transparency, accountability, efficiency and fairness are the main features for good governance. It is presently lacking in most of the public sector departments of developing countries. The existing system of land record keeping of agricultural and residential land especially in rural areas is highly unscientific. Centuries old drawings produced with inaccurate survey methods and drawn on piece of cloth are kept by a very low level employee. He can abuse his powers due to lack of knowledge by the common/illiterate people. Land grabbing mafia uses them to misuse the property of poor/weak people. In order to know about the owner of a piece of land we have to dig the record kept in files, which are not accessible to every body. The record keeping and land transactions are therefore not transparent; it leads to inefficiency, misuse of powers (unfairness) by the land management staff and corruption without any accountability.
Technology can resolve this problem. Land Information System (LIS), a computer software can provide complete information about any piece of land with location, sizes, owner‟s information etc. LIS is updated, in case of any land transaction/change of tenure. It is also connected to the central data base, which is helpful to implement land reforms, prepare land use plan, raise the state revenues and find the tax evaders etc. Therefore it serves the purposes of good Governance.
The problem areas faced in adoption of LIS have been identified in a case study of public sector organization and there solutions have been suggested.
Key words: Transparency, accountability, efficiency, fairness, good Governance, Land Information System.

This research work investigates the possibilities of establishing renewable-based district heating (DH), including "hybrid district heating" (HDH) applications in a peripheral rural area of Hungary, the Bükkalja. HDH, or multi-source systems, use a reasoned combination of energy sources, which is still unusual practice in Eastern Europe. This particular Bükkalja region struggles with import dependency, energy poverty, and serious air pollution. Considering natural and social capabilities, potential sites for rural district heating developments were examined. Door-to-door field surveys, residential heat demand, GIS-based renewable energy potential calculations, detailed supply-demand and statistical analysis were applied to reveal DH development possibilities. Most of the results have a tight correlation with the relevant values of Pan-European Thermal Atlas (PETA 4.3), however, in case of suggestions, there are considerable differences. The outcomes also highlight that current biomass utilization far exceeds the sustainability limits within the area. The screening proves that the capabilities of seven rural settlements are suitable for DH developments. This investigation supports the decision-making process and its proposed projects could play a significant role in the local energy transition. This study underlines that rural DH developments could have the same relevance as similar projects in urban circumstances.

Land management plays an important role in the economic and social development of all countries. Land management has four functions: land  tenure management, land value determination, land use and its development [1]. In developing countries, the four functions of land management vary by political, economic, and social development.
Lack of proper land registration in the land market is one of the challenges that many developing countries face. [2]. One of the reasons for this problem is that land information is not integrated and is maintained by various organizations.
This article focuses on the integration of land information and analyzes the problems of developing a single multi-purpose land - information database based on the experience of developed countries.

Land fragmentation (LF) is a problem restrain agricultural activities and decrease mechanization level, production. Land consolidation (LC) projects are done in the World as well as Turkey to solve LF issues. Researchers created indicators to measure land fragmentation which is important to see success level of LC projects. The use of these indicators is controversial or not accurate. The core aim of the present study is to find new land fragmentation index and to find least fragmented holding with factor analysis using the other indicators which are Simmons, Januszevski, number of parcels, Shmook and Igbozurike besides new land fragmentation index. Kargılı Village land consolidation project in Mersin, Turkey was chosen as a material. Cadastral data before land consolidation, was used to calculate value of indicators, where number of parcels was 932, total area was 1,741.9 ha, the average parcel size was 1.9 ha, number of holdings was 542 and the average parcel size was village had 932 parcels. Data processing were performed with ArcMAP 10.6.1 and SPSS. A total of 18 holdings were identified randomly as sample size which were sufficient to carry out factor analysis including principle component to rank holdings (P < 0.01).As a result, new land fragmentation index found correlated with others (P < 0.01) and ranking according to new indicator performed better than ranking considering all indicators. In this context, it is possible to use new land fragmentation indicator to determine priority areas for land consolidation.

La ricerca si inserisce nell'ambito del progetto Unicoo, in collaborazione tra l'Università di Torino, le ONG C.I.S.V. e Ong2.0. Si è trattato di ricostruire il rapporto tra l'utilizzo di nuove tecnologie e la gestione della terra in ambito agricolo nella zona della Valle del Fiume Senegal, a nord del Paese. Quest'area presenta da molti anni interventi di cooperazione che hanno portato a sviluppare un Sistema Informativo Geografico basato sul sistema GIS, il quale rende più omogenee le procedure di accesso alla terra nella Valle; questo non costituisce l'unica fonte di legittimità ma costituisce piuttosto un tassello nuovo e " moderno " in un sistema governato da un pluralismo giuridico che intrecci fonti giuridiche formali con le pratiche tradizionali di gestione del territorio.

La recherche fait partie du projet Unicoo, un partenariat entre l'Université de Turin et les ONG C.I.S.V. et Ong2.0. On s'est interrogé à propos du rapport entre les nouvelles technologies et la gestion des terres rurales dans la Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal, dans le nord du pays. Cette zone a été intéressée par plusieurs projets de coopération, parmi lesquels a été développé un software basé sur le SIG, le Système Informatif Foncier. Ceci permet de rendre homogènes les procédures d'accès à la propriété; toutefois, cet outil technique rajoute de la complexité dans un système caractérisé par un pluralisme juridique, où les sources de légitimité formelles coexistent et négocient leur place avec les pratiques traditionnelles de gestion du foncier.

Dimulai revolusi industri 4.0 terjadinya perkembangan teknologi yang sangat pesat salah satunya dibidang informasi geospasial. Pemanfaatan teknologi sistem informasi geografis (SIG) sudah merambah pada berbagai aspek kehidupan. SIG juga sangat berkontribusi dalam perkembangan peradapan di kota-kota besar yang telah bertransformasi menjadi smart city. Keterbukaan informasi merupakan bahagian utama yang menjadi sasaran perkembangan smart city. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengengaplikasikan dan mengembangkan teknologi SIG berbasis Web Map dalam memetakan perseberan pasien covid 19 di Provinsi Riau. Melakukan uji kecepatan browser untuk mengakses web map informasi Covid 19. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan inventaris data berbasis cloud data spasial, perangkat yang digunakan berupa ArcSIGPro untuk membangun webmap. Hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan perkembangan jumlah pasien Covid-19 yang terus berkembang setiap waktu, yang direpresentasikan dalam informasi lokasi. Tampilan akir web map ini dapat di akses melalui link https://bit.ly/31EKXSW. Penggunaan WebSIG ini mampu memamaparankan informasi covid dengan sistem webmap lebih efisien untuk mengetahui spot-spot yang memiliki jumlah korban yang relative tinggi, secara umum untuk kesemua jenis kasus Covid-19 tersebar banyak kasus pada wilayah administrasi Kabupaten Rokan Hulu, Rokan Hilir, Indragiri Hulu dan Indragiri Hilir. Sedangkan untuk kasus positive covid-19 terbesar tersebar di wilayah Kota Pekanbaru dengan jumlah 40 orang.

Land problems in Indonesia are complicated matters to be resolved and the number continues to increase. This condition is influenced, among other things, due to the low understanding/awareness of some people towards land administration and the lack of optimal land maintenance and utilization. Community empowerment carried out in Girikarto Village aims to increase the capacity of the community related to land so that they are able to reduce the number of land problems and realize orderly land administration. The service method is carried out through socialization and land clinic services to village officials, community leaders, and community representatives with a total of 30 people. The results of the study show that with this activity, most of the participants understand aspects of land registration, have awareness of the importance of registering land, have awareness to manage and maintain their land to prevent land problems. With this activity, the community gets solutions to the land problems they face and increases the community's role in realizing land order.

Abstract. Vegetation composition (i.e., relative proportion of species) and configuration (i.e., horizontal and vertical arrangement of the plant components) in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems are fundamental determinants of the suitability of nesting habitat for Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). The spatial arrangement of shrub and herbaceous canopy cover conceals Greater Sage-Grouse from predators and protects the nest from natural hazards, and gaps in vegetative cover provide escape routes for hens. Most sage-grouse habitat studies quantify vegetation composition, but few quantify habitat configuration at fine scales. We used ground-based lidar (light detection and ranging) data from Greater Sage-Grouse nesting habitat to test the applicability of a metric calculated from the traditional canopy gap intercept measurements to quantify shrub canopy configuration (shrub patchiness). Vegetation surveys were conducted on 30 randomly selected nest and non-nest sites (15 of each); we acquired high-resolution ground-based lidar data for 12 plots at 3 nest locations. Variation in canopy gap size was used as a metric to represent shrub configuration characteristics. We measured the variability in gap size among shrubs within lidar point cloud data sets using a lacunarity index at multiple scales. We measured variability of gaps from line transects by calculating the variance to mean-square ratio of gap size. Correlations (r) between measures of gap size variation from the 2 techniques ranged from 0.76 to 0.83 (r2 = 0.58–0.69). Our results support the use of canopy gap intercept measures to quantify configuration (patchiness) of shrub cover and thus complement vegetative composition metrics. Gap sizes were more variable at nest sites than at non-nest sites, suggesting that gap size variability may be a useful vegetative configuration metric to characterize sage-grouse nesting habitat. The fine-scale habitat metrics we evaluated provide a more refined tool for land managers to characterize local variation in wildlife habitat within shrubland ecosystems and can be derived from the existing gap intercept data.

Generally, areas affected by natural desertification remain virtually untouched by economic activities. However, they can provide numerous ecosystem services (ES) with significant societal benefits. This is especially important for Mongolia, where desertification processes have intensified considerably over the years. This article presents the results of an integrated spatial environmental and economic assessment and mapping of ES for various types of natural resources. We conducted the assessments in the model areas of Mongolia (Bulgan, Orkhon, Darkhan-Uul, Dundgovi, and Umnugovi aimags). To value the eight types of ES, we used the following methods: market price-based evaluation, indirect valuation methods (sociological surveys), a travel cost method, InVEST software, and others. Official statistical data and field survey data were used in calculations. According to our results, the areas, affected by desertification are significant in terms of ES they could provide. We estimated the total economic value of the ES of the model areas of Mongolia at 1885 million USD in 2019. Further research will entail improved methodological approaches.

Given the proposed expansion of developments in northern Australia and current tensions among different interest groups, there is a need to develop new planning approaches that support multiple uses of land and water, while maintaining environmental and cultural values. Our project aimed to demonstrate how to operationalise multi-objective catchment planning supported by scenario thinking, by which stakeholders collaboratively build and assess the outcomes of alternative development futures. The project used participatory scenario planning to guide stakeholders through a systematic and critical examination of possible development trajectories and their associated environmental and socioeconomic outcomes. A multi-stakeholder group worked through a series of workshops to explore alternative development pathways and their outcomes.

On July 10-11, NESP researchers led the first project workshop, gathering 40 people from 26 organisations across all main interest groups, including the federal Department of the Environment and Energy, state agencies, local governments, mining, agriculture and tourism organisations, environmental NGOs, and Aboriginal organisations representing the views and interests of Traditional Owners. The workshop involved a series of activities for team members to get to know each other, strengthen relationships, and build trust – all critical elements of participatory scenario planning. During the workshop, we discussed the meaning of development, the driving forces of land-use change, and development initiatives proposed for the region.

An important goal of the first workshop was to create shared understandings of what is happening in the region that could shape the future development of the catchment. Therefore, before exploring the future, we looked back into the past. We created a timeline for the Fitzroy, identifying the events and forces that have shaped how the catchment looks today and could drive land-use change in the future. Such events included social movements, policy changes, resource exploration, early irrigation projects, road improvements, and the proclamation of the Native Title Act that recognizes the rights and interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in land and waters according to their traditional laws and customs, among many others.

This report summarises the process underpinning the creation of a timeline of the Fitzroy River catchment. For this timeline, the group identified the things that have changed the region and shaped the way things are today. Building this timeline helped participants to understand and share ideas about driving forces of land-use change. This activity opened up thinking on how local and external events and processes have shaped and will continue to change the region. The Story Map referred to in this report (Looking back to look forward: A timeline of the Fitzroy River catchment) was created based on the timeline. The online application combines text, images, and maps to describe a series of key events that have shaped the Fitzroy catchment.

Vegetation composition (i.e., relative proportion of species) and configuration (i.e., horizontal and vertical arrangement of the plant components) in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems are fundamental determinants of the suitability of nesting habitat for Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). The spatial arrangement of shrub and herbaceous canopy cover conceals Greater Sage-Grouse from predators and protects the nest from natural hazards, and gaps in vegetative cover provide escape routes for hens. Most sage-grouse habitat studies quantify vegetation composition,
but few quantify habitat configuration at fine scales. We used ground-based lidar (light detection and ranging) data from Greater Sage-Grouse nesting habitat to test the applicability of a metric calculated from the traditional canopy gap intercept
measurements to quantify shrub canopy configuration (shrub patchiness). Vegetation surveys were conducted on 30 randomly selected nest and non-nest sites (15 of each); we acquired high-resolution ground-based lidar data for 12 plots at 3 nest locations. Variation in canopy gap size was used as a metric to represent shrub configuration characteristics. We measured the variability in gap size among shrubs within lidar point cloud data sets using a lacunarity index at multiple scales. We measured variability of gaps from line transects by calculating the variance to mean-square ratio of gap size. Correlations (r) between measures of gap size variation from the 2 techniques ranged from 0.76 to 0.83 (r2 = 0.58–0.69). Our results support the use of canopy gap intercept measures to quantify configuration (patchiness) of shrub cover and thus complement vegetative composition metrics. Gap sizes were more variable at nest sites than at non-nest sites, suggesting that gap size variability may be a useful vegetative configuration metric to characterize sage-grouse nesting habitat. The fine-scale habitat metrics we evaluated provide a more refined tool for land managers to characterize local variation in wildlife habitat within shrubland ecosystems and can be derived from the existing gap intercept data.

Deforestasi merupakan hilangnya tutupan hutan atau perubahan hutan yang dikonversi dari hutan menjadi bukan hutan. Deforestasi terencana merupakan deforestasi di areal izin konsesi dan izin konversi lahan pada kawasan hutan, sedangkan deforestasi tidak terencana merupakan deforestasi yang terjadi di luar areal izin konsesi dan izin konversi lahan pada kawasan hutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) Luas deforestasi selama 27 tahun sesuai time series atau periode data tutupan lahan tahun 1990 sampai 2017; 2) menghitung jumlah emisi karbon dioksida (CO2) yang diakibatkan adanya deforestasi; 3) menghitung potensi kerugian ekonomi atau kerugian finansial sebagai dampak deforestasi selama 27 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis data kuantitatif dari data peta tutupan lahan kementerian lingkungan hidup dan kehutanan tahun 1990 sampai tahun 2017 dan hasil penelitian menunjukkan luas hutan yang mengalami deforestasi selama periode 27 tahun adalah sebesar 22.767 hektar. Deforestasi yang terjadi 76,7% adalah sebagai dampak dari deforestasi terencana selama 27 tahun ini, diperkirakan jumlah emisi karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan adalah sebesar 7.686.155 ton CO2/ha atau setara dengan potensi kerugian ekonomi sebesar Rp381.499.992.777,-. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan bagi Pemerintah Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni untuk mengambil kebijakan dalam pengembangan dan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

Native bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are a multi-species complex that ranks among the key disturbances of coniferous forests of western North America. Many landscape-level variables are known to influence beetle outbreaks, such as suitable climatic conditions, spatial arrangement of incipient populations, topography, abundance of mature host trees, and disturbance history that includes former outbreaks and fire. We assembled open-access data for understanding the ecology of bark beetles in Alaska. We used boosted classification and regression trees as a machine-learning data-mining algorithm to predict relationships between 838 occurrence records of 68 bark beetle species and 14 environmental variables, compared to pseudo-absence locations across Alaska. Environmental variables included topography-and climate-related predictors as well as feature proximities and anthropogenic factors. We were able to model, predict, and map multi-species bark beetle occurrences across Alaska at 1-km spatial resolution: about 16% of the mixed forest and 59% of evergreen forest are expected to be occupied by the bark beetles based on current climatic conditions and biophysical landscape attributes. The open-access dataset that we prepared, and the machine learning modeling approach that we used, can provide a foundation for future research not only on scolytines but for other multi-species questions of concern, such as forest defoliators, and wildlife species assemblages worldwide.

The Upper Basin of the south rim of the Grand Canyon presents an excellent cross-section of different federal agencies’ (Grand Canyon National Park and Kaibab National Forest) approaches to land management. Though the environment and cultural landscape are relatively similar between the two jurisdictions, different priorities lead to dissimilar land management practices. Evidence shows that divergent land management practices between agencies have profound effects on the level of disturbance across the archaeological landscape. In order to inform the discussion of disturbances across the Upper Basin, this thesis presents a vulnerability study that identifies areas of disruption in the archaeological record and the stressors that ultimately caused this damage. The study uses vulnerability theory, satellite remote sensing data, and GPS data, to analyze trends in ground disturbance and forest use that directly influence cases of inadvertent vandalism to archaeological sites. As a result of this analysis, a disturbance framework for the Upper Basin is presented that draws heavily from current ideas in vulnerability theory. Using this framework, conclusions can be drawn about the influence of federal land managers on archaeological disturbance. The results of this study not only provide evidence for differential preservation in the Upper Basin, but also highlight the use of GIS as a low-cost tool for federal employees to solve complex management issues. In addition, they show the utility of borrowing from human ecology and other fields to structure approaches to archaeological issues.

Dimulai revolusi industri 4.0 terjadinya perkembangan teknologi yang sangat pesat salahsatunya dibidang informasi geospasial. Pemanfaatan teknologi sistem informasi geografis (SIG)sudah merambah pada berbagai aspek kehidupan. SIG juga sangat berkontribusi dalamperkembangan peradapan di kota-kota besar yang telah bertransformasi menjadi smart city.Keterbukaan informasi merupakan bahagian utama yang menjadi sasaran perkembangan smartcity. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengengaplikasikan dan mengembangkan teknologi SIGberbasis Web Map dalam memetakan perseberan pasien covid 19 di Provinsi Riau. Melakukanuji kecepatan browser untuk mengakses web map informasi Covid 19. Dalam penelitian inidilakukan inventaris data berbasis cloud data spasial, perangkat yang digunakan berupaArcSIGPro untuk membangun webmap. Hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan perkembanganjumlah pasien Covid-19 yang terus berkembang setiap waktu, yang direpresentasikan dalaminformasi lokasi. Tampilan akir web map ini ...