Early Christian Archaeology and Art Research Papers

ARTIBUS IN& ~~ f~· 1•8•0•1 Mohr Siebeck VI Vorwort ellen Entwicklungen und Ergebnisse der Jesusforschung und ordnet diese zu gleich in ein geschichtshermeneutisch reflektiertes Paradigma der Beschäftigung mit der Person Jesu ein. Es ist... more

ARTIBUS IN& ~~ f~· 1•8•0•1 Mohr Siebeck VI Vorwort ellen Entwicklungen und Ergebnisse der Jesusforschung und ordnet diese zu gleich in ein geschichtshermeneutisch reflektiertes Paradigma der Beschäftigung mit der Person Jesu ein. Es ist vielfältiger Dank abzustatten. Zuerst und vor allem ist das große Ver dienst zu würdigen, das sich Lena Nogossek um das Zustandekommen dieses Handbuchs erworben hat. Sie war seit der ersten Planungssitzung an seiner Kon zeption und dem Werden des Manuskripts beteiligt und hat sich sein Gelingen zu einer Herzensangelegenheit werden lassen. Ohne ihre ebenso unermüdliche wie engagierte, unerbittliche und geduldige Arbeit an dem Manuskript bis hin zu den letzten Details der Register wäre dieses Buch niemals zustande gekommen. Ihr gebührt deshalb unser erster, großer und herzlicher Dank! Zu danken ist sodann den vielen Autorinnen und Autoren, die zu diesem Un ternehmen beigetragen haben. Es war von Beginn an beabsichtigt, ein Handbuch vorzulegen, das die aktuelle Jesusdiskussion auf einem hermeneutisch reflektier ten Niveau und auf dem internationalen Forschungsstand darbietet. Die Beiträge rinnen und Beiträger haben sich mit ihren je spezifischen Kompetenzen auf das Konzept eingelassen und es durch ihre Mitarbeit von einer Idee zu einem Buch werden lassen. Dafür danken wir allen Beitragenden herzlich. Zu danken ist weiter den Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern in Berlin, die sich um das Zustandekommen dieses Handbuchs verdient gemacht haben. Matthias Müller hat die englischsprachigen Beiträge sorgfältig ins Deutsche übersetzt und dabei auftauchende Probleme -etwa bei der Frage, welche Auflage eines deutschen Buches bei der (Rück-)Übersetzung eines ins Englische übersetzten deutschen Werkes zugrundezulegen sei-in gewohnt präziser und umsichtiger Weise gelöst. Die »Philipp-Melanchthon-Stiftung Philologisch-theologisches Kolleg« hat diese Übersetzungen mit einem großzügigen Betrag gefördert. Auch dafür danken wir herzlich. Die Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter am Lehrstuhl für Exegese und Theologie des Neuen Testaments sowie die Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen ha ben das Manuskript mehrfach Korrektur gelesen, Unstimmigkeiten aufgespürt und bei der Lösung allfälliger Detailprobleme, die bei der Entstehung eines solch komplexen Unternehmens unweigerlich auftauchen, geholfen. Genannt seien Konrad Schwarz, Clarissa Paul, Florian Lengle und Katharina Simunovic. Albrecht Beutel, Herausgeber der »Handbücher« im Verlag Mohr Siebeck, und Henning Ziebritzki, Geschäftsführer des Verlages, haben der Idee eines Jesus Handbuchs, die ihnen auf den ersten Blick etwas abseitig erschien (gehört ein »Jesus Handbuch« in eine Reihe »Theologen-Handbücher«?) nach kurzer Bedenk zeit zugestimmt und das Unternehmen dann rückhaltlos unterstützt -Albrecht Beutel nicht zuletzt mit einem gewichtigen eigenen Beitrag zu dem Handbuch, Henning Ziebritzki in der professionellen, freundlichen und umsichtigen Weise, die wir von ihm seit langem kennen und die auch den von ihm geleiteten Verlag prägt. In dessen Herstellungsabteilung hat Ilse König das Handbuch betreut. Auch ihr sei herzlich für die zügige und zuverlässige Zusammenarbeit gedankt.

The art of the catacombs was born in Rome between the second and third centuries and is manifested especially in the pictorial decorations of the cubicula and other hypogeal environments. The extremely simplified artistic typology echoes... more

The survey discusses wall- and vault mosaics (Centcelles, Rotunda Thessaloniki), floor mosaics (Aquileia, Madaba, Petra), paintings, textiles, sculpture, sumptuary arts (silver, ivory), iconographical themes (martyrs, Christ, baptism,... more

Cover: Thessaloniki, Rotunda: detail of angel (photo: B. Kiilerich) main reason for Pacatus' admonition. 5 At Silahtaraga on the outskirts of Constantinople, slightly under life-size marble statues of Artemis, Selene, Helios (Fig. 1.1)... more

1 A mio modo di vedere, resta fondamentale FAZZO 1977, a cui possiamo aggiungere BRECKENRIDGE 1978 e, più di recente, KITZINGER 1992. 2 FIOCCHI NICOLAI 2003. 3 FIOCCHI NICOLAI, GUYON 2006. 4 PENNA 2001. 5 GUIDOBALDI 2014. 6 Cfr. supra... more

Early Christian art, which evolves in late antique figurative culture, proposes extensive and cyclical representations, but especially abbreviated expressions, to the point of involving symbols. In addition to the essential signs of the... more

Το παρόν έργο πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας προστατεύεται κατά τις διατάξεις του ελληνικού νόμου (Ν. 2121/1993 όπως έχει τροποποιηθεί και ισχύει σήμερα) και τις διεθνείς συμβάσεις περί πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Απαγορεύεται απολύτως η άνευ... more

The towns and surrounding rural areas of the Eastern Roman Empire experienced a remarkable boom during Late Antiquity (late fourth to seventh century AD), which involved both extraordinary diversity from region to region but also... more

- AN EXCEPTIONAL BYZANTINE MOSAIC
- A REPRESENTATION OF JERUSALEM IN THE 6th CENTURY
- UNE MOSAÏQUE BYZANTINE EXCEPTIONNELLE
- UNE REPRÉSENTATION DE JÉRUSALEM AU VIe SIÈCLE

In copertina: collo di anfora Keay 34B dagli scavi nella catacomba di S. Gennaro a Napoli. A pagina 1: ampolla in argilla dal centro di pellegrinaggio di Abu Mena (Egitto).

"Sommaire: 1. LES PÈRES DE L'ÉGLISE 2. RÉPERTOIRE FIGURÉ DU DÉCOR 3. EXPLICATION DES IMAGES AUX CATÉCHUMÈNES 4. LES SYMBOLIQUES DU PRINTEMPS 5. A L'IMAGE DE LA PERFECTION DIVINE 6. MÉTHODE D'INTERPRÉTATION PAR ANALOGIE 7. CYRILLE... more

This dissertation is an exploratory study on the interaction of architecture and Christian archaeology around the turn of the 20th century. As one of the roots of architectural historiography, Christian archaeology – the largely... more

Within the glyptic collection of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, there is a small group of gems with Latin inscriptions, consisting of 7 intaglios and 2 glass intaglios. These intaglios are mainly stray finds acquired for the Museum... more

In: STUDIA PATRISTICA 73: pp. 145-168. (2014.)

Le immagini di proprietà dello Stato italiano provenienti dal territorio regionale sono state pubblicate su concessione del MiBAC -Dipartimento per i Beni Culturali e Paesaggistici -Direzione Regionale per i Beni Culturali e Paesaggistici... more

The author published an Early Christian marble reliquary shaped as a cross with a frectangular bed cut on the rear side for incerting of a small reliquary in. The unusual reliquary was found by chance at an ancient site in Northeastern... more

The free-standing monuments – tetrahedral stelae – dating back to the 7th century are preserved on the territory of historical Armenia. Stelae were erected in open air, near churches, are covered with reliefs and crowned by stone... more

The free-standing monuments – tetrahedral stelae – dating back to the 7th century are preserved on the territory of historical Armenia. Stelae were erected in open air, near churches, are covered with reliefs and crowned by stone crosses. There are images of Christ, the Holy Virgin, Apostles, saints, archangels, donators, as well as scenes from the Old and the New Testaments. Nevertheless, some of those sculptures can hardly be identified because of their bad state or uncommon composition. One of those depictions is the personification of the Holy Church (St. Zion), presented in the person of a woman having a church model in her hands (stele of Agarak). Another one is a figure with dog head; it is the image of St. Christopher Cynocephalus, the only Christian saint with bestial appearance. Nowadays, nine such images are known on Armenian stelae (stelae from Talin, Ujan and Odzun, etc). The next image that requires the explanation, is a tower like building with a ladder put against it on the stele of Odzun. According to the Eastern Christian iconography it is the symbolic image of St. Zion.
The composition of an orant between two lions, which can often be seen on tetrahedral stelae of Armenia, has two different interpretations. This composition, well known in the Eastern Christian art, is usually interpreted as the Biblical scene of ‘Daniel into the den of lions’. Nevertheless, in a series of scene we observe the orant with a female aspect, which allows seeing in such compositions ‘Saint Thecla between two lions’ (stele from Kechror, relief from Erzynka). It corresponds to one of the iconographic versions of the image of saint Thecla and is known on some early Byzantine monuments.
The composition depicting winged horses and a pair of wheels, known on two stelae, represents the Old Testament scene of Prophet Elias’ Ascension (stelae from Talin and Agarak) which is a rare example of that composition in the art of Transcaucasus. Even if the sculptures are partly damaged, their composition is easy to understand as it matches the canonic scheme of this composition and has it’s early Byzantine parallels.
The abovementioned subjects and images on tetrahedral stelae of Armenia considerably enlarge our notions about the early iconographic tradition in the Armenian medieval art and, more widely, in the art of Transcaucasus. Besides, iconographic compositions and images based on early Christian and early Byzantine prototypes partly complete early iconographic versions not preserved until our days, which makes tetrahedral stelae of Armenia important monuments in the context of Eastern Christian studies.

Dominic Moreau, Carolyn S. Snively, Alessandra Guiglia, Isabella Baldini, Ljubomir Milanović, Ivana Popović, Nicolas Beaudry and Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska (eds), Archaeology of a World of Changes: Late Roman and Early Byzantine... more

Resumen: Las placas cerámicas decoradas de época tardoantigua constituyen una peculiar manifestación artística dentro del mundo hispano, concretamente del mediodía peninsular. Tradicionalmente se han emparentado con las norteafricanas,... more

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- by Walter Alegría and +2
  Marta Sancho i Planas
  Jordina Sales-Carbonell
- •
- 52
  Christianity, History, Ancient History, Archaeology

A study of the particular insular use of the Eucharistic Chrismal in the Early Medieval period.

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Slipcase illustration: Ivory panel (416 × 143 mm) with an archangel (probably Michael); right panel of a diptych (left panel lost). In his right hand the figure... more

La fase più consistente appare essere quella testimoniata da murature appartenenti a un quartiere abitativo di età bizantina sorto sulle strutture dell'agora romana. Queste costruzioni, realizzate in blocchi di pietra calcarea e malta,... more

La fase più consistente appare essere quella testimoniata da murature appartenenti a un quartiere abitativo di età bizantina sorto sulle strutture dell'agora romana. Queste costruzioni, realizzate in blocchi di pietra calcarea e malta, possono essere messe in relazione a pavimenti in terra battuta, alternati a strati di livellamento che riempirono gradualmente l'area della piazza fino all'altezza dello stilobate. Nelle cortine delle murature dei diversi edifici del periodo bizantino furono reimpiegati numerosi materiali (blocchi squadrati, lastre e blocchi iscritti, frammenti di sculture) provenienti dalla spoliazione di monumenti antichi. Lo scavo si è fermato, al termine della campagna 2012, in corrispondenza della base dello stilobate, con l'asportazione di strati composti da macerie della stoa (frammenti di colonne e di elementi lapidei della trabeazione) e materiali di riporto più antichi (tra cui terrecotte architettoniche di periodo arcaico e classico), che costituiscono l'esito della sistematica spoliazione delle strutture dell'agora, effettuata nel primo periodo bizantino. Tra i rinvenimenti, anche se in giacitura secondaria, degno di particolare rilievo è un pregevole frammento di bassorilievo del periodo arcaico raffigurante una testa equina vista di profilo, volta verso sinistra . Si tratta del quarto frammento dello stesso fregio a cui appartiene il rilievo con la scena della biga in corsa che costituisce peraltro il logo della Associazione Iasos di Caria. Il monumento cui era pertinente (forse un tempio) non è stato ancora individuato dagli scavi, ma senza dubbio doveva essere di dimensioni e importanza del tutto ragguardevoli. Gli stessi archeologi dell'Università della Tuscia hanno curato il completamento dello scavo di un'area quadrangolare (m 5 × 5 circa) nella stoa orientale, adiacente al muro di fondo dell'agora, tra la seconda e la quarta colonna del portico. In questa zona, solo parzialmente scavata in passato, era stato individuato un piccolo edificio di forma quadrangolare, identificato come fornace per metalli del periodo bizantino. Il precario stato di conservazione ha indotto alla rimozione delle strutture, mettendo in luce una struttura più antica, poggiante direttamente sulla pavimentazione della stoa, che in questo punto conserva quasi integralmente le lastre marmoree della pavimentazione. Un terzo settore di scavo adiacente all'agora è stato quello diretto da F. Berti con il supporto di D. Baldoni e di M. Molinari, che ha interessato il vano centrale del cosiddetto "Edificio Tripartito", ubicato a est della stoa orientale. Sugli esiti di questo sondaggio si rimanda allo specifico contributo in questo stesso fascicolo, limitandoci a ricordare l'importante scoperta dei pilastri del maussoleion rinvenuti in questo settore.

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- by Diego Peirano
- •
- 15
  History, Archaeology, Art History, Early Medieval Archaeology

Dominic Moreau, Carolyn S. Snively, Alessandra Guiglia, Isabella Baldini, Ljubomir Milanović, Ivana Popović, Nicolas Beaudry and Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska (eds), Archaeology of a World of Changes: Late Roman and Early Byzantine... more

Dominic Moreau, Carolyn S. Snively, Alessandra Guiglia, Isabella Baldini, Ljubomir Milanović, Ivana Popović, Nicolas Beaudry and Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska (eds), Archaeology of a World of Changes: Late Roman and Early Byzantine Architecture, Sculpture and Landscapes. Selected Papers from the 23rd International Congress of Byzantine Studies (Belgrade, 22–27 August 2016) – In memoriam Claudiae Barsanti, BAR Publishing, Oxford (BAR International Series, 2973), 2020, p. 35-55.

The site currently identified as Zaldapa is the largest fortified Romano-Byzantine city – 25 ha intra muros – in the hinterland of present-day Dobrudja and North-eastern Bulgaria. Considering the size of Zaldapa, it is curious that it appears in only seven written sources, all from the sixth to eleventh centuries AD. Moreover, the site has been little explored in the last hundred years. Since 2014, however, a Bulgarian team has decided to resume field-work, which has led to the discovery of a new Christian basilica, larger than those previously known. Following that important discovery, the Bulgarian team invited French and Canadian scholars to visit them on the site, in order to evaluate its overall potential and to set up an international mission. During the summer of 2015, excavations in the choir of Basilica ‘No 3’ allowed the release of a crypt and other interesting unknown structures. This paper describes the state of the art up to the end of the 2016 field season, as presented at the International Congress of Byzantine Studies by the above-mentioned French and Canadian scholars, together with the Bulgarian teams, as their first joint contribution. An appendix is added to this work, with the goal of briefly reporting the explorations up to 2019, as well as the beginning of the International Archaeological Mission at Zaldapa.

Le site actuellement identifié comme Zaldapa est la plus grande ville romano-byzantine fortifiée – 25 ha intra-muros – de l'arrière-pays des actuelles Dobroudja et Bulgarie du Nord-Est. Compte tenu de la taille de Zaldapa, il est curieux qu'elle ne soit mentionnée que dans sept sources écrites, qui sont toutes des VIe-XIe siècles. De plus, le site a été peu exploré dans les cent dernières années. Depuis 2014, une équipe bulgare a, toutefois, décidé de reprendre le travail sur le terrain, ce qui a mené à la découverte d’une nouvelle basilique chrétienne, plus grande que celles connues jusqu’alors. À la suite de cette découverte importante, l'équipe bulgare a invité des chercheurs français et canadiens à venir leur rendre visite sur le site, afin de mettre en place une mission internationale. Pendant l’été 2015, des fouilles dans le chœur de la basilique « No 3 » ont permis le dégagement d’une crypte et d’autres structures intéressantes. Cet article propose l’état de la question jusqu’à la fin de la campagne de 2016, présenté au Congrès international des études byzantines, par lesdits chercheurs français et canadiens, avec l’équipe bulgare, comme première contribution conjointe. Un appendice est ajouté à ce travail, avec pour objectif de rendre compte brièvement des explorations jusqu’en 2019, de même que du début de la Mission archéologique internationale à Zaldapa.

Der Fundplatz, der als Zaldapa identifiziert wird, ist mit 25 ha intra muros die größte befestigte römisch-byzantinische Stadt auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Dobrudscha und des nordöstlichen Bulgarien. Bei der Größe von Zaldapa ist es verwunderlich, dass die Stadt nur sieben Mal in den Schriftquellen Erwähnung findet, die alle aus dem 6.-11. Jh. stammen. Außerdem wurde der Platz während der letzten hundert Jahre wenig erforscht. Ab 2014 entschied sich ein bulgarisches Team die Feldarbeiten wieder aufzunehmen. Diese Arbeiten führten zu der Entdeckung einer frühchristlichen Basilika, größer als die beiden bis dahin bekannten Kirchen. Infolge dieser wichtigen Entdeckung lud das bulgarische Team französische und kanadische Wissenschaftler ein, um das allgemeine Potenzial des Ortes zu prüfen und eine internationale Zusammenarbeit einzuleiten. Während des Sommers 2015 brachten Ausgrabungen im Chor der Basilika drei Überreste einer Krypta und andere bis dahin unbekannte Strukturen zur Tage. Dieser Beitrag stellt den Stand der Ergebnisse bis zum Ende der 2016er Kampagne vor, die beim Internationalen Kongress für Byzantinische Studien durch französische und kanadische Wissenschaftler zusammen mit den bulgarischen Kollegen vorgestellt worden war, als ihr erster gemeinsamer Beitrag. Der Aufsatz ist durch einen Anhang ergänzt, mit dem Ziel einen kurzen Bericht der Forschungen bis 2019 zu geben und über den Beginn der internationalen archäologischen Kooperation in Zaldapa zu informieren.

Il sito attualmente identificato come Zaldapa è la più grande città fortificata romano-bizantina - 25 ettari entro le mura - dell'entroterra dell'attuale Dobrugia e della Bulgaria nord-orientale. Date le dimensioni di Zaldapa, è curioso che il sito sia menzionato solo in sette fonti scritte, tutte risalenti al VI-XI secolo. Inoltre, esso è stato poco esplorato negli ultimi cento anni. Dal 2014, una squadra bulgara ha tuttavia deciso di riprendere il lavoro sul campo, che ha portato alla scoperta di una nuova basilica cristiana, più grande di quelle conosciute fino ad allora. Dopo questa importante scoperta, il team bulgaro ha invitato ricercatori francesi e canadesi a visitare il sito per creare una missione internazionale. Durante l'estate del 2015, gli scavi nel presbiterio della basilica "No. 3" hanno permesso il rinvenimento di una cripta e di altre interessanti strutture. Questo articolo propone lo stato dell’arte fino alla fine della campagna del 2016, presentata al Congresso Internazionale di Studi Bizantini dai citati ricercatori francesi e canadesi, con il team bulgaro, come primo contributo congiunto. A questo lavoro si aggiunge un'appendice, con l'obiettivo di rendere note brevemente le esplorazioni fino al 2019, così come l'inizio della Missione Archeologica Internazionale a Zaldapa.

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In the journal Bullettino di archeologia della storia dalmata (Vol. 22) from 1899 a small article entitled “Spomenik, kojemu euharistično značenje još nije utvrgjeno” (pages 25–26) was published, and signed by the journal editorial board.... more

In the journal Bullettino di archeologia della storia dalmata (Vol. 22) from 1899 a small article entitled “Spomenik, kojemu euharistično značenje još nije utvrgjeno” (pages 25–26) was published, and signed by the journal editorial board. The subject of this article was an intaglio of carnelian from the glyptic collection of the Archaeological Museum in Split. The article includes a high quality, enlarged picture of the engraved gem with a brief discussion of this engraved motif to which the great names of Early Christian archaeology, such as Giovanni Battista de Rossi, Józef Bilczewski and Orazio Marucchi, devoted their attention. The motif is described as depicting either a fish or a dolphin on a tripod and is associated with the early Christian period (its symbolic meaning being related to the Eucharist).
The problem here lies in the representation of a dolphin. The motif was named “the Eucharist dolphin” although not attested on the Early Christian frescoes depicting the Eucharist, agape, or funeral banquets, nor on the Early Christian gems, which frequently depict dolphins either with anchors or with a Christian inscription. J. Spier, therefore, leaves the issue of the ascription of the Salona carnelian to early Christianity unresolved, categorising it as a 3rd century gem.
However, after turning away from the idea of an Early Christian motif, the iconographic analysis of Roman gems depicting tripods showed that the motif carved into the Salona carnelian actually represents neither fish nor dolphin, but rather a different kind of an animal. It is, unquestionably, a mouse, commonly depicted on tripods either standing or nibbling on a piece of bread. From this, we can conclude that the Salona carnelian should not be considered anymore as an Early Christian gem nor as depicting a so-called Eucharist dolphin. Instead, it should be included in the group of Roman gems engraved with a mouse on a tripod.

Keywords: intaglio, glyptics, Early Christianity, Roman period, eucharist, fish, dolphin, tripod, mouse

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- by Iva Kaić
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- 10
  Roman History, Early Christianity, Glyptics, Roman Provincial Archaeology

Старинар/Starinar, 69, 2019, p. 355-359.

This paper addresses the issue of the end of the statuary in late Antiquity. It gives first a picture of the continuity of the presence of the statues in the streets, in some public buildings, like thermae and in the aristocratic houses.... more

Recensión (en español) de dicho libro (en español).

LEMMATA: D. Ajnalov, A. Bank, V. Beneshevich, A. Berthier-Delagarde, V. Bock, F. Buslaev , I. Cvetaev, O. Dombrowskij, G. Filimonov, A. Golubcov, E. Golubinskij, L. Kavelin [Leonid], N. Kondakov, Ju. Kulakovskij, V. Latyshev, V.... more

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BOR 2013 (season 2) БОР 2013 (сезон 2) ----- Authors: Alexander Minchev, Vassil Tenekedjiev Автори: Александър Минчев, Васил Тенекеджиев ----- The paper is in Bulgarian Съобщението е на български ----- Presented at the Annual... more

Early Christian Archaeology and Art

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