Post Mortem

La vicenda in commento offre l'occasione di riflettere circa l'interpretazione e la portata dispositiva dell 'art. 5 l. n. 40 del 2004. La norma richiede l'esistenza in vita di entrambi gli aspiranti genitori che abbiano fornito il consenso alla partecipazione al procedimento procreativo. Il dettato trascura altresì di specificare in quale fase tale requisito debba essere soddisfatto e se in particolare esso sia richiesto per tutta la durata della procedura riproduttiva. La motivazione della sentenza induce a ritenere che sia esclusa la configurabilità di una procreazione post mortem e che debba dunque applicarsi la normativa ex art. 8 l. n. 40 del 2004. Si sollevano dunque alcune perplessità sia in merito alla qualificazione giuridica, sia in merito alle conseguenze di ordine sistematico che la pronuncia in commento evita di affrontare: in particolare, la posizione successoria dell'erede concepito, in senso naturalistico, dopo la morte del padre e, inoltre, l'attribuzione dello status filiationis, qualora il figlio sia nato da coppia non coniugata.

No presente estudo dispõe-se sobre a abordagem de alguns problemas resultantes do chamamento sucessório do filho nascido mediante técnicas de Procriação Medicamente Assistida.
Trataremos do início e do fim da vida, do nascer e do morrer. Dois fenómenos responsáveis pelo começo e término, respectivamente, da Personalidade Jurídica, suscitando por isso, diversas questões jurídicas.
Tratou-se recentemente a questão da PMA com o pedido de revisão da Lei 32/2006, de 26 de Julho, discute-se a maternidade de substituição, ou seja, as barrigas de aluguer.  Quiçá amanhã, poder-se-á discutir a procriação post-mortem ou a revisão dos artigos do nosso Código Civil, que teimam em ignorar alguns dos filhos resultantes destas técnicas.
É nosso objectivo analisar essa mesma Lei, o Livro V do Código Civil, e entender o pensamento doutrinário de vários Autores, a fim de apreender a evolução da sociedade, do espírito e do ordenamento jurídico.

The prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in live pigs and at post mortem was determined in the Zuru area of Kebbi State, Nigeria. Prevalence rates of 5.85% (n = 205) and 14.40% (n = 118), respectively, were obtained from live pigs examined by lingual palpation and post-mortem examination. There was a significant (p<0.05) association between sex and infectivity for meat inspection and a positive non-significant (p>0.05) relationship between age and infectivity. Human taeniosis was assessed by direct microscopy of stool samples from volunteers; a prevalence of 8% (n = 50) was obtained. Environmental (soil, water and water from washed vegetables) samples were analysed; one of the water samples and some soil samples were positive for taeniid ova. Of the pig-rearing households that responded to the questionnaire survey 93% (n = 100) allow their pigs to scavenge freely around residential areas and refuse dumps, 2% had epileptic patients and over 80% did not have knowledge on how T. solium infection is acquired and its public health significance. To obtain baseline data for effective control and possible eradication, there is the need for a serological and epidemiological survey of this significant parasitic zoonosis in the study area and other parts of Nigeria where pigs are reared and/or pork is consumed.

La presente ponencia tiene por objeto estudiar la figura post-mortem de Bernardo O' Higgins, identificando la relevancia discursiva del prócer en la configuración del sujetochileno y una identidad nacional. En este sentido, nos proponemos indagar las significaciones que, en el último tercio del siglo diecinueve, se hacen cargo del cadáver de Bernardo O' Higgins y los ritos fúnebres asociados a la corporalidad del prócer. Estas significaciones, a través de textos y materialidades plásticas, generan una afirmación identitaria ejemplar que permiten construir un sujeto chileno y una identidad nacional.

Foucault's reflection on the notion of biopower and thanatopower in our post-mortem societies allows us to analyze the specific and legitimate mechanisms of power unleashed on individual bodies and organizations, heterogeneous to legal-political devices. The mass-media culture, like health, is part of a universalized biopolitics. The process of disciplinarization of action and work, individual domination, social control, digital surveillance, the freedom to come and go or hygiene demonstrates the fragility of modernity and postmodernity, considered as totalitarian management systems on the one hand and also how their biopolitics also tend to become a necropolitics.

Resumo: O desenvolvimento da prática biocientífica – especialmente em relação à engenharia genética – e a exploração econômica do meio ambiente, são exemplos do quão necessária se faz a aplicação da Bioética e do Biodireito para garantir que as gerações futuras tenham o mesmo ou maior grau de dignidade que se tem no presente. É nesse sentido que a justiça intergeracional, como uma tutela pré-programada, é destinada a proteger as pessoas queserão sujeitos de direitos no futuro. O artigo comprova que é possível, com base na justiça intergeracional, estabelecer o dever de cumprimento de obrigação prévia, geralmente na modalidade de dever de não fazer, por parte daqueles que hoje estão vivos, para a proteção do legado das futuras gerações.

Palavras-chave:Justiça intergeracional;Bioética; Direito ambiental; Engenharia genética.

Aim The aim of our study was to compare traumatic injuries observed after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by means of standard (manual) or assisted (mechanical) chest compression by Lund University Cardiopulmonary Assist System, 2nd generation (LUCAS™2) device. Methods A retrospective study was conducted including cases from 2011 to 2013, analysing consecutive autopsy reports in two groups of patients who underwent medicolegal autopsy after unsuccessful CPR. We focused on traumatic injuries from dermal to internal trauma, collecting data according to a standardised protocol. Results The study group was comprised of 26 cases, while 32 cases were included in the control group. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by LUCAS™2 was longer than manual CPR performed in control cases (study group: mean duration 51.5 min; controls 29.4 min; p=0.004). Anterior chest lesions (from bruises to abrasions) were described in 18/26 patients in the LUCAS™2 group and in 6/32 of the control group. A mean of 6.6 rib fractures per case was observed in the LUCAS™2 group, but this was only 3.1 in the control group (p=0.007). Rib fractures were less frequently observed in younger patients. The frequency of sternal factures was similar in both groups. A few trauma injuries to internal organs (mainly cardiac, pulmonary and hepatic bruises), and some petechiae (study 46 %; control 41 %; p=0.79) were recorded in both groups. Conclusion LUCAS™2-CPR is associated with more rib fractures than standard CPR. Typical round concentric skin lesions were observed in cases of mechanical reanimation. No life-threatening injuries were reported. Petechiae were common findings.

Cardiac deaths accounted for 50% of all deaths in the developed and one fourth in the developing world. Sudden cardiac death due to an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) comprises a significant proportion of autopsy cases. Troponin levels act as a specific and sensitive indicator of myocardial infarction. However, histological evaluation for the diagnosis of AMI remains the gold standard. This retrospective study was based on the total of 154 post-mortem cases and total of 85
emergency cases with Trop T samples sent for laboratory investigation in year 2016 at Hospital Kuala Lumpur. From the post-mortem cases, Trop T values for non-cardiac related death cases (5.322 ng/ml) were higher than cardiac-related death (4.916 ng/ml) with no significant difference between them although Trop T values were highly sensitive to myocardial infarction but the limitation was on the specificity. There was also no correlation between post-mortem Trop T levels to the cardiac-related cause of death using post-mortem cases. The minimum Trop T value amongst the MI post-mortem cases was assumed to be the cut-off value i.e. ≥ 0.390 ng/ml. Although the elevated Trop T values might concur with the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome causing subsequent death, there were multiple factors that can attribute to an elevated Trop T results after death including post-mortem performing interval and depending on the severity of myocardial damage at the
time of death. Eventually 38 emergency cases certified with MI were compared with 8 post-mortem cases certified with MI. The mean for post-mortem (PM) cases (5.065 ± 4.498 ng/ml) was much higher than those ante-mortem (AM) case (1.327± 1.918 ng/ml). Hence, there was statistically significant difference between ante-mortem and post-mortem cases presented with myocardial infarction. As such, post-mortem Trop T level could probably not be used to reflect the ante-mortem Trop T level to diagnose myocardial infarction. In addition, the effect of post-mortem performing interval was also statistically significant between interval of < 12 hours and 12 - 48 hours. A prospective study should be conducted by using the same patient diagnosed with myocardial infarction to analyse the ante-mortem and post-mortem Trop T value.

This article is an overview of Jewish literature composed between the middle of the II century B.C.E. and the beginning of the II century of C.E. It aims to isolate those Jewish writings that assume the afterlife of the ungodly and that were not glossed by the Christian hand. An exegetical analysis of those passages suggests inter alia that: belief in the physical resurrection of the unrighteous dates from the turn of the II century C.E.; belief in the afterlife of the godly was more common than in that of the ungodly; except for one case the conviction of the bodiless afterlife existence of the ungodly is older than that of their bodily existence; Jewish writings interpolated by Christians assume the belief in the physical resurrection of the wicked.

Research on rosemary antioxidant activity and its potential use in human health and food applications is focused on rosemary leaves and two main bioactive compounds carnosic acid and carnosol. However, many other, notyet identified molecules could be present, especially in rosemary by-products. In this study, we first showed that rosemary stem extract was the most efficient in protecting human skeletal muscle cells against oxidation. Then, using bioassay-guided fractionation, we identified taxodione, an abietane diterpene, as the main bioactive molecule in the rosemary stem extract. We demonstrated that taxodione protects skeletal muscle cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxic damage (by monitoring ROS production, H2AX phosphorylation and CHOP gene expression). Moreover, we showed that taxodione reduces lipid and protein oxidation in postmortem mice and beef muscles during refrigerated storage. In conclusion, our results indicate that taxodione extracted from rosemary stems, a cheap and unused resource of natural antioxidants, limits oxidation in muscle tissue.

“The thread of life being cut”: an anthology of curious deaths of 17th-century artists This article gathers the anecdotical deaths of several 17th-century artists, like those described in De Groote Schouburgh (1718-1721) by Arnold Houbraken.

INTRODUÇÃO: O Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Lei nº 8.069/1990) possui certa rigidez no que concerne a adoção, é importante tal severidade tendo em vista a hipossuficiência dos menores de idade. Todavia, essa inflexibilidade não é aceita por parte da sociedade , que rejeitam a ideia de um processo longo e uma batalha na justiça para obter o sonho da paternidade, e assim passam a utilizar-se da chamada " adoção de fato " tendo o menor como filho, porém sem regularização da adoção nos termos da legislação brasileira. Infelizmente os adotantes de fato não dimensionam as consequências da não regularização da perfilhação. O menor adotado " a brasileira " não é considerado filho pela Lei e, portanto, no caso de morte dos " pais adotivos " não é herdeiro necessário e não havendo prova documental de dependência não é considerado segurado para fins previdenciários (pensão por morte). Observamos que, no caso de infortúnio este encontra-se totalmente desamparado financeiramente, voltando-se muitas vezes ao status quo ante de penúria. A adoção por morte está prevista no artigo 42 § 6º do ECA, a lei é expressa no que condiz o falecimento ser posterior a manifestação de vontade em processo judicial. Tal requisito atualmente deve ser flexibilizado, tendo em vista o costume da " adoção à brasileira " , passando a possuir como fundamento o mesmo entendimento utilizado pelo STJ em relação a paternidade socioafetiva. Esta se dá quando há vinculo afetivo duradouro entre as partes, estes se consideram publicamente pai e filho e aquele exerce todos os deveres paternais previsto na legislação. Neste sentido, o menor não deve ser punido pela negligência dos pais adotantes, para regularizar a situação que o padece, quando do indeferimento do pedido, pelo Judiciário, viola grande parte dos princípios da constituição de uma família, bem como aqueles expostos na Carta Magna de 1988 e da Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. PROBLEMA DA PESQUISA: Analisar a prejudicialidade que a rigidez no processo de adoção traz ao menor, com ênfase a adoção pós mortem, tendo em vista a situação de hipossuficiência do incapaz. A inflexibilidade não pode ter como consequências a ferir os princípios norteadores do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. OBJETIVO: A pesquisa tem como objetivo, proporcionar a jurisprudência e a prática processual, com ajuda da doutrina da pesquisa sendo realizado, o favorecimento ao amparo para o menor, sob o entendimento que o vinculo afetivo deve prevalecer em face aos requisitos de procedimento legislativo. Aquilo que é constituído de fato e reconhecido entre as partes não deve ser desfeito pelo Estado, posto o dever deste ser de amparar o menor colocando-o a salvo de toda forma de negligência. MÉTODO: O presente possui caráter descritivo e fundamentado na prática processual, com estudos empíricos bibliográficos e jurisprudenciais.

CONTEXT: Genetic, neuroimaging, and molecular neurobiological evidence support the hypothesis that the disconnectivity syndrome in schizophrenia (SZ) could arise from failures of saltatory conduction and abnormalities at the nodes of Ranvier (NOR) interface where myelin and axons interact.

OBJECTIVE: To identify abnormalities in the expression of oligodendroglial genes and proteins that participate in the formation, maintenance, and integrity of the NOR in SZ.

DESIGN: The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of multiple NOR genes were quantified in 2 independent postmortem brain cohorts of individuals with SZ, and generalizability to protein expression was confirmed. The effect of the ANK3 genotype on the mRNA expression level was tested in postmortem human brain. Case-control analysis tested the association of the ANK3 genotype with SZ. The ANK3 genotype's influence on cognitive task performance and functional magnetic resonance imaging activation was tested in 2 independent cohorts of healthy individuals.

SETTING: Research hospital. Patients  Postmortem samples from patients with SZ and healthy controls were used for the brain expression study (n = 46) and the case-control analysis (n = 272). Healthy white men and women participated in the cognitive (n = 513) and neuroimaging (n = 52) studies.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mRNA and protein levels in postmortem brain samples, genetic association with schizophrenia, cognitive performance, and blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging.

RESULTS: The mRNA expression of multiple NOR genes was decreased in schizophrenia. The ANK3 rs9804190 C allele was associated with lower ANK3 mRNA expression levels, higher risk for SZ in the case-control cohort, and poorer working memory and executive function performance and increased prefrontal activation during a working memory task in healthy individuals.

CONCLUSIONS: These results point to abnormalities in the expression of genes and protein associated with the integrity of the NOR and suggest them as substrates for the disconnectivity syndrome in SZ. The association of ANK3 with lower brain mRNA expression levels implicates a molecular mechanism for its genetic, clinical, and cognitive associations with SZ.