Language Studies

The answer is as close as breath. Tell me or die. One by one. Tell me and die. One by one. I eat ignorance. One, two, four, three, two, three, one, four . . . (A cry. The Sphinx’s? Oedipus’? A singular, piercing cry of woe becomes a muted communal lament as the Chorus enter from different sides and obscure the naked child. Dawn.) chorus Save us. We suffer. Save us. We are dying. Save us. We walk in confusion. Save us. We are blinded by fear. Save us. Save us. (Oedipus appears. Silence.) oedipus Citizens! You know me. My people, my children. I was not sleeping. I cannot sleep. I close my eyes and the multitudes of the suffering press around me in the darkness. You are always with me. I feel your mingled breath on my cheeks, your uncaught tears on

Aim and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: The main goal of this study was to examine noun–adjective gender agreement in Russian by comparing bilingual children with diverse L2 backgrounds (English, Finnish, German, and Hebrew) with age-matched monolingual children and monolinguals one year younger. This comparison was made to investigate the influence of L2 grammar on the acquisition of gender agreement by (L1) Russian-speaking children. Design/Methodology/Approach: The participants included four groups of 4–5-year-old bilingual children with Russian as L1 and English, German, Finnish, or Hebrew as L2, who were compared to monolingual children in Russia in two age groups (3–4 and 4–5 years old). The children were matched by socioeconomic status and parents’ educational background. All children were tested individually during one testing session. Agreement data were elicited using a semi-structured elicitation test, with verbal and visual stimuli. Data and Analysis: We used qual...

This paper examines simultaneous interpreting (SI) from the viewpoint of procedural competence, whose evolution may be followed and monitored through the changes intervening within implicit and explicit tasks performed. As a goal-oriented communicative activity, SI may be analysed through the strategies applied to achieve the communicative goal. The interpreter, first during his studies and then throughout his career, develops and constantly refines a strategic behaviour integrating conscious and unconscious strategies. Strategies are a dynamic concept, useful not only for the description of process-oriented aspects of SI, but also as a teaching tool orienting the study and for devising exercises that help automatize specific interpreting solutions.

Abstract: The study compares the effectiveness of Focus on Form (FonF) and Focus on FormS (FonFs) approaches in learning new L2 words by 158 high-school learners of English as L2. In phase 1 of the study, the FonF group read a text containing the target words, discussed it in small groups, and answered comprehension questions. The FonFs group studied the target words as discrete items with their meanings and examples of usage. In phase 2 of the study, all learners received the target words with their meanings and studied them for 15 minutes for a quiz. They were tested immediately after each phase, and two weeks later.

Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir.

We all know our schools; we grew up in their classrooms and, to a large extent, are a product of them. Nevertheless, once that stage of our education is over, we are not allowed to relive it, slipping through the doorway to sit down at a desk and watch what happens. The appeal of all educational ethnographies, including the one presented by Adrian Blackledge and Angela Creese in Multilingualism, resides to a large extent in this potential to allow us, from the standpoint of our past experience, to discover current schools and classrooms, and to do so in the (sometimes cacophonous) voices of their protagonists. In the present case, these voices, moreover, mobilise resources in languages other than that of English, the predominant tongue with which they become enmeshed. Multilingualism presents a sociolinguistic study of four interlocking case studies in four English cities, and eight complementary schools, opening up a scenario that for many readers might be a novel one, that of complementary schools created for "Teaching of the Language and Culture of Origin".

Ingo Plag The Oxford reference guide to English morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. 704. ISBN 978-0-19-957926-6. Ingo Plag The Oxford reference guide to English morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. 704. ISBN 978-0-19-957926-6. Reviewed by Pius ten Hacken, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck

Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley ... ABSTRACT Our use of language embodies attitudes as well as referential meanings. 'Woman's language' has as foundation the attitude that women are marginal to the ...

There has been a remarkable growth of interest in the theory and practice of autonomy in language teaching and learning in recent years. Focusing on work published since the turn of the 20th century, this review examines major trends in the recent literature on autonomy related to the emergence of alternative views of autonomy, new contexts of practice and interaction with concepts such as selfregulation, motivation, sociocultural theory and teacher development. The review also covers relevant developments in the philosophy of autonomy and the role of autonomy in global educational policy and reform. It concludes by discussing possible directions for future research in the field.

Subtitling of televised foreign‐language material not only changes language; it also switches from the spoken to the written mode, and it presents itself ‘in real time’, as a dynamic text type. Hence, due to the complex, ‘diagonal’ nature of subtitling, the subtitler must possess the musical ears of an interpreter, the stylistic sensitivity of a literary translator, the visual acuteness of a film cutter, and the esthetic sense of a book designer.The author discusses subtitling in the context of language transfer, and suggests nine basic fields to consider when creating ‐ and evaluating ‐ interlingual subtitles for television and video.

The year 2020 marked the 25th year since Bonny Norton published her influential TESOL Quarterly article, ‘Social identity, investment, and language learning’ (Norton Peirce, 1995) and the fifth year since we, Darvin and Norton (2015), co-authored ‘Identity and a model of investment in applied linguistics’ in the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. From the time Norton's 1995 piece was published, investment and motivation have been conceptually imbricated and often collocated, as they hold up two different lenses to investigate the same reality: why learners choose to learn an additional language (L2). In our 2015 article, we made the case that while it is important to ask the question, ‘Are students motivated to learn a language?’ it is equally productive to ask, ‘Are students invested in the language practices of the classroom or community?’ (Darvin & Norton, 2015, p. 37). We recognize that the relationship between language teachers and learners is unequal, and that teachers ...

The globalized new economy is bound up with transformations of language and identity in many dierent ways (cf., e.g. Bauman 1997;). These include emerging tensions between State-based and corporate identities and language practices, between local, national and supra-national identities and language practices, and between hybridity and uniformity. Ethnolinguistic minorities provide a particularly revealing window into these processes. In this paper, I explore ways in which the globalized new economy has resulted in the commodi®cation of language and identity, sometimes separately, sometimes together. The paper is based on recent ethnographic, sociolinguistic research in francophone areas of Canada.

Researchers have reported an evolution or change in progress in the Cajun identity, though their intuitions have not been confirmed empirically. The traditional membership borders of what a community consists of no longer apply in the case of Cajun. In order to understand these questions of identity and belonging, and to scientifically control the interpretation of the linguistic behavior of Cajun speakers, a general survey has been conducted on the linguistic attitudes and cultural identity of a sample of 929 individuals stratified by age and sex from four communities. Our results show that Cajun identity rests fundamentally in the linguistic ability of the speakers, regardless of the age group one is in: the more one has access to the Cajun language, the more one self-identifies as Cajun. In general, respondents claim that the necessary criteria to be considered Cajun are just those criteria that they themselves satisfy. We will demonstrate that there appear to be several ‘paths’ to take insofar as the Cajun community identity in Louisiana is concerned. However, this segmentation obviously has not been established or maintained without creating considerable tension between members of the cultural Cajun community.

Analysis of evaluative comments on research designs by doctoral students can be used to devise a list of the skills in which the students need training. In a study covering some ten years of the doctoral program in Translation and Intercultural Studies at the Universitat Rovira i Virgili in Tarragona, Spain, the vast majority of the evaluative comments are found to involve general shortcomings that do not particularly concern Translation Studies. This would suggest that research trainees do not really need a doctoral program in Translation Studies. Other weaknesses stem from the relatively undeveloped intellectual position of Translation Studies as a discipline, especially with regard to unstable terminology, the attribution of authority to other disciplines, and tendencies to disappear not just into philosophical aporias, but also into indiscriminate data-gathering and the uncritical extension of vocational values or professional best practices. Some shortcomings, however, would seem more germane to the nature of translation as an object of knowledge. This particularly concerns the problems of describing translation quality and attempts to position the researcher as being external to the intercultural processes being investigated. Translation researchers, it is argued, are necessarily interpreting language in a way similar to translators, operating on the borders between stabilizing systems. That special position, which is specific in terms of degree rather than kind, makes hermeneutic work and critical self-reflection basic parts of translation research, and trainees need to develop the corresponding awareness. On the other hand, to limit oneself to empirical and often positivistic methodologies from other disciplines would risk de-intellectualizing the way researchers engage socially and politically with translation. I have been running a doctoral program in Translation Studies in Tarragona, Spain, for very nearly ten years; I am now reflecting on that experience with a view to informing the doctoral program in Translation Studies in Stellenbosch, South Africa. Over those ten years in Tarragona we have seen exactly 100 students enter the program (in recent years they start in the research Masters that now initiates the program). About one in ten of those starters will probably defend their doctoral dissertation within five years. That low rate is not what particularly worries me, since there are many real-world circumstances that account for it. What concerns me far more is the high percentage of students who seem not to have the research skills required to reach their goals (many of whom have the nobility to drop

This paper analyzes the LL in the city of Bautzen / Budyšin in Germany, a town which is frequently considered the “capital” of the Slavonic minority of the Sorbs. It focuses on the societal role of Sorbian in relation to practices and ideologies of mainstream German society. The vast majority of signs in Bautzen / Budyšin are in German only. Sorbian is essentially restricted to explicitly Sorbian institutions and to local and regional administration. Interviews conducted in shops and on the streets reveal that paternalistic attitudes common to perceptions of language policies and minority languages in Germany dominate; practices maintain the common monolingual habitus in German society. Members of the majority population show little awareness of Sorbian issues, and Sorbian signage is seen as a generous gesture but considered essentially unnecessary. Only in most recent times, a reaction by the Sorbian community has challenged these practices and attitudes.

This article reviews corpus-based Chinese studies, both applied and theoretical, from the 1920s to the present. It will be shown that, while corpus-based Chinese studies have been gaining momentum for only the last couple of decades, the roots of Chinese corpus linguistics go all the way back to the beginning of the 20th century. Today the bulk of corpus-based Chinese studies is oriented toward applied linguistics, with the compilation of frequency character/word lists and interlanguage Chinese studies being the most popular types of research. In addition to applied linguistic studies, this overview also highlights some innovative corpus studies on lexical and grammatical aspects of both classical and modern Chinese, as well as studies of sociolinguistic variation and discourse pragmatics. Overall, important groundwork in Chinese corpus linguistics is acknowledged and future directions are discussed.

All social life is based on people's ability to recognize what others are doing. Recently, the mechanisms underlying this human ability have become the focus of a growing multidisciplinary interest. This article contributes to this line of research by considering how people's orientations to who they are to each other are built-in in the organization action. We outline a unifying theoretical framework in which the basic facets of human social relations are seen as being anchored in three orders—epistemic order, deontic order, and emotional order—each of which, we argue, also pertains to action recognition. This framework allows us to account for common ambiguities in action recognition and to describe relationship negotiations involving a complex interface between knowledge, power, and emotion. (Action recognition, social relations, conversation analysis, status, stance, epistemic rights, deontic rights, emotion)*

ABSTRACTL'objectif de cet article est d’établir que dans l'un de ses emplois, traditionnellement qualifié de ‘régional’, le passé surcomposé est une forme verbale qui grammaticalise la valeur habituellement appelée ‘parfait existentiel’. Dans une première partie, on dresse un panorama des principales propriétés du parfait existentiel, tel que l'exprime en français le passé composé, en distinguant propriétés sémantiques et propriétés discursives. On montre en particulier que cette valeur implique un prédicat existentiel lié à un intervalle de validation. Dans une seconde partie, on développe un certain nombre d'arguments établissant que le passé surcomposé grammaticalise cette valeur. On présente un tableau général des principaux emplois du surcomposé, et on analyse plusieurs exemples pour mettre au jour les points communs et les différences entre le passé composé et le passé surcomposé existentiels, notamment dans leur rapport avec les adverbiaux temporels quantifieu...

In this paper several passages ofOvid's Medicaminajacieijemineae are critically analysed.-Medic. 51 s.: Die age, eum teneros somnus dimiserit artus, candida qua possint ora nitere modo. 51 die age (Sic age N) MABCP¡RL"M"OU Lenz, Kenney a/U : disce age P¡, (disce 1I.1. ¡.m.) proh. Heinsills, Goold (l/id. /965,p. 59) ; ergo age Mycilfus: discite wp probo Marius, Merkel Comienza aqui la segunda parte del poema (versos 51-100), e.e. el recetario. El dístico 51-52 introduce el cambio dc contenido y tono narrativo con respecto a la prímera parte (versos 1-50), a la vez que apunta ya el sentido de la primera receta. Seguramente debido a la brusquedad en ese cambio de tono, editores como Ehwa1d, Lenz, Pérez, Delia Casa y Rosati y algún estudioso como Pohlerrz (1965, p. 135), suponen la existencia de una laguna entre los versos 50 y 51, que explicaría entre otras cosas el controvertido imperativo que abre este segundo bloque, para el que se barajan tres variantes. Pero vayamos por partes. La lectura discite, recogida por un manuscrito de fines del s. Xl[ o comienzos del XIII-el Gothanus Membr. II 120 (G)-y un buen número de códices de las dos centurias siguientes, y'defendida por Marius Niger (y Merke1) dado su paralelismo con la fonna análoga del verso 1, es sospechosa precisamente por dicho paralelo y queda desautorizada al observar que en toda esta segunda * Este artículo, realizado dentro del ProycC'to de Investigación (PB92-0486) «Ovidio: Opera Amatoria Ih> de la DGICYT, es fruto de mi labor de edición del texto de los l\JJedicamina, que aparecerá en la coleccÍón «Alma Maten> (CS.J.C, Madrid). Conste mi agradecimiento a los miembros de dicho Proyecto, así como a los profesores R. Carande y J. Solana, por sus sugerencias y ayuda.

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Description: Jordan wrote four chapters and collaborated on a fifth: History (3-34), Authorship (70-91), Genre (92-116), Film Studies and Film Theory (170-93) and Stars (collab: 117-33), as well as the Conclusion, Glossary of Film Terms, Useful Websites and ...

he culture children learn as they grow up is, in fact, "ways of taking meaning" from the environment around them. The means of making sense from books and relating their contents to knowledge about the real world is but one "way of taking" that is often interpreted as "natural" rather than learned. .. [T]eachers (and researchers alike) have not recognized that ways of taking from books are as much a part of learned behavior as are ways of eating, sitting, playing games, and building houses.

The article analyzes the phenomenon of tourism within the current globalizing and postmodern contexts. It is based on the cultural relationship between Chan Kom, a Maya community in the Yucatán Peninsula, and Cancún, the international tourist emporium. The tourist culture of Cancún embeds rules of production and consumption radically different from those encapsulated in the milpa or cornfield ideology that Maya experience in their communities. The study presents a dialogue between Chan Kom's social fragmentation due to out-migration to Cancún and the Mayanization of the socioeconomic and cultural landscape of the international Cancún. The goal is to discover the kaleidoscopic representations of Cancún as a tourist market product through the prism of the Maya ideological and socioeconomic presence.

La thèse soutenue dans cet article est qu'il est possible de mettre en place un apprentissage de la production écrite assisté par ordinateur fondé prioritairement sur l'activité scripturale des apprenants et non sur la transmission de connaissances sur les textes ; ce sont alors des " gammes d'écriture" (du nom du logiciel utilisé) qui sont proposées aux apprenants, activités plus simples que la production d'un texte entier, destinées à faire pratiquer l'écriture, bien sûr, mais également à faire repérer certains ressorts textuels. L'expérimentation décrite en appui à cette thèse s'est prolongée durant un semestre avec un groupe d'une vingtaine d'étudiants de français langue étrangère ; elle relève de la didactique des langues et de l'ALAO, avec des fondements théoriques en psychologie et en linguistique textuelle.

Digital translation history is defined here as a methodological approach that uses digital technologies to produce, enhance or disseminate research on translation history. This can help translation historians pose fresh questions and answer new and old ones. It entails mastering technical competencies in varying degrees while remaining grounded in the fundamentals of the historian's craft. This paper outlines the main affordances of digital approaches as applied to the study of translation history (how these can help translation historians do things better and/or differently in some respects), as well as the limitations. It introduces relevant techniques of text analysis (such as distant reading, topic modelling and stylometrics) and data visualization, which can help tease out patterns and relationships (e.g. textual, conceptual, geographic and personal networks) in dynamic ways that potentially create new knowledge and facilitate public engagement with scholarship.

446 BESPRECHUNGEN ANDREAS NIEVERGELT: Die Glossierung der Handschrift Clm 18547b. Ein Beitrag zur Funktionalität der mittelalterlichen Griffelglossierung, Heidelberg: Winter 2007, 968 S., 34 Abb. (Germanistische Bibliothek 28) Andreas Nievergelt legt mit seiner im Wintersemester 2004/05 an der Universität Zürich eingereichten Dissertationsschrift zu den Glossen der Handschrift Clm 18547b eine qualitativ und quantitativ gewichtige Studie nicht allein für die deutschsprachige Glossenforschung vor. Die zwischenzeilig oder auf den Rändern stehenden volkssprachigen Wortformen in mittelalterlichen Handschriften wurden sekundär zu einem lateinischen Werktext eingetragen. Für die Sprachgeschichtsforschung sind die Glossen bedingt durch die wenigen überlieferten Textzeugnisse aus der althochdeutschen Sprachperiode von unschätzbarem Wert. Griffelglossen werden aufgrund des Instruments, das für die Niederschrift verwendet wird, von Feder-und Farbstiftglossen abgegrenzt. Im Vergleich mit Federglossen fanden Griffel-und Farbstiftglossen in der Forschung lange Zeit nur geringe Beachtung.