Equivalence

Design strategies for foldable mechanisms have been developed with inspiration from origami. In this study, we investigate a new direction that blocks are folded in a way that origami folds as the ori-blocks to generate a new type of foldable mechanisms consisting of multiple blocks. During the investigation, we propose a design approach to construct ori-blocks dissected from cylinders and cones, where “ori” is derived from the word “origami” in its original meaning as “folding”. In this way, we cut the solids into six portions and assign rotation axes to assemble the portions into movable blocks. Interestingly, this connects the Bricard classical linkages developed in 1897 to these ori-blocks with coincidence of the position and orientation of the axes when the blocks are replaced by links. The study bridges the gap between ori-blocks, origami, and mechanisms, which proposes a set of novel reconfigurable mechanisms as ori-blocks. As spatial linkages have been widely used in a broad range of technical fields, we anticipate that ori-blocks will find several potential applications owing to their kinematics in reconfigurability.

Before implementing a new diagnostic test, we may wish to study whether this test is noninferior to a reference test with respect to the sensitivity and/or the specificity. This paper discusses sample size determination for one-sided equivalence (or noninferiority) testing of the rate ratio using paired-sample data. Using large sample theory, this paper derives asymptotic sample size formulae for the required number of subjects giving a desired power 100(1 Ϫ ␤ )% at a specified ␣ -level. To evaluate the accuracy of these formulae, this paper considers several test statistics and uses Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the corresponding type I error and power with the given resulting sample sizes in a variety of situations. Finally, this paper notes those situations for which the asymptotic sample size formulae developed here are of limited use and suggests a simple empirical adjustment to alleviate this limitation.

Computational and memory costs restrict spectral tech-niques to rather small graphs, which is a serious limitation especially in video segmentation. In this paper, we propose the use of a reduced graph based on superpixels. In con-trast to previous work, the reduced graph is reweighted such that the resulting segmentation is equivalent, under certain assumptions, to that of the full graph. We consider equiva-lence in terms of the normalized cut and of its spectral clus-tering relaxation. The proposed method reduces runtime and memory consumption and yields on par results in im-age and video segmentation. Further, it enables an efficient data representation and update for a new streaming video segmentation approach that also achieves state-of-the-art performance. 1.

Metaphor has been widely discussed within the discipline of Translation Studies, predominantly with respect to translatability and transfer methods. It has been argued that metaphors can become a translation problem, since transferring them from one language and culture to another one may be hampered by linguistic and cultural differences. A number of translation procedures for dealing with this problem have been suggested, e.g., substitution (metaphor into different metaphor), paraphrase (metaphor into sense), or deletion. Such procedures have been commented on both in normative models of translation (how to translate metaphors) and in descriptive models (how metaphors have been dealt with in actual translations). After a short overview of how metaphor has been dealt with in the discipline of Translation Studies, this paper discusses some implications of a cognitive approach to metaphors for translation theory and practice. Illustrations from authentic source and target texts (English and German, political discourse) show how translators handled metaphorical expressions, and what effects this had for the text itself, for text reception by the addressees, and for subsequent discursive developments.

Abstract. We study Rickard equivalences between p-blocks of twisted group algebras and their local structure, in connection with Dade's conjectures. We prove that an extended form of Broué's conjecture implies Dade's Inductive Conjecture in the Abelian defect group case; this is a ...

The purpose of this article is to document the discussions at the 2010 European Workshop on Equivalence Determinations for Orally Inhaled Drugs for Local Action, cohosted by the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine (ISAM) and the International Pharmaceutical Consortium on Regulation and Science (IPAC-RS). The article summarizes current regulatory approaches in Europe, the United States, and Canada, and presents points of consensus as well as ongoing debate in the four major areas: in vitro testing, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, and device similarity. Specific issues in need of further research and discussion are also identified.

Several leaf litter decay studies have indicated that decomposition occurs more rapidly when litter is placed beneath the plant species from which it had been derived than beneath a different plant species (i.e. home-field advantage, HFA), although support for this notion has not been universal. We provide the first quantification of HFA in relation to leaf litter decomposition using published litter mass loss data from forest ecosystems in North America, South America, and Europe. Our findings indicate that HFA is widespread in forest ecosystems; on average litter mass loss was 8% faster at home than away. We hypothesize that HFA results from specialization of the soil biotic community in decomposing litter derived from the plant above it. Climate and initial litter quality data can be used to explain about 70% of the variability in litter decomposition at a global scale, leaving about 30% unexplained. We suggest that HFA be recognized as a factor that explains some of this remaining variability.

A low-NO x aircraft gas turbine engine combustion concept was developed and tested. The concept is a second generation swirl-venturi lean direct injection (SV-LDI) concept. LDI is a lean-burn combustion concept in which the fuel is injected directly into the flame zone. Three second generation SV-LDI configurations were developed. All three were based on the baseline 9-point SV-LDI configuration reported previously. 1 These second generation configurations had better low power operability than the baseline 9-point configuration. Two of these second generation configurations were tested in a NASA Glenn Research Center flametube; these two configurations are called the flat dome and 5-recess configurations. Results show that the 5-recess configuration generally had lower NO x emissions than the flat dome configuration. Correlation equations were developed for the flat dome configuration so that the landing-takeoff NO x emissions could be estimated. The flat dome landing-takeoff NO x is estimated to be 87-88% below the CAEP/6 standards, exceeding the ERA project goal of 75% reduction. enters through the fuel/air mixers; the rest enters downstream through a set of primany and dilution jets to complete combustion to be completed and meet exit temperature quality requirements including profile and pattern factor. All modern rich-front-end combustors entering revenue serivec since 1995 use rich-burn-quick quench-lean-burn (RQL) combustion techniques to simultaneously minimize NO x and smoke emissions. In contrast, lean-front-end combustors operate fuel-lean throughout: All of the combustor air except that used for liner cooling enters through the combustor dome. Lean -front-end combustion concepts include lean, premixed, prevaporized (LPP), lean partially premixed, and lean direct injection (LDI) combustion. 1, 3, 6-10 This paper focuses on a LDI combustion concept.

Розглянуто трактування понять еквівалентності в контрастивному аналізі в працях проф. Ю. О. Жлуктенка. Проведено паралелі і
порівняння його підходу з поглядами інших дослідників: Т. Кшешовскі, М. Галідей та ін.

The issues of equivalence in contrastive analysis as presented in the works of Professor Yuriy Zh-luktenko have been elucidated. His approach
to this problem is compared with its understanding by some other linguists, such as Krzeszowski and Halliday.

There are many theories of translation study, among which, Skopos theory is a new branch and can explain and instruct many translation activities. This paper puts forth some basic concepts of Skopos theory, introduces some basic rules of it, and concludes the merits and limitations of Skopos theory.

This article examines the question of whether (or to what extent) equivalence between idiomatic expressions in different languages is possible. As equivalence is understood here in a broad sense to include all linguistic levels and all types of knowledge about a phraseological unit, it turns out to be very difficult to maintain the claim of interlingual equivalence with regard to idioms. Based on the theoretical framework of Construction Grammar and focusing on linguistic data provided by corpora, I will discuss some types of pseudo-equivalence between Italian and German idioms, also taking into account other languages. The objective of this article is to raise awareness among foreign languages teachers and learners as well as among linguists about the main types of idiosyncrasy that characterize phraseological units.

Different cultures influence the way the members of a society view and perceive the world. This principle is important in the translation phenomenon. What is important for a translator is the purpose of conveying the message of the source text in a way understandable for the audience in the target text (TT). Therefore, every translator should have some knowledge about how to deal with different strategies of translating culture specific item (CSI); hence this issue is one of the most important concerns for all translators. In translation CSI refers to those concepts and references of the vocabulary items which are peculiar to the given culture. Sometimes these concepts and references are common to all languages, but they are expressed in a way peculiar to the culture of the source text (ST). Using an appropriate and suitable method in dealing with CSIs is one of the main duties of every translator. In this paper an attempt has been made to show how the translation of Dubliners jointly by Safaryan and Salehhosseini handle the translation of CSIs in this story based on Newmark's model (1988). Newmark described fourteen methods for translating CSIs: transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, componential analysis, synonymy, through-translation, shift, modulation, accepted standard translation, compensation, paraphrase, couplet and finally notes. Although there are different ways and methods for translating CSIs, we show here that the translator sometimes cannot find a completely corresponding equivalent for them in the TT. This is somehow related to Jackobson's (1959/2000, p.114) idea that in translation "there is ordinarily no full equivalence between codeunits".

This study examines Equivalence, an approach that has been largely discussed, and Skopos Theory which was suggested by Hans J. Vermeer. To that end, scientific findings on this topic, as well as analogical and distinctive characteristics of the theories in question are disputed at length. Introduction of an objective and functional translational method that can be employed in Equivalence and providing Werner Koller’s Equivalence with an alternative perspective are among
the objects of this study. This is followed by the discussions of the functionality of Skopos theory, suggestions for possible implications of text-based methods and the introduction of alternative approaches to the theory. The procedural “Equivalence Pyramid” generated for the Equivalence approach is examined in terms of its functionality and applicability through the study of the Turkish translations of Bertolt Brecht’s selected works. On the other hand, theses and antitheses on
Skopos have also been analysed and based on a joint method for both Equivalence approach and Skopos theory, a text-based review has been carried out. The outcome of this study is that Equivalence Pyramid can be utilised for all types of translational texts. Finally, it has been concluded that Skopos theory does not substantially respond to the text-based descriptive methodology addressed within the scope of this study.

Keywords: Translation Studies, Equivalence, Equivalence Pyramid, Skopos Theory, Method.


ÖZET
Çalışmada, Çeviribilim alanında tartışıla gelmiş Eşdeğerlik yaklaşımı ve yine bu alanda Hans J. Vermeer tarafından ortaya atılmış olan Skopos Kuramı konuları ele alınmıştır. Bu konulara dair bilimsel tespitler tartışılmış, benzer ve farklı yönleri ele alınmıştır. Amaçlar arasında öncelikle Eşdeğerliğe çeviri için başvurulabilecek nesnel ve işlevsel bir yöntem getirebilmek, Werner Koller’in Eşdeğerlik sınıflandırmasına farklı bir bakış açısı kazandırabilmek yer almaktadır. Sonraki hedefler ise, Skopos kuramının işlevselliğini tartışmak, metne dayalı yöntemle ne gibi
çıkarımlarda bulunulabileceğini ortaya koymak ve bu kurama yönelik farklı yaklaşımlar getirebilmek olmuştur. Eşdeğerlik yaklaşımına yönelik yöntemsel bir “Eşdeğerlik Piramidi” belinlenmiş, belirlenen bu piramidin işlevselliği ve uygulanabilirliği Bertolt Brecht’in seçilmiş eserlerinin Türkçe çevirilerinden örnekler üzerinde tartışılmıştır. Bunun neticesinde, Eşdeğerlik piramidine her türden çeviri metni için başvurulabileceği öngörülmüştür. Skopos kuramında ise savlar ve karşı savlar ele alınmış, mevcut bilgiler üzerinde farklı saptamalar yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Hem Eşdeğerlik yaklaşımı hem de Skopos kuramı için alternatif yöntemler
geliştirilmeye çalışılmış ve metne dayalı betimsel bir yöntemle eleştirel bir inceleme yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca Skopos kuramında belirlenen yönteme dayalı cevaplanması planlanan sorular bağlamında, salt metne dayalı betimsel bir yöntemin tam olarak yeterli olmadığı tespit
edilmiştir. Seçilen örnekler üzerinde yapılan incelemeler neticesinde, çalışmanın amacına yönelik sorular tartışılmış, sonuç bölümünde elde edilen çıkarımlara yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Çeviribilim, Eşdeğerlik, Eşdeğerlik Piramidi, Skopos Kuramı, Yöntem

Over the centuries translators have faced, and continue to face, linguistic and cultural challenges between different languages and cultures. Such challenges have put forth many translation theories and strategies to minimize these linguistic/cultural differences. The most debated translation strategies are Domestication and Foreignization. Recent studies have argued that in order to achieve equivalence and a successful translation, both strategies should work together. These studies have concluded that Domestication and Foriegnization complement each other. However, no study so far has discussed how both strategies can complement each other in a translated text especially from a linguistic perspective. This research examines the use of these two strategies in four English translations of one of the world`s most famous cultural collections, The Arabian Nights. The study specifically investigates the use of Domestication and Foreignization in the tale of Sinbad and how the translators achieve cultural equivalence through these two methods and to what extent. The study concludes that translating a cultural text successfully is achieved when both strategies are used in parallel. Cultural equivalence is better accomplished when a translator domesticates the form and foreignizes the content in order to have a balanced outcome.

Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Vol.6. No.4 December  2015 
                                                                                                                                                                    Pp. 320-335




Some Aspects of Equivalence in Literary Translation:
Analysis of two Arabic Translations of Ernest Hemingway's
The Old Man and the Sea1952


Salwa Alwafai
Department of English, College of Arts and Humanities,
University of Dammam.
Dammam, Saudi Arabia








Abstract
This paper aims at analyzing two Arabic translations of the novella The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway 1952. One of the translations is by Dar Al-Bihar, Beirut, and the other is by Ziad Zakaria. The purpose of this study is to investigate problems and strategies of literary translation into Arabic and to suggest guidelines for better practices in the field of Arabic literary translation. This study is important because Arabic literary translation problems and strategies have been rarely tackled by researchers. Analysis of the translations is based on Baker's theory of equivalence. Two levels of equivalence are taken into consideration in this paper: equivalence at word level and equivalence at collocation level. The last part of the paper is devoted to investigate the cultural implications of Qur'anic expressions used in Zakaria's translation. The qualitative method  has been used in compiling, analyzing and discussing data. Data has been collected, classified, and scrutinized in light of the theoretical background of the research. The findings show that the best translation should consider both contextual factors and cultural factors in SL and TL. Besides, naturalness and readability of the target text is crucial in literary translation. Untranslatable cultural specific items can be tackled in various ways such as paraphrasing, rewording, lexicalizing new concepts, and adapting them culturally as Zakaria has demonstrated in adding Quranic expressions in his translation of Hemingway. The researcher encourages creativity in literary translation provided that translators have literary competence and refined taste for style.
Key words: Arabic Translation, collocations, equivalence, expressivity, Hemingway

Given the increasing number of online courses and the established association between student perceptions of learning environments and academic outcomes, this study investigated student perceptions of the equivalence of online classes and face-to-face classes. In contrast to previous studies on student perceptions of equivalence, which primarily used specific online classes as points of reference, this study focused on students’ perceptions of online courses in general. Overall, students did not perceive online and face-to-face classes to be equivalent, but previous exposure to online classes was positively associated with perceptions of general equivalence, comparative flexibility, comparative knowledge gained, and comparative level of interaction in online versus face-to-face classes. The final part of the paper applies these findings to the educational setting by discussing their implications for programs seeking to expand online course offerings.

"Nonequivalence" and cultural context in specialised translation.

Translation techniques in the case of so called non-equivalent expressions in the form of borrowings point to foreignness, expose it, emphasise it, but by doing so they trigger the awareness of the existence of otherness, diversity. This awareness is necessary to realize the uniqueness and preserve the distinctiveness of the translated work existing outside its natural context.
It is the translator's task to show and explain this difference to the recipients of the translation, i.e. to consciously and skillfully conduct an intercultural dialogue.

In this academic paper I critically review terms applied in source literature in this regard, namely “non-translatability”. Assuming that equivalence never means sameness, and that the reaction of the target recipient will never be the same as that of the output recipients, we broaden the spectrum of translation possibilities, by moving towards adequacy and suitability. That is why I suggest to call the field of terms that have no direct equivalent in the target language – “non-equivalent lexis”, rather than “non-translatability”. There is a group of translation techniques devised to take into consideration cultural differences, even the wide-ranging ones. Discussing those I show that one can divide them into those progressing towards Nida’s formal equivalence and the language reality of the output language (L1), and such which lean towards dynamic equivalence which focuses on the culture of the target language. By leaning towards the source language reality, I reject the classic demand for an analogical reaction of the source recipient and the target recipient, finding it a myth that is at variance with the idea of realistic translation. I present arguments that speak in favour of techniques leaning towards formal equivalence, which translation studies often depart from in favour of dynamism and functionalism. However, I indicate in my article that a translator ought to consciously keep the distinctness of the translation (in terms of a Bergman-like highlighting of the Other) and ought to make the final recipients aware of that otherness, thus broadening their knowledge of the output language country and contributing to the dissemination of intercultural communication.
The issue of non-equivalent lexis is one of the biggest problems in translation, as evidenced by research and surveys carried out by me in 2008, and thus it is also a problem affecting the education of translators – as I have pointed out in my PhD thesis.

Este cunoscut faptul că frazeologia are o deosebită importanţă în practica traducerii, domeniul ei constituindu-se într-o adevărată piatră de încercare pentru traducători, prin dificultăţile pe care îmbinările stabile de cuvinte le impun în transferul de sensuri şi de valenţe expresiv-stilistice. Trebuie spus că până acum lingviştii au acordat puţină importanţă analizei contrastive a îmbinărilor stabile de cuvinte din două sau mai multe limbi; în cercetările noastre am găsit puţine studii în care să se compare structura, stabilitatea semantică, caracterul idiomatic al îmbinărilor stabile de cuvinte şi apartenenţa acestora în textele din limba sursă sau limba ţintă.

Ce travail consiste en l’analyse d’un passage du De Trinitate, X, XI , 18 d’Augustin à l’aide de la lecture qu’en fait Boèce dans ses Traités théologiques ; passage dans lequel on pense déceler une solution possible et – il semble – non encore envisagée, à la difficulté de la conciliation entre l’unité et la multiplicité de la trinité de l’âme, à travers la notion d’équivalence. Cette solution offre en effet, d’un point de vue logique, un mode de compréhension viable pour la Trinité divine elle-même (considérée d’un point de vue philosophique et théologique), puisqu’elle permet d’affirmer la possibilité logique d’une âme humaine trine, image de la Trinité de Dieu, à l’aide d’un concept simple et qui semble contenir en lui toutes les formes discursives et logiques possibles préalablement proposées pour l’expression et la compréhension de la Trinité divine (périchorèse ou circumincession, réciprocité relationnelle, communion etc.). La présente analyse se veut donc essentiellement linguistique et logique, et ne prétend aucunement à l’exhaustivité quant aux multiples solutions proposées en théologie.

[Le document correspond à un travail de Master, revu et complété en juin 2016]

Augustin – Boèce – Trinité – unité – multiplicité – âme – logique – équivalence – substance – relation

Traduire l'idiomaticité d'un texte littéraire ne revient pas à traduire seulement la phraséologie employée dans le texte en question, mais aussi l'ensemble des moyens linguistiques présents dans sa composition. Pour ce faire, il faut considérer l'idiomaticité sous deux angles: au sens strict, dans une perspective intralinguistique et au sens large, dans une perspective interlinguistique. Au sens strict, le principe d'idiomaticité mis en oeuvre dans une langue donnée est de nature phraséologique. Or ce principe passe au double au sens large dans l'activité traduisante par le biais de l'idiomatisation, procédé qui dépasse les limites du strictement phraséologique pour rendre «tout le génie» de la langue d'arrivée. Lors de cette procédure, la notion d'équivalence devient fondamentale et son caractère d'unité de traduction préétablie limitée aux équivalents phraséologiques est remis en cause, en faveur de ce qu'on dénomme désormais le «texte équivalent». Cette étude se centre donc sur la nature idiomatique de la traduction littéraire, toute chargée qu'elle est de la formulation créative du texte d'origine. Mots-clés: idiomaticité, phraséologie, traduction littéraire, équivalence.

This research intended to validate two brief scales of sensations seeking with Peruvian adolescents: the eight item scale (BSSS8; Hoyle, Stephenson, Palmgreen, Lorch, y Donohew, 2002) and the four item scale (BSSS4; Stephenson, Hoyle, Slater, y Palmgreen, 2003). Questionnaires were administered to 618 voluntary participants, with an average age of 13.6 years, from different levels of high school, state and private school in a district in the south of Lima. It analyzed the internal structure of both short versions using three models: a) unidimensional (M1), b) oblique or related dimensions (M2), and c) the bifactor model (M3). Results show that both instruments have a single dimension which best represents the variability of the items; a fact that can be explained both by the complexity of the concept and by the small number of items representing each factor, which is more noticeable in the BSSS4. Reliability is within levels found by previous studies: alpha: .745 = BSSS8 and BSSS4 =. 643; omega coefficient: .747 in BSSS8 and .651 in BSSS4. These are considered suitable for the type of instruments studied. Based on the correlation between the two instruments, it was found that there are satisfactory levels of equivalence between the BSSS8 and BSSS4. However, it is recommended that the BSSS4 is mainly used for research and for the purpose of describing populations.

El presente estudio tuvo el propósito de validar con adolescentes peruanos dos Escalas Breves de Búsqueda de Sensaciones: el de ocho ítems (BSSS8; Hoyle, Stephenson, Palmgreen, Lorch, y Donohew, 2002) y el de cuatro ítems (BSSS4; Stephenson, Hoyle, Slater, y Palmgreen, 2003). Los cuestionarios se aplicaron a 618 adolescentes que participaron voluntariamente, de 13. 6 años de edad promedio, de diferentes niveles de estudios de la secundaria, de colegios de gestión estatal y privada, pertenecientes a un distrito del sur de Lima. Se analizó la estructura interna de ambas versiones breves a través de tres modelos: unidimensional (M1), dimensiones relacionadas u oblicuas (M2) y el modelo bifactor (M3); los resultados hallados indican que ambos instrumentos tienen una sola dimensión que representa mejor la variabilidad de los ítems, hecho que puede ser explicado tanto por la complejidad del concepto como por la pequeña cantidad de ítems que representan a cada factor; aspecto que se potencia en el BSSS4; la fiabilidad cae dentro de los niveles que los estudios anteriores hallaron (Alfa: BSSS8= .745 y BSSS4= .643) y (Coeficiente Omega: .747 del BSSS8 y .651 del BSSS4) los mismos que se consideran adecuados para el tipo de instrumentos estudiados. A partir de la correlación entre ambos instrumentos, se encontró que existen niveles satisfactorios de equivalencia entre el BSSS8 y BSSS4. Se recomienda sin embargo que el BSSS4 se utilice fundamentalmente para trabajos de investigación y con propósitos de describir poblaciones.

In 2001, a multidisciplinary team made of analytical scientists and statisticians at sanofi-aventis has published a methodology which has governed, from that time, the transfers from R&D sites to Manufacturing sites of the release monographs. This article provides an overview of the recent adaptations brought to this original methodology taking advantage of our experience and the new regulatory framework, and, in particular, the risk management perspective introduced by ICH Q9. Although some alternate strategies have been introduced in our practices, the comparative testing one, based equivalence testing as statistical approach, remains the standard for assays lying on very critical quality attributes. This is conducted with the concern to control the most important consumer's risk involved at two levels in analytical decisions in the frame of transfer studies: risk, for the receiving laboratory, to take poor release decisions with the analytical method and risk, for the sending laboratory, to accredit such a receiving laboratory on account of its insufficient performances with the method. Among the enhancements to the comparative studies, the manuscript presents the process settled within our company for a better integration of the transfer study into the method life-cycle, just as proposals of generic acceptance criteria and designs for assay and related substances methods. While maintaining rigor and selectivity of the original approach, these improvements tend towards an increased efficiency in the transfer operations.

The harmonic oscillator formalism has been and still is playing an important role in many branches of physics. This is the simplest mathematical device which can connect the basic principle of physics with what we observe in the real world. The oscillator formalism is, therefore, a very useful language in establishing communications among (1) The physicists interested in fundamental principles and those interested in describing what we observe in laboratories. (2) Researchers in different branches of physics, such as atomic, nuclear and particle physics, quantum optics, statistical and thermal physics, foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, and group representations for possible future theories. The Workshop brought together active researchers in harmonic oscillators in many different fields, and provided the opportunity for them to learn new ideas and techniques from their colleagues in the fields of specialization different from their own. The Second International Workshop on Harmonic Oscillators will be held in Mexico in 1993. The Principal Organizer for this important meeting will be Kurt Bernardo Wolf of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.

Apres un rappel des principes fondamentaux sur lesquels repose l'approche culturelle de la terminologie, cet article presente une methodologie detaillee et pragmatique de la terminologie culturelle dans le contexte du developpement des langues africaines.

There are many theories of translation study, among which, Skopos theory is a new branch and can explain and instruct many translation activities. This paper puts forth some basic concepts of Skopos theory, introduces some basic rules of it, and concludes the merits and limitations of Skopos theory.

Teaching a foreign language is a challenge. In such a case, teaching translation is more than a challenge, primarily if students are taught the bilateral interpretation (Russian and English language combinations), and each of the mentioned above languages is a foreign one for them (our students are from China, Turkey, Japan, Algeria, Egypt, South Korea, and other countries). What are the invariant unbiased difficulties for foreigners determined by the grammatical system of the language combination? Should teachers consider phonetics and peculiar phonetic properties, or is it just enough to familiarize students with them? What are the optimal teaching methods and exercises? What is more important in translation, equivalence, or accuracy? Are the methods of consecutive interpretation's teaching applicable in bilateral interpretation teaching? To answer these problematic questions, we dedicated our article to the specific features of teaching international students. The study is based on our practical experience of teaching international students. We also present our most productive teaching methods, exercises, and the use of available digital technologies of the 21st century.

To show how important the equivalence of ST and TT in business law text is the main goal of this research. Besides that, the benefit of this research is to motivate a translator to become more critical and accurate in producing more quality translations. The results of research can be utilized as a benchmark to conduct further research in a similar study. The library research and field method are commonly administered in translation research. And the technique of analyzing data exerts comparative and causal model between the Source Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT). It is determined that the approach is pursuant to ST and TT both Nord Extra-textual and Intra-textual factors. In addition, the research scope is limited to addition and omission, the strategy of translating in word, phrase or term, clause, and sentence. The conformity of ST and TT to Grice's maxim is also analyzed as the effect of employing strategy of translating, the addition and omission. These research findings, firstly verifies that extra-textual and intra-textual factors are mostly integrated in achieving equivalence of ST and TT. Secondly, it is also discovered that translation error of deviation, addition, and omission of meaning as the impact of translating strategy application, addition and omission. Thirdly, it is acquired that writing business law text in English is more conventional compared to Indonesian. In conclusion, the translation of business law text complies with faithful and conventional main criteria. Moreover, not only the mastery of other knowledge related but also good collaboration are required between concerned parties and determined the success of translation practice. Therefore, it is wished for these results and implications could be referred to proceed with comprehensive research in other legal texts. Hereafter, it is also advised that proofreading is performed more than twice to minimalize misinterpretation.

Das Problem, das bereits seit langer Zeit all jene beschäftigt, die über das Übersetzen nachdenken, ist die Frage nach der Beziehung zwischen dem Ausgangstext und dem Zieltext, wofür meist der Begriff der Äquivalenz verwendet wird. Im Folgenden soll dieser Begriff für das Übersetzen von Rechtstexten in Frage gestellt und durch den Begriff des Kontextes ersetzt werden. Zwei Thesen sollen dafür zu Beginn der Ausführungen aufgestellt werden: 1. Es gibt keine Äquivalenz bei Rechtstexten in unterschiedlichen Sprachen 2. Kontext ist das bessere begriffliche Instrument für die Translation im Recht Diese Thesen werden im Folgenden anhand einer Beschreibung ihrer Funktion im Rahmen des Übersetzens von Rechtstexten auf ihre Nützlichkeit überprüft.

En el presente escrito, exponemos los avances del trabajo que estamos realizando, el cual trata acerca de la equivalencia de expresiones algebraicas, en la situación concreta de resolución de secuencias numéricas, que pueden ser estudiadas a través de la visualización. Presentamos y analizamos los resultados de una actividad propuesta a 30 estudiantes de tercer grado de secundaria, que nos permite suponer la posibilidad de dotar de significado a la equivalencia de expresiones algebraicas a partir del análisis visual y nos permite plantearnos la pregunta ¿cómo el análisis visual influye en la construcción de significado de la equivalencia de distintas expresiones algebraicas que surgen durante la resolución de secuencias numéricas visuales? Como resultado preliminar podemos mencionar que a partir de éste tipo de análisis los estudiantes son capaces de construir distintas expresiones algebraicas para una secuencia numérica; pero la equivalencia de dichas expresiones algebraicas no se discute.
Trabajo presentado en el III Coloquio de Doctorado del DME Cinvestav (2015).

Philip Larkin's poem "Love Song in Age" is analyzed against its Polish translation by Stanisław Barańczak using conceptual metaphor theory. The use of conventional and novel metaphors is compared. Some iconic effects along with their influence on the metaphorical mappings in the original poem and the translation are also compared and contrasted. The differences in the conceptual metaphorical structure of the construals potentially evoked by the original poem and its translation are discussed as possible sources of diminished equivalence between the texts.

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The λ-calculus is considered an useful mathematical tool in the study of programming languages, since programs can be identified with λ-terms. However, if one goes further and uses βη-conversion to prove equivalence of programs, then a gross simplification is introduced (programs are identified with total functions from values to values), that may jeopardise the applicability of theoretical results. In this paper we introduce calculi based on a categorical semantics for computations, that provide a correct basis for proving equivalence of programs, for a wide range of notions of computation. * Research partially supported by EEC Joint Collaboration Contract # ST2J-0374-C(EDB).

In linguistics, onomatopoeic words, which constitute one of the
main areas of sound symbolism, differ from other words in the
language in terms of their phonological, morphological and semantic
features. The selection and sequence of phonemes in onomatopoeic
words often evoke non-linguistic references in terms of the harmony
between sound and meaning. Therefore, each of these phonemes has
semantic features that can give an idea about the characteristic
features of the non-linguistic reference. Making definitions by paying
attention to these features in lexicographic treatment of onomatopoeic
words provides reliability in terms of giving the correct meaning and
usage of such words in dictionaries.
There is a certain number of onomatopoeic words in the
vocabulary of every language. However, research shows that such
words do not have the same phonemes in every language and that
there are some differences between them in terms of structure and
semantics. This situation regarding onomatopoeic words causes some
difficulties especially in finding the correct equivalence in translation
between languages. These difficulties are also present for both
dictionary editors and users in bilingual dictionaries prepared in the
form of giving lexical equivalence from one language to another.
Dictionary makers experience these difficulties during the definition
or matching (finding equivalence) of onomatopoeic words in two
different languages, while dictionary users are exposed to this
situation when searching what an onomatopoeic word in their native
language corresponds to in another language or what a onomatopoeic
word in another language means in their native language.
In this study, by emphasizing the characteristics of onomatopoeic
words, their lexicographic appearances in bilingual dictionaries and
the difficulties encountered during their translation from one language
to another will be discussed based on the data in the Redhouse
Turkish-English/English-Turkish Dictionary.

THE TRANSLATION ISSUES OF TELEVISION ADVERTS
The purpose of this study is clarify the translation issues, linguistic and non-linguistic factors effecting translation encountered in the target language translation of the foreign production advertising films broadcasted on televisions. In this context, the main purpose to be considered in translation of television adverts and the translation methods from which translator benefits were focused on. In this study, primarily advertising language and text, advertising text in terms of text genre within the scope of science of translation, translation methods and equivalence were discussed; the problems encountered in the translation of television adverts were evaluated in terms of translation terms by taking examples from foreign television adverts and some suggestions were provided at the end.