Donor Conception

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche1 documentant le rôle du donneur de sperme connu auprès des familles lesboparentales. L’objectif général visait à analyser comment les différents acteurs (la mère biologique, la mère sociale et le donneur) mettent en tension et articulent leurs représentations de la parentalité, de la parenté et de la
paternité dans ce contexte ou plus de deux adultes sont nécessaires pour la reproduction et l’éducation d’enfants. Pour ce faire, 9 couples lesbiens et les 9 donneurs à l’origine de leur projet parental ont été rencontrés. Les résultats démontrent que le donneur agit comme un intermédiaire dans la création de liens de parenté grâce à  l’orchestration, par les mères, d’une « chorégraphie ontologique » (Thompson, 2005). Ces chorégraphies agiront en synergie avec la prédominance que les mères accordent à la quotidienneté dans le « faire famille », la mise à distance ou l’appropriation des discours sociaux sur l’importance du père pour le développement des enfants de même que l’élaboration – ou non – d’une identité paternelle chez le donneur. Ultimement, cela déterminera le rôle que jouera le donneur auprès des enfants nés de ses dons.

Foundation Transparency - Opacity: It’s Complicated
Abstract

Private philanthropy has been referred to as one of the least transparent and accountable social institutions in the United States.  Accordingly, private foundations are being challenged to become more transparent.  Like other charitable institutions, private foundations already disclose extensive information about their activities in federal tax returns, which the public can easily access.  Yet, a widely held presumption is that private foundations remain intensely and uniformly opaque.  Research findings confirmed that private foundations are generally opaque, but also found that they selectively engage in situational transparency, which is not generally observed in the literature.  This article makes three contributions.  First, it uses specific indicators to assess the existence private foundation opaque practice, resulting in important insights regarding the contexts in which each may occur.  Second, it reports findings that, under certain circumstances, private foundations have intentionally relaxed their opaqueness in favor of greater transparency with certain grantees in furtherance of philanthropic objectives.  Third, several questions are posed to help guide foundations in deciding for themselves how and with whom they might wish to engage in greater transparency.  Research findings discovered that the matter of transparent/opaque practice in private philanthropy is less than straightforward.  As it turns out, transparent/opaque practice among private foundations is a nuanced and complicated matter.

Republika Hrvatska spada u jednu od vodećih zemalja po broju transplantacija organa usprkos brojnim preprekama na koje je transplantacijska medicinanaišla tijekom svog razvoja. Kako ovo područje spada u izuzetno osjetljivo,posebice po pitanju etičkih aspekta, nametnula se nužnost donošenja zakona koji reguliraju darivanje organa i transplantaciju, pa su tako  prvi zakoni donijetiveć 1980.godine.Eksplantacijsko-transplantacijski proces započinje detekcijom potencijalnog donora organa. Transplantacija funkcionalnih organa kadaveričnog i živog donora organa zahtjeva razne pristupe upravljanja zdravstvenom njegom kako bi se pospješio ishod transplantacije kod primatelja organa. Dijagnoza moždane smrti u donoraorganasa sobom nosi niz izazova u zdravstvenoj njezi, jer uz primarni komorbiditet dolazi do različitih promjena u lučenju hormona i drugih fizioloških reakcija. Jedna od glavnih odrednica uspješnog ishoda doniranja organa jest primjerena  skrb za donora nakon postavljanja dijagnoze moždane smrti, što podrazumijeva  održavanje vitalnih funkcija i očuvanje organa.Značajna je i neizostavna uloga medicinske sestre na ovom području zdravstvene njege, a očituje se prije svega u intervencijama poput praćenja vitalnih funkcija, očuvanju prohodnosti dišnih puteva i brige za održavanje ispravnih parametara umjetne ventilacije, održavanja funkcije kardiovaskularnog sustava, održavanja balansa tekućine i normalne temperature tijela, prevenciji infekcije te očuvanju normalnih endokrinih funkcija i spinalnih refleksa. Zbog navedene složenosti skrbi za pacijenata – donora organa, nameće se nužnost trajne, vrlo specifične edukacije cijelog multidiscipliniranog tima.

In 2009 the South Australian Government introduced significant changes to the Assisted Reproductive Treatment Act 1988 (SA) (the Act). Changes to the Act came into effect on 1 September 2010. To ensure that those changes were evaluated over time, the Government included a requirement that the operation and effectiveness of the Act be reviewed after the fifth anniversary of the changes to the Act. The Minister for Health appointed Associate Professor Sonia Allan, an expert in the regulation of assisted reproductive technologies and donor conception, to conduct a review into the Act. The review focused on the operation and effectiveness of the Act in relation to the regulatory model adopted; the requirement that the welfare of any child born as a consequence of assisted reproductive treatment (ART) is to be treated as being of paramount importance, and accepted as a fundamental principle, in respect of the operation of the Act, as well as in the provision of assisted reproductive treatment; amending eligibility for access to ART services; allowing for the establishment of a donor conception register; and provisions for record keeping and confidentiality.

No presente estudo dispõe-se sobre a abordagem de alguns problemas resultantes do chamamento sucessório do filho nascido mediante técnicas de Procriação Medicamente Assistida.
Trataremos do início e do fim da vida, do nascer e do morrer. Dois fenómenos responsáveis pelo começo e término, respectivamente, da Personalidade Jurídica, suscitando por isso, diversas questões jurídicas.
Tratou-se recentemente a questão da PMA com o pedido de revisão da Lei 32/2006, de 26 de Julho, discute-se a maternidade de substituição, ou seja, as barrigas de aluguer.  Quiçá amanhã, poder-se-á discutir a procriação post-mortem ou a revisão dos artigos do nosso Código Civil, que teimam em ignorar alguns dos filhos resultantes destas técnicas.
É nosso objectivo analisar essa mesma Lei, o Livro V do Código Civil, e entender o pensamento doutrinário de vários Autores, a fim de apreender a evolução da sociedade, do espírito e do ordenamento jurídico.

This paper will examine Jesus’ genealogies in Matthew and Luke from the perspective of a transracially adopted bi-racial person.  It will argue that the two genealogies refer to two different people and that the identities of the two children are transculturally significant.  This paper will also be concerned with knowledge and what we allow in respect of gathering information of the kind that situates us in the world so that we achieve our own perspective upon it and upon our existence.  The perspective adopted here will presume a reincarnational anthropology that contextualizes the significance of bloodline and biological inheritance.  Jesus Christ will be shown to be a complicated person from the perspective of his origins and to have an identity not defined from bloodline.

The Children and Family Relationships (Amendment) Act 2018 was passed by the Houses of the Oireachtas and signed into law by the President of Ireland in July 2018.
The purpose of this legislation is to enable the commencement later this year of Pts 2 and 3 of the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 (the "2015 Act").
This short piece of amending legislation does so by correcting a minute number of minor technical errors contained in the 2015 Act. However, once commenced, Pts 2 and 3 of the 2015 Act will only prospectively encompass donor-assisted human reproduction (DAHR) that takes place in a clinical setting in Ireland. DAHR that occurs by means of
"home insemination" with sperm from a known donor is not covered under Pts 2 and 3 of the 2015 Act. This article will explore the rationale for excluding this method of DAHR from the 2015 Act, and will endeavour to propose a viable method of regulating "home insemination" via future legislation.

A selection of 15 human rights that are violated by adoption law and practice. The objective of this document is to focus discussion into specific areas of adoption that need legislative or policy reform. It will be presented for discussion to the NSW Committee of Adoption and Permanent Care.

73 У раду се указује на везу између сакралног просто-ра манастира Трескавца на планини и урбаног просто ра средњовековног Прилепа, као и његове аристократије, у подножју на основу поновног ишчитавања трескавачких повеља краља Душана. Разлози даровања поседа, које манастиру Трескавцу прилаже бројна аристократија у Пелагонији и Прилепу, судећи према повељама, упућују на религиозни и фунерарни контекст. Истовремено се скреће пажња на сакралну топографију, то јест на цр-кве у поседу манастира Трескавца, које чине сакралну мрежу територије Прилепа и које су повезане вертикал-но, духовно и економски с манастиром на планини. Кључне речи: манастир Трескавац, култ, град Прилеп, хрисовуље краља Душана, цркве, приложници, визан-тијска аристократија, сакрална топографија Based on a rereading of King Dušan's chrysobulls to the Treskavac Monastery, the paper indicates a link between the sacred space of the Treskavac Monastery on the mountain and the urban space – i.e. the medieval city of Prilep and the nobility – at the foot of the mountain. Judging by these charters, the reasons for bestowing donations on the Treskavac Monastery by the numerous members of the aristocracy in Pelagonia and Prilep seem to suggest a religious and funerary context. At the same time, the paper aims to highlight sacred topography, i.e. the churches in the possession of the Treskavac Monastery which made up a sacred network on the territory of Prilep and were vertically, spiritually and economically tied to the monastery on the mountain.

The purpose of the blood donation social devotion program were: 1) to assisted the Blood Donor Unit of The Indonesian Red Cross (UTD-PMI) increased blood reserves to fulfil the blood needs in Palangka Raya city, 2) to socialized blood donation activities on the Universitas PGRI Palangka Raya (UPP) for the communities in and around the campus. Blood donation social activities were attended by 99 participants from students of police school (SPN), students, UPP Lecturers, university student organisation board (BEM), student regiment (Menwa), and the general public. By sex participants of this activity were dominated by men (73 people) and the women (26 people). The amount of blood bags that can be collected during this activity were 69 blood bags. Blood donation activities that are attractively packaged, publicized, and involving organizations/institutions can increase the level of community participation.

Shortly before his father's death, Lennard Davis received a cryptic call from his uncle Abie, who said he had a secret he wanted to tell him one day. When finally revealed, the secret--that Abie himself was Davis's father, via donor insemination--seemed too preposterous to be true. Born before the wide use of such technologies, Davis was filled with doubt about the truth of what this ne'er-do-well uncle was claiming. Moreover, Abie was mentally unstable, an unreliable witness to the past. For over twenty years, Davis tried to erase the whole episode from his mind.
Then he decided to approach Ira Glass of This American Life so that he and the show could dig deeper into this mystery. Davis's obsession to find the truth led him to DNA labs and online genealogical research sites.
A suspenseful and absorbing personal journey, this is also a fascinating intellectual foray into the history of artificial insemination and a moving investigation of all our attempts to understand ourselves. The book is an expansion of the This American Life show also titled "Go Ask Your Father."

A reprodução assistida (RA), é um fenômeno que exprime a importância de
“ter” filhos na nossa sociedade, longe de um terreno tranquilo, essas técnicas evocam
sentimentos híbridos, sobretudo quando falamos da doação de gametas. No Brasil, as
doações são anônimas e tem sido centralizadas em um único banco de gametas,
deixando un vácuo nas informações acerca de suas motivações. A forma como os
doadores são selecionados é o tema central desse artigo. As pessoas que irão se
beneficiar de uma doação de gametas recebem uma lista que contém informações
como tipo sanguíneo, orígem étnica, religião, cor da pele, cor dos olhos, hobby e
altura. Tais dados falam de dois conjuntos de informações que remetem ao binômio,
tanto discutido na antropologia: natureza e cultura. O objetivo desse artigo é
problematizar qual o lugar das informações como orientação religiosa para a escolha
de um doador. Essa discussão está situada na relevância de debates acerca de noções
de transmissão e hereditariedade para a identidade pessoal e familiar

This paper looks at Luke 1:13-17 and will pay special attention to vs. 17c,d.  The context for the purposes of practical theology involves family formation either through adoptions where the natural parents are unknown or the records identifying them are sealed or were anonymous gamete donors.1 I will examine this passage in light of various commentaries and translations.  I find a set of bookends in the theme of both understanding and parent/child in Luke/Acts in respect of 1:17c,d and Acts 28:25-28; and inquire about nature of the need implied by 17c as to why the hearts of parents should turn to their children.  The question of lineage is addressed in literal, bloodline, and non-literal senses by Luke.  In respect of preserving childhood history Luke is not prescriptive, though it is presumed.

This article explores the processes through which Australian recipients select unknown donors for use in assisted reproductive technologies and speculates on how those processes may affect the future life of the donor-conceived person. I will suggest that trust is an integral part of the exchange between donors, recipients, and gamete agencies in donor conception and heavily informs concepts of relatedness, race, ethnicity, kinship, class, and visibility. The decision to be transparent (or not) about a child's genetic parentage affects recipient parents' choices of donor, about who is allowed to know children's genetic backgrounds, and how important it is to be able to pass as an unassisted conception. In this way, recipients must trust the process, institutions, and individuals involved in their treatment, as well as place trust in the future they imagine for their child. The current market for donor gametes reproduces normative conceptions of the nuclear family, kinship, and relatedness by facilitating matching donors to recipients by phenotype and cultural affinities. Recipient parents who choose not to prioritize matching, and actively disclose the process of children's conceptions, may embark on a project of queering heteronormative family structures and place great trust in both their own children and changing social attitudes to reduce stigma and generate acceptance for non-traditional families.

L’une des pratiques familiales émergentes méconnue est la famille homoparentale. Bien qu’elle soit l’objet de recherche depuis plusieurs années, il reste un important travail de production de savoirs sur cette dynamique familiale. Cet article présente une partie des résultats
d’une recherche portant sur un type spécifique de famille homoparentale, soit la famille lesboparentale dont les enfants sont nés d’un donneur de sperme connu. Plus précisément, dans cet article, nous analyserons les motivations des mères à avoir leurs enfants avec un donneurconnu et les raisons qui ont amené les donneurs à collaborer à l’établissement du projet parental du couple lesbien.

Background
Despite the fact that many infertile couples have to decide about whether or not to choose donor con- ception, there is no predictive scale for evaluating the process of decision-making on donor conception and its deter- minants in such couples. The present study was conducted to develop a decision-making questionnaire for selecting donor conception and assess its psychometric properties in Iranian infertile couples.

Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional validation study was conducted based on the method developed by DeVellis (2012) in four steps at Milad Infertility Clinic, Mashhad, Iran. The dimensions of the concept of decision- making were determined in the first step based on the qualitative results obtained from 38 semi-structured in-depth interviews. Items that were appropriate for the questionnaire were developed in the second step using the qualitative data and a review of the literature. In the third step, the research team reviewed and eliminated some of the items. The fourth step evaluated the face, content and construct validity of the questionnaire through exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 220 infertile couples using convenience sampling and investigated its initial and final reliability.

Results
Based on the results of the qualitative study, a pool of 170 items was developed, 101 of which were elimi- nated after revision due to ambiguity, repetition or their poor face and content validity and initial reliability. The questionnaire was evaluated for its construct validity with 69 items. After the exploratory factor analysis, the decision- making donor conception questionnaire (DMDCQ) having 51 items and seven factors, was finalized. All the factors had Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.75-0.87 and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) greater than 0.7.

Conclusion
This study led to development of a valid and reliable scale for examining infertile couples’ decision- making about whether or not to use donor conception as well as the determinants of this decision.

Life and Learning XXIX: Proceedings of the 2019 University Faculty for Life Conference (2019): 263-72. ABSTRACT: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein depicts the dangers of a scientific ethos in which technological control over life is seized, even with partially good motivations. This essay explores the motivations of Victor Frankenstein and the dysfunction seen in his physically superior creature. It notes the similarities between Victor’s own intention and that of the founder of IVF, as well as the similarities in the experiences between Victor’s creature and children conceived through IVF, as witnessed to in the report My Daddy’s Name is Donor (2010) and the ongoing surveys done at the website “We Are Donor Conceived.” It then draws some lessons about the dangers in bringing children into the world outside of the normal and natural biological way.

Стаття присвячена аналізу положень міжнародних конвенцій та актів іноземного законодавства, рішень Європейського суду з прав людини щодо права осіб, зачатих у результаті застосування допоміж-них репродуктивних технологій, на інформацію про своє генетичне походження; формуванню пропозицій, спрямованих на вдосконалення цивільного законодавства в зазначеній галузі.

Creative and innovative developmental organization (CIDO) is a non-profit, non-political and nongovernmental organization established in July, 2005 and registered with social welfare and women empowerment department under Voluntary Social Welfare Act 1961, with the Registration No. DSW/NWFP/3891 dated 26th November, 2012. The organization is aiming at bringing the fragile, marginalized and underprivileged communities in to the mainstream of development. The very purpose of the CIDO is based on the principles of mutual respect, gender sensitivity and right based approach. The main focus of CIDO is on the long term development of the areas of its geographical coverage, but is always active in humanitarian response whenever need arises. The term development as used in the context of CIDO is an inclusive term which includes but is not limited to Education, Health, Economic Development, Community Infrastructure, Protection and Quality of Human Beings and Social Inclusion. Social Mobilization, Gender mainstreaming and capacity building are always cross cutting themes of all the interventions of CIDO. In the humanitarian scenario the CIDO responds right from the initial emergency phase through early recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

As Australian reproductive health continues to be shaped by legal and social heterosexism, lesbian women seeking to conceive are often reliant upon gay men to act as known donors. As previous legal cases demonstrate, this can result in contestations between donors and recipients that result in negative wellbeing outcomes for both parties, and which highlight the limitations of coalitionism within gay and lesbian communities. Using data collected via interviews with Australian gay men who have acted as known donors, this paper examines some of the ways in which such men experience the negotiating of sperm donation, and how this is often shaped by normative assumptions surrounding lesbian parenting and reproduction. Importantly, the findings also emphasise the positive experiences of sperm donation of some gay men. Suggestions are made for opportunities to increase the likelihood of positive outcomes for negotiations between donors and recipients, with a particular focus upon children’s rights as citizens.

Whilst there exists a considerable body of research documenting heterosexual couples' use of donor sperm, relatively little is known about the experiences of lesbian recipients of donor sperm and the men who donate to them. Moreover, in all aspects of donor conception there is ongoing debate over what constitutes children's 'best interests', with this being most problematic in the unregulated private sector (of which lesbian use of donor sperm from gay men constitutes the largest portion). This paper presents narratives of a sample of 16 gay men and one heterosexual man who had donated or who were in the process of donating sperm to lesbian recipients. Specifically, the paper focuses on the ways in which the majority of the men elaborated a narrative in which their relationship to the birth mother was 'heterosexualised', a narrative that functioned to attribute to them a considerable role in determining the 'best interests' of donor--conceived children. The paper concludes by providing suggestions for legislation and policy stemming from the findings, and recommends that greater attention be paid to the voices of donor--conceived children.

It can be challenging for parents to talk with their children about gamete donation. Many mothers who chose donor egg, following failed fertility treatments and/or advanced maternal age, do not talk about it with their children. Research has found significant parental anxiety, increasing with time after conception, in parents who have not told their children about their donor origins. A set of common reasons given for a reluctance to talk will be considered, along with its impact on the psychic functioning of parents and children. Talking about donor conception is not a one-time conversation but a process that will evolve over the child’s lifetime. Psychological adjustment to the choice of egg donation that can foster disclosure will be discussed, including how couples (1) accept that a donor is required; (2) imagine the donor, who is often anonymous; and (3) incorporate the choice of donor conception into daily family life. There is growing research and psychoanalytic literature on the development of children conceived with gamete donation; however, fewer families of heterosexual parents are included in these follow-up studies because of the prevalence of nondisclosure. This article considers why talking about conception with donor egg is so hard for many families and offers lines of inquiry that may be helpful to these families and the clinicians that will support them.

Sept figures de donateurs –un prêtre et six laïcs– sont intégrés au décor peint de Karanlık kilise (l’« église sombre », Göreme, Cappadoce, XIe s.). Ils sont symétriquement répartis en paires à des emplacements très importants qui correspondent aux quatre points cardinaux, comme s’ils marquaient les extrémités d’une croix imaginaire : dans l’abside centrale, dans la partie ouest du narthex, et sur les parois des bras nord et sud du naos. Leur rôle dans la fondation et la fonction de l’église semble avoir été déterminant, et c’est parmi eux qu’on doit chercher, à mon avis, le(s) inspirateur(s) du programme iconographique. Le propos de cette brève étude est d’examiner les intentions de ces donateurs et d’essayer de comprendre, dans la mesure du possible, leur intervention décisive dans l’organisation du décor peint. Pour cela, on examinera ci-après les nombreuses particularités du programme iconographique, tout en mettant en valeur l’interaction entre architecture, peintures et pratiques liturgiques.

In February 2016, new legislation was passed in Victoria that enables all donor-conceived people to obtain identifying information about their sperm, oocyte or embryo donors. This article describes the importance of this legislation, its history and development, how it will operate, and the requirements for information release. This new legislation - known as ‘Narelle's Law’ - is very progressive and provides a model approach for other countries and jurisdictions.

In this study, we aimed to examine the perspectives of textile workers on organ donation and related factors. Method: The sample of this descriptive and cross-sectional study consisted of employees of a textile factory located in eastern Turkey (n = 166). The data were collected using the forms Personal Information and determining Knowledge, Awareness, and Willingness regarding Organ Donation and Transplantation. Data collection forms were prepared by researchers based on the literature and taking expert opinion. In the analysis of the study data, number-percentage, chi-square test and Cramér's phi correlation analysis were used. Results: The mean age of the participants was 21.10 ± 2.53, and the numbers of men and women were equal. It was determined that 63.3% of the participants needed education related to organ donation, and 57.8% were willing to donate their organs. There is a correlation the high levels of knowledge, awareness, and willingness regarding organ donation and transplantation with the participant's levels of thinking about donating their organs. Conclusion: Our results supported the view that high levels of knowledge and awareness increased willingness about organ donation. In increasing the number of organ donors, high levels of knowledge and awareness are highly important, all parts of society should be provided with education on this issue, and it should be considered that workers of all sectors, especially textile workers, constitute a significant proportion of most societies in terms of numbers.

In this qualitative study of 10 lesbian couples who built their families through anonymous donor conception, we explore how lesbian parents experience communication about the donor conception within the family. While for these families "disclosure" of donor conception is often seen as evident, the way parents and children discuss this subject and how this is experienced by the parents themselves has not received much research attention. To meet this gap in the literature, in-depth interviews with lesbian couples were conducted. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis showed that this family communication process can be understood within the broader relational context of parent-child relationships. Even though parents handled this family communication in many different ways, these were all inspired by the same motives: acting in the child's best interest and-on a more implicit level-maintaining good relations within the family. Furthermore, parents left the initiati...

The purpose of the blood donation social devotion program were: 1) to assisted the Blood Donor Unit of The Indonesian Red Cross (UTD-PMI) increased blood reserves to fulfil the blood needs in Palangka Raya city, 2) to socialized blood donation activities on the Universitas PGRI Palangka Raya (UPP) for the communities in and around the campus. Blood donation social activities were attended by 99 participants from students of police school (SPN), students, UPP Lecturers, university student organisation board (BEM), student regiment (Menwa), and the general public. By sex participants of this activity were dominated by men (73 people) and the women (26 people). The amount of blood bags that can be collected during this activity were 69 blood bags. Blood donation activities that are attractively packaged, publicized, and involving organizations/institutions can increase the level of community participation.